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Cell adaptations
Cell adaptations
Cell adaptations
Cell adaptations
Cell adaptations
 Hypoxia
 Physical Agents
 Chemicals
 Infections
 Immunological Reactions
 Genetic Errors
 Nutritional Imbalances
 Hyperplasia
 Hypertrophy
 Atrophy
 Metaplasia
 Non dividing cells
 Physiological
 Pathological
 Cells not capable of replication
 Mechanisms
mechanical triggers
trophic triggers
Ex :hypertrophy of heart
uterus in pregnancy
Skeletal muscle in body builders
 Increased production of structural proteins
 Switch of contractile proteins from adult to
fetal
 Expression of fetal genes
Cell adaptations
 Cells capable of replication
 Increase in no of cells
 Increase in size of the organ
 Physiologic and pathologic
 Hormonal
 Compensatory
Mechanisms of hyperplasia
local production of growth factors
activation of intra cellular pathway
stem cells
 Excessive hormonal stimulation
 Bph , endometrial hyperplasia
 Fertile soil for cancerous proliferations
 Shrinkage in cell size by loss of substances
 Organ shrinkage
 Physiologic or pathologic
 Physiologic Atrophy
 Ex : 1. Development – notocord , thyroglossal duct
2. uterus after parturition
 Decreased workload
 Loss of innervation
 Diminished blood supply
 Inadequate nutrition
 Loss of hormonal stimulation
 Senile atrophy
 Imbalance between protein production and
utilization
 Ubiqutin proteosome pathway
Cell adaptations
 Reversible change
 Replacement of one adult cell by other type
 Mc – columnar to squamous
 Seen in respiratory epithelium
 Ducts of glands impacted by stones
 Vitamin A deficiency
 Malignant transformation on chronic stages
 Barrets esophagus
 Connective tissue metaplasia
 Cervical metaplasia
 Stem cell reprogramming
 Uncoordinated growth factors
 Vit A deficiency
 Cytostatic drugs
 Virus
Cell adaptations
Cell adaptations

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Cell adaptations

  • 6.  Hypoxia  Physical Agents  Chemicals  Infections  Immunological Reactions  Genetic Errors  Nutritional Imbalances
  • 7.  Hyperplasia  Hypertrophy  Atrophy  Metaplasia
  • 8.  Non dividing cells  Physiological  Pathological  Cells not capable of replication  Mechanisms mechanical triggers trophic triggers Ex :hypertrophy of heart uterus in pregnancy Skeletal muscle in body builders
  • 9.  Increased production of structural proteins  Switch of contractile proteins from adult to fetal  Expression of fetal genes
  • 11.  Cells capable of replication  Increase in no of cells  Increase in size of the organ  Physiologic and pathologic
  • 12.  Hormonal  Compensatory Mechanisms of hyperplasia local production of growth factors activation of intra cellular pathway stem cells
  • 13.  Excessive hormonal stimulation  Bph , endometrial hyperplasia  Fertile soil for cancerous proliferations
  • 14.  Shrinkage in cell size by loss of substances  Organ shrinkage  Physiologic or pathologic  Physiologic Atrophy  Ex : 1. Development – notocord , thyroglossal duct 2. uterus after parturition
  • 15.  Decreased workload  Loss of innervation  Diminished blood supply  Inadequate nutrition  Loss of hormonal stimulation  Senile atrophy
  • 16.  Imbalance between protein production and utilization  Ubiqutin proteosome pathway
  • 18.  Reversible change  Replacement of one adult cell by other type  Mc – columnar to squamous  Seen in respiratory epithelium  Ducts of glands impacted by stones  Vitamin A deficiency  Malignant transformation on chronic stages  Barrets esophagus  Connective tissue metaplasia  Cervical metaplasia
  • 19.  Stem cell reprogramming  Uncoordinated growth factors  Vit A deficiency  Cytostatic drugs  Virus