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A Brief History of India
Balaji Viswanathan, NalandaU.com
Full Course: https://www.udemy.com/a-brief-history-of-india
Lecture 0: A Brief introduction.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Water
Of the 26 river basins in
the world, 4 are in India
and China. Majority of the
remaining 22 is in frigid
regions or stuck in rain
forests.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
River valleys just above the Tropic of Cancer
produced the 4 ancient civilizations.

1
2

Balaji Viswanathan

3

4

NalandaU.com
Key Rivers that shaped
Indian civilization
2
1

4
3

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Plentiful distribution of water

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Cultivated Land
The reason for high population could be partly
explained by the vast availability of agricultural land.
Although it is only the 7th largest country, it ties
with the US when it comes to having the world’s
largest agriculture land.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
India had a strong economy for
most part of human history.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Only two major routes to enter into India from West. This
fort-like geography shaped India’s history.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
India is named a Subcontinent. 6 different climatic zones
exist making it hard to rule the entire subcontinent.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Lecture 1: Stone Age.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Human Evolution in Africa: ~200K years ago

Source: http://www.personal.psu.edu/erh5000/human_evolution.html

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Last Ice Age: 120K years - 12K years

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
65K years ago: Migration out of Africa

Source: http://www.upf.edu/cexs/actualitat/genographic.html

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
30K years ago: Paintings of Cave Men

Bimbeketa, Madhya Pradesh
Balaji Viswanathan

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Lost City in the Gulf of Cambay

Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1768109.stm

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Founder Crops
Domestication of Wheat, Barley, Peas, Chickpeas,
lentils and flax about 11500 years ago.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
9000 years ago: Mehrgarh

Balaji Viswanathan

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5300 years ago: Discovery of Bronze

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Lecture 2: Indus Valley Civilization
(3300 BC - 1500 BC)
“...the structure of their cities were so far advanced that it was not surpassed
until the late nineteenth century in Europe...”

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
In 1827 a wandering traveler at the East India
Company finds mysterious brick mounds near
Harappa.....

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Circa 3300 BC
Balaji Viswanathan

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1056 cities and human
settlements found so far.
More than 5 million
inhabitants..

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Jump into the mature civilization of Harappa.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Grid like patterns for cities

Balaji Viswanathan

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Citadel at the center of the city

Balaji Viswanathan

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Advanced town planning & Municipal corporations

Balaji Viswanathan

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Modern drainage systems

Balaji Viswanathan

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No central authority. No warfare.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Life in Indus Valley

Balaji Viswanathan

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Extensive Art Work.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Mysterious Scripts

Balaji Viswanathan

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Global Trade of Indus Valley
Gold &Jade from Southern India. Copper from Afghanistan. Turquoise from Iran.
All paid with cotton and pottery.
Development of transportation systems: boats (with docks) & bullock carts.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Early Hinduism. Pashupathi Seals.

Balaji Viswanathan

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1700 BC: End of Civilization around Indus.
Global climactic changes
Weather
got cooler
and drier

Monsoon
Patterns
Changed

River
Courses
Changed

Trade
Floundered

People migrated to Gangetic plains and southern India.
Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Timeline of Indus Valley Civilization

Balaji Viswanathan

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Contributions

Discovery of cotton

Invention of pottery

Balaji Viswanathan

Modern Metallurgy

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Lecture 3: Vedic Era
Iron Age (1500 BC - 300 BC)

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
The Rise of Vedas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfLYe6Y_EM8
Rig Veda
Sama Veda
Yajur Veda
Atharva Veda
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Administration during Vedic Era
Rajan

Head of Jana
Councils
Sabha

Samiti

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Vidhata

Gana

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Mahajanapadas: Rise of
Republics
Magadha
Kuru
Kashi
Vriji

Panchala
Kosala
Kamboja
Gandhara

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Malla
Chedi
Machcha
Surasena
Kalinga

Assaka
Avanti
Vatsa
Anga
Yona

NalandaU.com
Kingdoms start merging

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6th Century: Turning Point

Siddhartha Gautama:
563 BC to 480 BC
Buddhism
Balaji Viswanathan

Vardhamana Mahavira:
599 BC to 527 BC
Jainism
NalandaU.com
Recording of Indian History
Begins.

