2. QUESTIONS
1. Who are the tourists and what is tourism?
2. What are the types of tourism?
3. TOURISTS AND TOURISM
Tourists:
• Tourists are people travelling to and staying in
places outside their usual environment for more
than 24 hours but not more than one consecutive
year for leisure, business and other purposes.
Tourism:
• Refers to the activities of tourists and can be
categorized into international tourism or
domestic tourism.
4. TYPES OF TOURISM
1. Honeypot tourism
2. Meetings, Incentives Conventions, Exhibitions (MICE)
3. Educational tourism
4. Medical tourism
5. Health tourism
6. Heritage tourism
7. Film-induced tourism
8. Gourmet food and shopping tourism
9. Pilgrimage tourism
10. Dark tourism
11. Space tourism
5. 1. HONEYPOT TOURISM
• Honeypot tourism refers to tourism that
attracts large numbers of people to a site’s
scenic beauty.
• For example, the Grand Canyon in the USA
and the Eiffel Tower in France received
millions of vistors annually.
6. 2. MICE
• MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and
Events) tourism refers to a type of tourism in
which large groups are brought together for a
particular purpose.
• MICE tourism usually includes a well-planned
agenda centered around a particular theme, such
as professional trade, a special interest or an
educational topic.
• For example, Singapore has been actively
promoting itself as a MICE destination and rated
the a top 5 MICE destination in the world.
7.
8. 3. EDUCATIONAL TOURISM
• Educational tourism is when people travel to
a place for educational purposes or to learn
something about the place, such as its
language or heritage.
• For example, the United Kingdom (UK)
attracts around 1 million people annually
from overseas to study.
9. 4. MEDICAL TOURISM
• Medical tourism refers to people travelling to
a destination to undergo medical procedures
that would enhance or restore health.
• For example, Seoul in South Korea has
become a popular destination for plastic
surgery and Singapore is a popular
destination for complex surgical procedures.
10. 5. HEALTH TOURISM
• Health tourism refers to people travelling to a
destination to maintain, enhance or restore
their minds and bodies.
• For example, Israel has been actively
promoting visits to the Dead Sea for its high
concentration of salts and minerals.
12. 6. HERITAGE TOURISM
• Heritage tourism refers to people travelling to
locations to experience cultures and to
understand the history of places better.
• For example, the Mayan ruins of Belize and
the Angkor Wat of Cambodia receives
millions of visitors a year.
14. 7. FILM-INDUCED TOURISM
• Film-induced tourism refers to people traveling to see
locations featured in films.
• For example, New Zealand has become a popular
destination for tourists who want to visit the scenic
landscapes in the Lord of the Rings.
16. 8. GOURMET FOOD AND
SHOPPING TOURISM
• Gourmet food and shopping tourism refers to
people travelling to places to enjoy certain
cuisines or to shop
• For example gourmet-eating is a popular
tourist activity in Malaysia, Hong Kong and
Taiwan.
• Orchard Road in Singapore attracts millions
of tourists every year and was voted the
number 1 shopping street in 2012.
17. 9. PILGRIMAGE TOURISM
• Pilgrimage tourism refers to people travelling
to to certain identified sacred places to
participate in a religious activity.
• For example, holy cities of the world such as
Jerusalem, Mecca and the Vatican receives
millions of pilgrims every year.
18. 10. DARK TOURISM
• Dark tourism refers to people travelling to
“dark” sites associated with death and
tragedy, such as battlegrounds, concentration
camps or scenes of horrific crimes or acts of
genocide.
• For example, the Tuol Sleng Genocide
Muesum and the ruins of Pompeii, Italy are
popular sites for dark tourism.
19. 11. SPACE TOURISM
• Space tourism refers people travelling into
space for recreational, leisure or business
purpose.
• For example, the Russian Space Agency
organises trips to the International Space
Station for those that can afford it.
22. QUESTIONS
1. Who are the different groups of people
promoting tourism?
2. What are their roles?
23. WHO ARE THE GROUPS?
1. Government
2. Media
3. International organizations
4. Travel writers
24. 1. GOVERNMENT
• National governments and local government
agencies may implement policies to promote
tourism development such as organising massive
sale events and marketing campaigns.
• For example, the Singapore Tourism Board works
with local retailers annually to stage the “Great
Singapore Sale” which attracts thousands of
tourists.
