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The Future of Flight Training Devices 
Training and 
Simulation in a 
More 
Royal Aeronautical Society Conference 
RAeS London UK - 12 November 2014 
Autonomous and 
Robotic Future 
Andy Fawkes
Human(s) 
Simulation 
Autonomous 
Systems/ 
Robotics 
Outline
The Rise of the 
Robot
The Future of Employment: How 
Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? 
(in the next 20 years) 
Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne 
September 17, 2013 
Source – Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
Turin Test
In our Lifetime?
Two Views of Technology 
Wikipedia
Pilots of the Future? 
• What will they do? 
• Who will they be? 
• Where will they be? 
• How will they train? 
• Will we need them? 
Credit - Toni Frissell
Physical or Cognitive Jobs/Tasks 
• Robot 
– “a machine that automates a physical task” 
• (credit Nick Hawes, University of Birmingham) 
• Computer 
– a machine that automates a cognitive task
Rolls-Royce Remote-Controlled Ships Concept
Airbus Windowless Cockpit Patent 
Source – Airbus - July 14
What Kind of Pilots?
Mind Control
Mind Reading
Source - Wired - May 13 and http://youtu.be/baEYCberLUA
Human Boredom
How Does a UAS Pilot Feel at the End of the Day?
Communication and Trust
Cultural Challenges of Introducing Autonomous Systems? 
Docklands Light Railway 
Autonomous (opened 1987) 
100m Annual Passenger Journeys 
Wikipedia 
“Greenfield Development” 
Central Line 
Driver Operated (1992 Stock) 
260m Annual Passenger Journeys 
“Brownfield Development”
Question 
• do we need to think more 
about training autonomous 
systems and robots to work 
with people and vice versa?
What about Simulation?
Question – Can/Should we Train Autonomous 
Systems/Robots in Simulation? 
• Could the autonomous 
behaviours in simulations be 
exploited in controlling 
autonomous systems and 
robots? 
Source – BISim
Question 
• Could the autonomous 
behaviours in simulations be 
exploited in controlling 
autonomous systems and 
robots?
Simulation as an Autonomous System 
• Live Simulation 
– real people operating real systems 
– can be augmented with autonomous effects 
• Virtual Simulation 
– real people operating simulated systems 
– autonomous behaviours enhance the experience 
• Constructive Simulation 
– simulated people operating simulated systems 
– high levels of autonomy between human interventions
DoD Four Levels of Autonomy 
Level Name Description 
1 Human 
Operated 
A human operator makes all decisions. The system has no 
autonomous control of its environment although it may have 
information-only responses to sensed data. 
2 Human 
Delegated 
The vehicle can perform many functions independently of 
human control when delegated to do so. This level 
encompasses automatic controls, engine controls, and other low-level 
automation that must be activated or deactivated by human 
input and must act in mutual exclusion of human operation. 
3 Human 
Supervised 
The system can perform a wide variety of activities when given 
top-level permissions or direction by a human. Both the human 
and the system can initiate behaviors based on sensed data, but 
the system can do so only if within the scope of its currently 
directed tasks. 
4 Fully 
Autonomous 
The system receives goals from humans and translates them 
into tasks to be performed without human interaction. A human 
could still enter the loop in an emergency or change the goals, 
although in practice there may be significant time delays before 
human intervention occurs. 
DoD Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap FY2011-2036
Convergence 
Human(s) 
Simulation 
Autonomous 
Systems/ Robotics 
• A Valid and Verified Autonomous System must Include Human(s) & 
• Simulation has a Key Role in Developing, Testing and Training the Autonomous 
System/Robot and Human(s), Separately and Together
Live-Synthetic Balance 
? 
 
Human-Robotic Balance 
? 
 
Who is Driving Technology? 
Source:- Aeryon Labs & Amazon
Exciting Times! 
Simulation 
Sensors 
Psychology 
Games 
Robotics 
Computing 
Virtual Reality 
Training 
Mobile 
Internet 
Artificial 
Intelligence 
Performance Arts 
Telepresence 
Education
Questions? 
andy.fawkes@thinke.co.uk 
andy.fawkes@bisimulations.com 
source - NASA

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Training and Simulation in a More Autonomous and Robotic Future

  • 1. The Future of Flight Training Devices Training and Simulation in a More Royal Aeronautical Society Conference RAeS London UK - 12 November 2014 Autonomous and Robotic Future Andy Fawkes
  • 2. Human(s) Simulation Autonomous Systems/ Robotics Outline
  • 3. The Rise of the Robot
  • 4. The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? (in the next 20 years) Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne September 17, 2013 Source – Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
  • 7. Two Views of Technology Wikipedia
  • 8. Pilots of the Future? • What will they do? • Who will they be? • Where will they be? • How will they train? • Will we need them? Credit - Toni Frissell
  • 9. Physical or Cognitive Jobs/Tasks • Robot – “a machine that automates a physical task” • (credit Nick Hawes, University of Birmingham) • Computer – a machine that automates a cognitive task
  • 11. Airbus Windowless Cockpit Patent Source – Airbus - July 14
  • 12. What Kind of Pilots?
  • 15. Source - Wired - May 13 and http://youtu.be/baEYCberLUA
  • 17. How Does a UAS Pilot Feel at the End of the Day?
  • 19. Cultural Challenges of Introducing Autonomous Systems? Docklands Light Railway Autonomous (opened 1987) 100m Annual Passenger Journeys Wikipedia “Greenfield Development” Central Line Driver Operated (1992 Stock) 260m Annual Passenger Journeys “Brownfield Development”
  • 20. Question • do we need to think more about training autonomous systems and robots to work with people and vice versa?
  • 22. Question – Can/Should we Train Autonomous Systems/Robots in Simulation? • Could the autonomous behaviours in simulations be exploited in controlling autonomous systems and robots? Source – BISim
  • 23. Question • Could the autonomous behaviours in simulations be exploited in controlling autonomous systems and robots?
  • 24. Simulation as an Autonomous System • Live Simulation – real people operating real systems – can be augmented with autonomous effects • Virtual Simulation – real people operating simulated systems – autonomous behaviours enhance the experience • Constructive Simulation – simulated people operating simulated systems – high levels of autonomy between human interventions
  • 25. DoD Four Levels of Autonomy Level Name Description 1 Human Operated A human operator makes all decisions. The system has no autonomous control of its environment although it may have information-only responses to sensed data. 2 Human Delegated The vehicle can perform many functions independently of human control when delegated to do so. This level encompasses automatic controls, engine controls, and other low-level automation that must be activated or deactivated by human input and must act in mutual exclusion of human operation. 3 Human Supervised The system can perform a wide variety of activities when given top-level permissions or direction by a human. Both the human and the system can initiate behaviors based on sensed data, but the system can do so only if within the scope of its currently directed tasks. 4 Fully Autonomous The system receives goals from humans and translates them into tasks to be performed without human interaction. A human could still enter the loop in an emergency or change the goals, although in practice there may be significant time delays before human intervention occurs. DoD Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap FY2011-2036
  • 26. Convergence Human(s) Simulation Autonomous Systems/ Robotics • A Valid and Verified Autonomous System must Include Human(s) & • Simulation has a Key Role in Developing, Testing and Training the Autonomous System/Robot and Human(s), Separately and Together
  • 29. Who is Driving Technology? Source:- Aeryon Labs & Amazon
  • 30. Exciting Times! Simulation Sensors Psychology Games Robotics Computing Virtual Reality Training Mobile Internet Artificial Intelligence Performance Arts Telepresence Education