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Haryanka Dynasty of Magadha:
Second known dynasty of India

Bimbisara

Starts expanding Magadha.
Early supporter of Buddha

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Ajathasatru

Builds a highly powerful and
fearsome Magadha force.

NalandaU.com
Ajathasatru empire.
Rivals the size of Persian
empire under Cyrus.

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Nanda Empire
Ajathasatru was succeeded by Shishunga dynasty
and then the Nanda dynasty.
Nandas were extremely unpopular and were
reportedly cruel. They denied help to other
Indian kings besieged by alien invasions.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Kingdoms of Ancient Magadha

Brihadratha

Haryanka

Shishunga

Nanda

Unknown

6th century

5th century

4th century

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Lecture 4: Invasions & Cultural
Interchange

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Extent of Cyrus the Great of Persia.

Balaji Viswanathan

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400 BC. Takshashila: India’s first University at the
crossroads of Persia and India.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Taxila: Students entered at 16 and learned a variety of arts
- from archery to physics and religion from masters.

Charaka

Panini

“Father” of Medicine

Grammarian

Balaji Viswanathan

Chanakya
Military Strategist

NalandaU.com
326 BC: Alexander Attacks India
Ambi - the ruler of Taxila submits to Alexander.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Battle of Hydaspes.
King Porus (Purushotam) of Purushapura (Peshawar) resists
Alexander although losing the battle.

Excellent Video documentary in:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WvgzOa2rko
Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Alexander’s army refuses to go further east,
fearing the mighty Nanda Empire.
“For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand
horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.”

Balaji Viswanathan

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Chandragupta Maurya:
First Major Emperor begins Consolidation

Balaji Viswanathan

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With Chanakya’s strategy
Chandragupta pushes Greeks out of South Asia

Balaji Viswanathan

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Rise of Ashoka.
Political Integration of India. (269-232 BC)

Balaji Viswanathan

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Battle of Kalinga (261 BC)
turns Ashoka to a pacifist.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Heartbroken by a brutal war with Kalinga, Ashoka
turns Pacifist. Spreads Buddhism all over old world.

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A golden age for India.
40% of world population and close to 50% of world GDP
was from Ashoka. Continues the great work of his father
Bindusara & grandfather Chandragupta.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Ashoka’s Legacy

Stupas & other
buildings
Balaji Viswanathan

Moral Symbols

First major
written language
NalandaU.com
Mauryan Emperors Try Different Religious Sects

Chandragupta
Jainism

Bindusara
Ajvika

Ashoka
Buddhism

Ashoka’s Mauryan successors go directionless.

Balaji Viswanathan

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185 BC: Within 50 years of Ashoka’s death, Pushyamitra
Sunga does the first military coup in India assassinating
Mauryan emperor Brihadratha.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Lecture 5: Classical Age.
(200 BC - 1100 AD)
Greatest works of Indian art would be created.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
India faces Globalization
End of Mauryas causes confusion all over
India. Without a strong emperor, India is
attacked by Central Asian nomads.
From 230 BC to 320 AD, India is ruled by
many kings and there is an huge interchange of
art and culture all over Asia and Greece.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Migration of the Yuezhi to India.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Invasion of northern India by Kanishka(from central
Asia) causes an explosion of art interactions among
Greece, Persia, Bactria and India.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Satvahanas: Consolidation of
Middle India. 230 BC to 220 AD.
Created the present world heritage sites of
Ajantha, Ellora and Amaravati.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Trade flourishes among Egypt,
Rome, Arabia and India

Balaji Viswanathan

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India at the time of Christ

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Chandrgupta - I
Yet another Chandragupta
emerges to fight alien powers
in India. Marries a Lichchhavi
princess & gets Magadha
kingdom as dowry. Starts
massive expansion.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Gupta Dynasty

Age of Innovations (320 - 520 AD)

Chess

Place value
system

Balaji Viswanathan

University

Sex
Education

NalandaU.com
Numeric system originates in Gupta Era.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Top scientists of Gupta era

Varahamihira
Trignometry, Optics,
Arithmetic and
calculation of equinox.

Aryabhatta

Shushruta

Approxmated Pi, decimal system
(0), algebra, heliocentrism,
explanation of eclipses.

Father of modern surgery. Author
of Shushtrua Samhita.

Other great scientists: Brahmagupta (first to use 0), Bhaskara - I.

Balaji Viswanathan

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4th century Nalanda University: Heights of Indian
Education System.