• For example, Japan launched a massive
marketing campaign titled “Discover the Spirit of
Japan” in 2013 to boost the number of
international tourists visiting Japan.
25. 1. GOVERNMENT
• Local governments and national government
agencies may implement policies that restrict
or control tourist activities to allow the
environment to recover.
• For example, the Bhutan Tourism
Corporation regulates all tour operators
operating in Bhutan to ensure that Bhutan’s
unique culture, traditions and its
environment do not degrade as a result of
tourism.
26. 2. MEDIA
• The media reports on tourist destinations and
may choose to angle their reporting of a tourist
destination positively or negatively.
• For example, the Mayan Ruins was given extra
exposure in 2012, which resulted in an increased
number of tourists to the ruins.
• For example, the “Scam City” documentary series
by the National Geographic painted the featured
cities in negative light, which resulted in negative
sentiments against the featured cities among
potential tourists.
27. 3. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• International interest groups design and publish
policies and guidelines to regulate tourism, which
can impact tourism development on a regional or
global scale.
• For example, World Tourism Organisation
(UNWTO) Policies published a ‘Global Code of
Ethics for Tourism’ that spells out guidelines on the
ethical uses of tourist spaces and how to participate
in tourism responsibly.
• The UNWTO may also publish travel advisories to
discourage tourists from visiting certain countries
which most certainly reduce the number of tourist
arrivals to the affected countries.
28. 4. TRAVEL WRITERS
• Travel writers report on their own tourist
experiences, which are increasingly becoming
reference materials for tourists when deciding
their choice of destinations.
• Tourists may choose to visit or not visit a
tourist destination based on their
interpretation of the published information
made available by the travel writers.
33. IDENTIFYING TRENDS
• Identify the overall trend.
• Pick up specific or unique characteristics such
as consistencies, sudden dip or spikes.
• Use appropriate verbs and adjectives
– Verbs: increase, rise, decline, fall, peak
– Adjectives: slight, sharp, steady, gradual
34. QUIZ
• Describe the trends in tourist origins by economies.
[3]
• Tourist origins from both advanced and emerging
economies have increased gradually from 1995 – 2011,
peaking at 523 million and 460 million in 2011 for
advanced and emerging economies respectively.
• More tourists originate from the advanced economies
for every reported year.
• Tourist origins from emerging economies increased
faster than the advanced economies, at 138.3% and
56.6% respectively.
35. CHANGE IN TOURIST ORIGINS
12
10
1.1 1
3.8 4.4
2.5
5.1
0.9 1.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2000 2005
Europe’s tourist origins (millions)
USA Singapore Egypt China India
36. QUIZ
• Describe the trends in Europe’s tourist origins
from 2000 to 2005. [3]
37. CHANGE IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Region Tourist arrival (millions)
Asia Pacific 8 23 45 115 215
Africa 5 12 14 31 48
Americas 31 42 46 138 154
Europe 115 178 262 392 485
Middle East 3 5 8 29 62
World 162 260 375 705 964
International tourist destinations
38. CHANGE IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Abs. Rel.
Region Tourist arrival (millions)
Asia
Pacific
8 23 45 115 215
Africa 5 12 14 31 48
Americas 31 42 46 138 154
Europe 115 178 262 392 485
Middle
East
3 5 8 29 62
World 162 260 375 705 964
International tourist destinations
39. CHANGE IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Abs. Rel.
Region Tourist arrival (millions)
Asia
Pacific
8 23 45 115 215 207
Africa 5 12 14 31 48 43
Americas 31 42 46 138 154 123
Europe 115 178 262 392 485 370
Middle
East
3 5 8 29 62 59
World 162 260 375 705 964 802
International tourist destinations
40. CHANGE IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Abs. Rel.
Region Tourist arrival (millions)
Asia
Pacific
8 23 45 115 215 207 2587.5
Africa 5 12 14 31 48 43 860.0
Americas 31 42 46 138 154 123 396.8
Europe 115 178 262 392 485 370 321.7
Middle
East
3 5 8 29 62 59 1966.7
World 162 260 375 705 964 802 495.1
International tourist destinations
41. CHANGE IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS
• Describe the change in tourist destinations.
from 1970 – 2010. [4]
42. CHANGE IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
International tourist destinations (millions)
Asia Pacific Africa Americas Europe Middle East World
43. SUGGESTED ANSWER
• The number of tourists has increased
gradually over the years for every region of the
world.
• Europe received the most tourists for every
reported year.
• There is a sharp increase in tourists received
from 1990 to 2000.
44. SUGGESTED ANSWER
• Europe increased the most absolutely, with
370 million.
• Africa increased the least absolutely, with 43
million.
• Asia Pacific increased the most relatively,
with 2587.5 %.
• Europe increased the least relatively, with
321.7%..
45. CHANGE IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS
217
50.2
156.6
504
55.4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
2011
International tourist destinations (millions)
Middle East
Europe
Americas
Africa
Asia Pacific
49. FORMS OF TOURISM
• Mass tourism refers to travel that involves
large numbers of tourists visiting a particular
place together and often takes the form of a
package holiday.
50. FORMS OF TOURISM
• Package holidays involve a tour usually
arranged by a travel agent, with
transportation, accommodation and most
meals included in the package.
51. FORMS OF TOURISM
• Niche tourism refers to special-interest
tourism based on a particular area, interest or
activity.
• For example,
– Climbing expeditions to Mount Everest
– Whale-watching in Hawaii.
52. FORMS OF TOURISM
• Ecotourism refers to responsible travel to
natural areas that conserves the environment
and improves the well-being of local people.
• An example is ecotourism to the Waitomo
Caves in New Zealand.
53. FORMS OF TOURISM
• Short-haul tourism refers to travelling to
destinations that are a long distance away
from the tourist’s home country, usually
reachable by a flight of 5 hours or less.
54. FORMS OF TOURISM
• Long-haul tourism refers to travelling to
destinations that are a long distance away
from the tourist’s home country, usually
reachable by a flight of 5 hours or more.
55. QUESTION
1. Explain why tourists are increasingly moving
from package holidays to being independent
travellers. [3]
61. 1. TRANSPORT
• Developments in technology have led to better
and more affordable transport, such that
travelling is safer, shorter and cheaper.
• For example, a commercial flight from Singapore
to London would take between two to four days
in the 1950s, but only takes around 14 hours now.
• For example, the rise of budget airlines such as
Tiger Airways and Jetstar Asia, which uses
smaller and more fuel-efficient aircraft have
made air transport affordable.
62. 2. AIR ROUTES AND AGREEMENTS
• The number of air routes have increased such
that countries are now better connected and
various parts of the world more accessible.
• Also, there are more open skies agreements
between countries which remove restrictions on
commercial flights between respective countries.
• For example, Singapore has an open skies
agreement with the USA since 2001 which allows
the two countries commercial airlines flexibility
in making stopovers.
63.
64. 3. ACCESS TO INFORMATION
• Developments in information technology has
made information more readily available and
accessible such that tourists are able to access
travel information from websites of official
tourist information centres of countries and
reliable sources contributed by travel writers
such as Lonely Planet and Tripadvisor.
• Also tourists are able to arrange booking of air
tickets and accommodation online through
providers such as Zuji and Asiarooms.
67. 1. DISPOSABLE INCOME
• Refers to the amount of income left to an
individual to spend after taxes.
• Disposable income has been increasing
globally as economic conditions improve,
hence allowing people to spend more on
goods and services and leisure activities such
as travelling.
• For example, rising disposable incomes China
and Southeast Asia has led to more people
travelling for leisure.
68. 2. LEISURE TIME
• Refers to time available outside of the
demands of work or duty.
• Since the 1950s, the working weeks for people
in all income groups in many DCs and LDCs
have shortened, hence increasing the
availability of leisure time for travel.
• For example, Australia and New Zealand have
an average of four weeks of paid vacation,
hence more time for travel.
69.
70. 3. CHANGING LIFESTYLE
• Refers to the change in the way people live
throughout their lifetime.
• As the pace of life becomes faster, many
people find themselves spending long hours
at the workplace. Therefore travelling has
become a popular way for people to relax and
take a break from their fast-paced lifestyles.
• For example, more then 50% travel of all
international tourists travel for leisure and
recreation.
71. DESTINATION FACTORS
1. More attractions
2. More investment in infrastructure and
services
3. Greater access to information
73. 1. ATTRACTIONS
• Refers to features or qualities that can be man-made
or natural which makes a place interesting or
enjoyable.