Balaji Viswanathan

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The two Chinese Scholars who helped
document India’s classical era.

Xuanzhang
6th century
Balaji Viswanathan

Faxian
4th century
NalandaU.com
After two centuries of attacks, Hunas
finally end Gupta Empire in 530 AD

Balaji Viswanathan

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Balaji Viswanathan

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Emperor Harsha Vardhana drives
away the Hunas and tries to
reunite India after 100 years of
disintegration. After 40 years of
rule, his empire disintegrates at
his death.

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Battle of Rajasthan: 738 AD.
An alliance of Hindu rulers led by Vikramaditya - II
defeat Arabs and ends Islamic expansion towards east.

Balaji Viswanathan

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First Democratic election
in India: 750 AD
Gopala gets elected and builds
the Pala empire starting from
Bengal. For 400 years his
dynasty will rule parts of
northern & eastern India.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Meanwhile in South India...
South India, especially Tamil region had a parallel
history. It had 4 main dynasties - Chola, Chera, Pandya
and Pallavas (probably from north).

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Pallava Dynasty (2nd - 9th
century AD): Period of
extraordinary architecture.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Raja Raja Chola and his son Rajendra build a massive
empire. Unlike most other Indian empires, they were
strong seafarers. Circa 1000 AD.

Balaji Viswanathan

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1192 AD: Second Battle of Tarain.
An inspired Prithiviraj could not contain a relentless Ghori.
Islam enters India after the second battle.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
In 1193 Nalanda University was
destroyed by an invading Afghan ruler.
Hindu empires simultaneously collapse all over
India due to independent reasons.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Lecture 6: Hindu-Islamic Era.
(1200 - 1800 AD)

Balaji Viswanathan

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India after the Second battle of Tarain.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Delhi Sultanates (1200 - 1526 AD)
5 dynasties: Mamluk, Khilji, Tuqlaq, Sayyid, Lodhi

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1221: Genghiz Khan
retreats back from the
Indus river.
Alaudin Khilji of Delhi
was strong and Khan
didn’t want to take a
chance.
Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1000s of historic Hindu & Buddhist sites are
ravaged during the period.

Sun temple of Anantnag, Kashmir

Balaji Viswanathan

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1398: Timur of Samarkhand plunders Delhi
and leaves 100,000 dead in 1 day.

Balaji Viswanathan

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1336: Rise of Vijayanagara Empire

Balaji Viswanathan

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Samrat Hemu Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) fights
back the Afghans and takes back Delhi

Wins 22 battles against Afghans. Loses
against Akbar due to a stray arrow
hitting him in the eye in the Second
Battle of Panipat (1556).

Balaji Viswanathan

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1526-1757: Mughal Dynasty.
Akbar’s lucky
victory against
Hemu starts a
200 year Mughal
dynasty that ruled
a big chunk of
north India.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Aurangzeb: Last of the Mughal Emperors
goes harsh on native Hindu population.

Balaji Viswanathan

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By 1707 most of India is consolidated by
the Mughal rulers.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Marathas of Central India: Bhosle Era (1674 - 1759)
Shivaji introduces guerilla warfare against the Mughals. Hindu rulers
fight back again.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
By 1761, Marathas take control of most
of north India.

Balaji Viswanathan

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1761: 3rd battle of Panipat. Marathas lose against
the combined strength of Afghans and Persians.
In 1818 a weakened Maratha Empire is
completed defeated by the East India Company.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Lecture 7: Entry of Colonial Powers in
India (17th - 19th centuries)

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, European
sailors start looking for alternative routes to Asia.

Vasco da Gama reaches India in 1498.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Europe starts building strong trade
routes to India. Goa is colonized.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Portugal, Netherlands, France, Denmark
and England all setup trading posts.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
East India Company is one the first modern
Corporation. It entered India as a trading
company in 1612 after Jahangir allowed them.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
The Company gets a lot of natural harbors that are
unutilized by the native rulers who ignore navy.
In 1668 England got Bombay as a dowry from Portugal
(after the royal wedding of Charles II). The company
gets permission to setup factory in Madras after
Vijayanagara kings give permission.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Carnatic Wars: European rivalries enter
India. France nationalizes French India
Company.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Robert Clive - an
officer at the East
India Company has
grand plans.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
In 1756, the new Nawab of Bengal
captures Calcutta from the Company.