• As tourism have the potential to bring about great
economic benefits to countries, governments,
tourism authorities and tourism businesses have
invested heavily into building new or promoting
existing attractions.
• For example, the Gardens by the Bay was built at a
cost of around $1 billion to add on to the island’s
existing range of attractions.
• For example, Japan has invested close to $300,000 in
social media to promote the tourism industry.
74. 2. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
• Infrastructure refers to the transport and
communication networks, accommodation,
electrical frameworks and sanitation systems.
• Services refers to food and beverage outlets,
entertainment and telecommunication links.
75. 2. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
• As the world experienced rapid growth in tourist
arrivals, governments have invested heavily in
improving infrastructure and the quality of
services to attract more tourists.
• For example, Changi Airport’s Budget Terminal
was closed down to make way for a new Terminal
4 to raise the airport’s carrying capacity.
• In addition, countries such as Malaysia and
Taiwan have also invested in training for the
service industry to improve the service quality.
76. 3. ACCESS TO INFORMATION
• Refers to the ease with which information can be
obtained.
• As tourists are more likely to visit destinations
where travel-related information is easy to
obtain, both outside and within a destination,
governments and tourist authorities have made
efforts to make attractions more tourist friendly
by installing signs in different languages, and
educating tour guides and agents with historical
and cultural knowledge to enhance tourist’s
experiences.
77. 3. ACCESS TO INFORMATION
• For example, tourist information centres are
set up in popular attractions such as Orchard
Road and Clarke Quay in Singapore to cater
to tourist needs.
• For example, tour guides of Angkor Wat,
Cambodia are trained in at least one foreign
language to communicate with tourists.
81. REASONS FOR FLUCTUATIONS
1. Disasters
2. Regional and global recessions
3. Unfavourable political situations
4. Outbreaks of diseases
82. 1. DISASTERS
• Refer to events that cause great damage to
properties, injuries and loss of lives.
• Disasters can discourage tourists from visiting a
destination as it poses greater risk to the safety of
tourists and may disrupt infrastructure and
service.
• For example, Japan’s tourist arrivals dipped
significantly immediately after the tsunami in
2011 and contributed to a total of 28% decrease in
tourist arrivals that year.
83. 2. RECESSIONS
• Refer to a period of slowdown in economic
activities.
• Many people may experience a loss of income
or jobs in a recession and cut down on
spending, therefore people are less likely to
travel during a recession.
• For example, tourist activity dipped sharply
during the Global Financial Crisis between
2007 and 20010.
84. 3. POLITICAL SITUATIONS
• Refers to unfavorable political situations that
discourages tourists from visiting a destination.
• Unfavorable political situations pose dangers
to tourists and disrupts services and cause
damage to infrastructure, hence tourists may
postpone or cancel their travel plans.
• For example, tourist arrivals to Egypt declined
sharply during the ‘Arab Spring’ uprising in 2011.
85. 4. DISEASES AND EPIDEMICS
• Refers to the sudden and widespread occurrence
of disease in an area.
• Diseases and epidemics can cause a huge drop
in tourist arrivals as tourists do not want to risk
getting infected with a contagious disease and
government may advise travellers to avoid areas
with disease outbreaks.
• For example, tourist activity dropped sharply
across the world during the SARS outbreak in
2003.
89. IMPACT OF TOURISM
• Positive and negative economic impact
• Positive and negative socio-cultural impact
• Positive and negative environment impact
90. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
Positive
• Employment
opportunities
• Growth in income
• Increase in foreign
exchange
• Growth in
government revenue
• Infrastructure
development
Negative
• Leakage in revenue
• Seasonal
unemployment
• Underuse of facilities
• Shortage of services
91. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
• Employment refers to work performed for a wage
or salary.
• Tourism creates more employment
opportunities as the tourism industry is a labor-
intensive industry that offers many direct
employment opportunities such as jobs in hotels
and tour agencies. It also creates indirect jobs in
other industries such as the food and beverage
and transport industries.
• For example, the setting up of the Integrated
Resorts in Singapore has resulted in the creation
of up to 35,000 jobs directly or indirectly.
92. GROWTH IN INCOME
• Growth in tourism leads to growth in
income as more tourists lead to greater
demand for goods and services hence
individuals and businesses in the tourism or
related industries can expect additional
income.
• For example, fishermen on the Pamilacan
Island in the Philippines are enjoy more
income as they are hired as boatmen by
tourists to look for whale sharks ad dolphins.
93. INCREASED IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE
• Foreign exchange refers to money earned from
other countries in exchange for goods and
services, which can be used by the receiving
country to purchase goods and services from
other countries.
• Tourism leads to increase in foreign exchange
as tourists exchange their home currencies for
local currencies, which contributes to capital
inflow for the receiving country.
• For example, tourism contributes to Fiji’s
economy as the largest foreign exchange earner
and make up 20 – 25% of Fiji’s economy.
94. GROWTH IN GOVERNMENT REVENUE
• Tourism contributes directly and indirectly to
government revenues.
• Tourism leads to growth in government
revenue as governments collect revenues
directly from taxes on tourists and income
taxes from employees of tourist-related
business and their employers.
• For example, Cambodia taxes tourists in the
form of tourist visas and airport tax, which
contributes to government revenue.
95. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
• Infrastructure development is the construction of
transport and communication networks and electrical and
sanitation systems.
• Tourism leads to the development of Infrastructure as
countries invest resources to upgrade accessibility,
amenities and attractions to to enable tourism to operate
on a large scale.
• This benefits locals too as they can also enjoy the
upgrades, more jobs, and increased spending in the local
economy.
• For example, the road networks in the city centre of
Singapore were improved over the years to facilitate easy
accessibility to places of interest such as Chinatown and
Little India, hence benefiting both tourists and
Singaporeans.
96. LEAKAGE OF REVENUE
• Revenue generated from tourism may be lost
as leakage as it is paid to other countries for
the import of goods and services needed to
meet the needs of tourists.
• For example, tourists may fly into Thailand
on a foreign airline and stay in a foreign-
owned hotel. The profits made by these
merchants do not stay in Thailand but is lost
to another country.
97. SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT
• Refers to low employment opportunities during low
tourist season.
• Tourism may lead to seasonal unemployment as
certain tourist activities are dependent on climatic
conditions and countries hosting these activities may
experience a rise in tourist numbers for several
months followed by a drop in tourist numbers for the
next few months.
• For example, the mountain ski resorts in the city of
Sapporo, Japan employs more people during winter
to cater to the increased in tourist arrivals during the
winter, but have to release them when the high
tourist season is over.
98. UNDERUSE OF FACILITIES
• Refers to the low usage of facilities built
specifically for tourism.
• Tourism may lead to the underuse of facilities as
some types of tourism are seasonal and facilities
built specifically for them often end up being
neglected and underuse during the low tourist
season.
• For example, some of the venues being built
specifically to cater to tourist demand for the
2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing are
falling in disuse, while still incurring
maintenance costs.
99. SHORTAGE OF SERVICES
• Tourism may lead to shortage of services
such as water supplies and power in non-
tourist areas, as large amount of such
resources are channeled to develop and
support tourist areas.
• For example, the locals in the Gili Islands in
Indonesia often have to make do with using
seawater for their domestic use due to the
overuse of freshwater by tourists.
100. WIDENING INCOME DIVIDE
• Tourism may aggravate the income
division between locals and foreign
professional.
• For example, locals in developing countries
such as Madagascar are generally employed in
lower paid or jobs such as masseurs and
cleaners while the higher paid managerial
and executive jobs are held by foreign skilled
personnel from the DCs.
101. SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM
Positive
• Preservation of
culture and local
customs
Negative
• Dilution of culture and
local customs
• Increased crime
102. PRESERVATION OF CULTURE AND
LOCAL CUSTOMS
• Refers to the protection of the way people live,
including their economic activities, traditional and
religious beliefs.
• Tourism may lead to the preservation of culture
and local customs as planning authorities invest
resources to fund the preservation and restoration of
historical and cultural sites to attract tourists
interested in heritage tourism.
• For example, entry fees to sites such as the Great
Pyramids of Giza in Egypt and the Angkor Wat in
Cambodia are used directly to fund conservation.
103. DILUTION OF CULTURE AND
LOCAL CUSTOMS
• Tourism can lead to the dilution of culture
local customs of a place as local activities may
be made to give way to tourist activities or
cultural festivals and religious rituals are
sometimes conducted as entertainment, thereby
losing their authenticity and significance.
• For example, the ancient traditional Balinese
dance which was formerly performed during
religious events can now be seen almost everyday
during the high tourist season.
104. INCREASED CRIME
• Tourism can lead to high crime rates at
popular tourist sites as criminals are lured to
the valuable items carried by tourists such as
watches, cameras and cash.
• For example, Louvre in France, the most
visited museum in the world, was forced to
close its doors due to the increasing problem
of pickpocketing in the museum.
105. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM
Positive
• Conservation of
natural
environments
Negative
• Increased congestion
• Vandalism
• Pollution and littering
• Destruction of
habitats
• Increased carbon
footprint
106. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
ENVIRONMENTS
• Tourism can contribute to the conservation
of natural environments as revenue from
tourist activities can be channeled to fund the
conservation efforts of environments such as
coral reefs and rainforests.
• For example, in Kenya, the country’s nature
reserves and national parks relies on funding
received from international visitors to
continue its operations and preserve the
animals and habitats.
107. INCREASED CONGESTION
• Tourism can lead to increased congestion as
large number of tourists can cause
overcrowding in areas with popular
attractions.
• For example, in Rome, Italy, many older
walkways and narrow streets are filled with
tourists during the high tourist season,
leading to congested vehicular and pedestrian
traffic.
108. VANDALISM
• Tourism can lead to vandalism, which is the
crime of deliberately damaging property
belonging to others.
• For example, the thousands of stones and
bricks of the Great Wall of China, which is
visited by about 10 million tourists a year, are
covered with graffiti.
109. POLLUTION AND LITTERING
• Tourism can lead to pollution and littering as
authorities sometimes fail to implement
measures that would properly manage waste
left behind by tourists.
• For example, authorities of many Caribbean
islands have resorted to dumping wastes into
the Caribbean Sea due to limited space on
land to treat waste.
110. DESTRUCTION OF HABITATS
• Tourism can lead to destruction of habitats
when they received too many visitors during
busy times of the year.
• For example, Egypt’s Red Sea Coast has
developed into a major diving and snorkeling
destination for around 1.2 million visitors
annually at the cost of the habitats of coral
reefs and marine life that have been damaged
by tourists and tour operators.
111. INCREASED CARBON FOOTPRINT
• Tourism has led to increased carbon
footprint, which refers to the amount of
greenhouse gas emissions that would be
produced by activities that involve the use of
fossil fuels.
• For example, the increased use of aeroplanes
and ships produce large quantities of
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide,
which contributed to global warming.
115. MANAGING IMPACT OF TOURISM
1. Conservation of fragile environments and
sustainable tourism
2. Managing tensions between tourists, locals,
and environments
3. Responsibilities of various groups
a. Local communities
b. Visitors
c. Tour operators
d. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
e. Planning authorities
116. 1. CONSERVATION OF FRAGILE
ENVIRONMENTS
• Conservation is the careful management and
use of resources such that these resources
would not be depleted. This is important for
fragile environments.
117. 1. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
• A form of tourism organised to continue
without causing damage to the environment
without leaving negative impacts on the
surrounding society and culture, and
address the needs of visitors, the industry
and host communities.
118. 2. MANAGING TENSIONS
• Tensions between tourists and locals
– Arise when the needs of tourists conflict with
the needs of locals.
– For example, the island of Bali, Indonesia has
a population of 4.2 million but receives more
than 2 million visitors every year. This has led
to traffic congestion and clashes in cultural
practices.
119. 2. MANAGING TENSIONS
• Tensions between tourists and environment
– Arise when the needs of tourists conflict with
the need to conserve the environment.
– For example, Machu Picchu, Peru was a city
built by the Inca Civilisation on the Andes
Mountains and receives around 3000 visitors
every day. This has led to environmental
degradation such as pollution and erosion of
the mountain slopes.
120. 2. MANAGING TENSIONS
• Measures for managing tensions
– Limit the number of visitors to minimise
congestion and degradation.
– Withhold permission to proceed with tourism-
related projects that could harm the environment.
– Employing staff to maintain and repair tourist
sites.
– Involve local community to address their needs
– Restricting tourists from some areas
121. GUIDING QUESTION
1. Evaluate the effectiveness of the various
groups of tourism in managing the impact
of tourism?
a. Local communities
b. Visitors
c. Tour operators
d. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
e. Planning authorities
122. 3. RESPONSIBILITIES OF VARIOUS
GROUPS
a. Local communities
b. Visitors
c. Tour operators
d. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
e. Planning authorities
123. SAMPLE QUESTION
1. How effective has __________ been in
managing the impact of tourism. [8]
– Point (Describe your point)
– Explain (Explain the significance of your
point)
– Examples [Explain how your point is
effective with the use of named example(s)]
– Limitations [Explain how your point is
ineffective with the use of named example(s)]
124. LOCAL COMMUNITIES
• Point:
– Local communities refers to the groups of
people living in a same territory.
• Explain:
– By tapping on their intimate knowledge of the
local environment, local communities can be
engaged and partnered to design tourist
activities that meet the needs of tourists as
well as that of the environment.
125. LOCAL COMMUNITIES
• Example:
– For example, in Java, Indonesia, a cooperative was
set up by the villagers of Candirejo to manage and
implement the community's tourism-related
programmes, which helped to minimize the
negative impact of tourism and also created jobs
for the locals.
• Limitation:
– However, it is difficult to obtain external funding
and skilled labour to start and manage such
community-run enterprise, and even more so to
sustain, hence the efforts often end in miscarriage
or failure.
126. VISITORS (TOURISTS)
• Point:
– Visitors have a responsibility to respect tourist
sites and should practice responsible tourism.
• Explain:
– This is a form of tourism that emphasises
tourist activities that do not cause damage or
offence to the local environment, properties
and people.
127. VISITORS (TOURISTS)
• Example:
–For example, visitors can choose to
select tourist destinations that score
high on conservation efforts by
consulting the Tourism Sustainability
Group, hence ensure that they will
practice responsible tourism during
their visit.
128. VISITORS (TOURISTS)
• Limitation:
– However, some tourists may not conform to the
principles of responsible tourism as they may feel
that the use or exploitation of environmental
resources can be justified with payment. They may
also feel self-important and show little respect for
local cultures and traditions, hence creating
tensions between locals and tourists.
129. TOUR OPERATORS
• Point:
– Tour operators refer to businesses that provide
services such as guided tours, transport and
accommodation services.
• Explain:
– As tourists are less likely to visit places with
spoilt landscapes and deteriorating
environments, more and more tour operators
have formed associations to conserve and
protect environments visited by tourists.
130. TOUR OPERATORS
• Example:
– For example, the Phuket Alternative Tours (PAT) was
set up by a team of tour operators in Phuket in 2006.
Members are required to commit their businesses to
operating guidelines that ensure sustainable tourism
practices and minimum damages to the environment.
• Limitation:
– However, as tour operators are driven by profits, many
may ignore sustainable tourism guidelines when
practicing those guidelines would reduce their profits,
and end up degrading the environment.
131. NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS
• Point:
– A number of NGOs are concerned with the impact
of tourism on the natural and human
environments and may conduct campaigns or
protests to exert pressure on planning authorities.
• Explain:
– A number of NGOs are concerned with the impact
of tourism on the natural and human
environments and may conduct campaigns or
protests to exert pressure on planning authorities.
132. NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS
• Example:
– For example, since 1990, the International
Ecotourism Society (TIES) has developed
guidelines, conducted training courses and
provided technical assistance to tour operators,
travel associations and planning authorities in
more than 124 countries.
• Limitation:
– However, as NGOs often rely on donations to fund
their operations, their effectiveness may be
hampered by the lack of financial resources.
133. PLANNING AUTHORITIES
• Point:
– Planning authorities refer to local governments
and national government agencies that plan and
implement tourism policies.
• Explain:
– These organisations can greatly influence the
future quality of environments by determining
how many visitors a site can cope with and
allocating resources for infrastructure.
134. PLANNING AUTHORITIES
• Example:
– For example, the Singapore Tourism Board
(STB) ensures that while attracting tourists to
Singapore, there are also programmes to
conserve the ethnic districts of Singapore,
such as enhancing the accessibility and
cultural zones of Chinatown, Kampong Glam
and Little India.
135. PLANNING AUTHORITIES
• Limitation:
– However, the effectiveness of planning
authorities can be greatly limited when
stakeholders do not agree with the planning
authorities due to conflicting interests, which
in the worst cases may result in the plans not
being carried out and hence yield no returns.