The Black Hole of
Calcutta - where the
Nawab held English
prisoners creates huge
flutter in England.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1757: Battle of Plassey
Clive buys out Bengali aristocrats: Jagat Seth & Mir Jafar

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
By 1800, the only impediment to the Company
was a loose confederation of Marathas.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Tippu Sultan of Mysore uses Rocket Warfare for the
first time in human history. The defeat of his ally
Napoleon in Waterloo messes up with his plan.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Most Indian kingdoms slowly fall, unable to
tackle the industrial prowess of the Company

Ahom kingdom
1226-1820
Balaji Viswanathan

Sikh Empire
1799-1849
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1772: Capital shifted to
Calcutta by Warren Hastings

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Consequences of Company Rule
Millions perish in
dozens of famines.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Some positives: Social
Reforms takes off too.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (father of
modern India) and others lead
social reforms in India to abolish
Sati (Widow burning) and allow
widow remarriage.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Strongest company ever

Balaji Viswanathan

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By 1857 most of India
is under the company
or company’s
dependents.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
In 1857, Indians would strike back...
ending the company forever...

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Lecture 8: First War of Indian
Independence (1857).

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
10 May 1857. Sepoys Mutiny in Meerut
Suspect there might be beef or pork coating in the cartridge.
Compounded resentment from serving on overseas battles.

Balaji Viswanathan

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11th May. Mutiny spreads to Delhi.
Indian troops capture Delhi.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Rani Laxmibai: Denied throne on basis of the
“Doctrine of Lapse”. Widespread hatred in royalty.
Awadh, Jhansi, Kanpur
and Lucknow were
soon up in rebelling.
Tatya Tope of Maratha
territory was trying to
coordinate the attack.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
A large number of Indian states join the
sepoy mutiny.

Balaji Viswanathan

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India’s native rivalries and
suspicious soon dominate
•

Sikhs were angry at the eastern Indians for
not helping them out during their war with
the English. Also, they feared the resurrection
of Mughals. Thus they sided the British.

•

With the help of Sikh, Gurkha and Pathan
regiments, East Indian company ends the first
war of Indian Independence.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Mutineers executed

Balaji Viswanathan

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Bahadur Shah: Last of Indian
Mughals is exiled to Burma

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
British Queen takes over India from
the Company after 100 years of rule

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Lecture 9: India’s fight for
Independence (1857 - 1947).

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Transportation systems that
helped the British rule better.

1869: Suez Canal
Balaji Viswanathan

1853: Indian Railways
NalandaU.com
1857-1914
Indians are pragmatic in this period.
Dadhabhai Naoroji becomes first Indian to
be an MP in Britain. Indians enter civil
service and legal service.

Balaji Viswanathan

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In 1885 Indians come together to form
the Indian National Congress.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Turn of 20th century: Congress splits
between moderates and radicals
Radicals (wanted full
freedom)

Lala Lajpath Rai

Bal Ganghadhar
Tilak

Balaji Viswanathan

Moderates (wanted to
secure more rights)

Motilal Nehru

Gopal Krishna
Gokale

NalandaU.com
1914: Return of Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi
perfected
“Satyagraha” or
truth movement in
South Africa. He is
now ready for India.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Gandhi converts Congress party into a
mass movement

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1919: Jallianwallabagh Massacre.
1000s of unarmed civilians shot at.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Non-cooperation movement: Mahatma
Gandhi turns the movement to focus
more on economic and social factors.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1930: Gandhi takes Indians on Civil Disobedience.
Breaks laws on making salt in Dandi, Gujarat.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Gandhi secure widespread support
allover the world - even in Britain.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Balaji Viswanathan

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Netaji: Indian National Army

Balaji Viswanathan

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Indian Extremists Strike.

Bhagat Singh

Balaji Viswanathan

Chandrashekar
Azad

Ramprasad
Bismil

NalandaU.com
16th Aug 1946: Muslim League under
Jinnah leaves a trail of violence to press
for a separate nation for Muslims.

Balaji Viswanathan

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Lord Mountbatten: Last
Viceroy of India sets
India’s freedom date for
15th August 1947 and
decides to partition the
country into two - India &
Pakistan.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Lecture 10: India after
Independence.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wUcw8Ufx_Y
Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Jan 30, 1948. Assassination of the
Mahatma

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Political Integration of India.

Balaji Viswanathan

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India’s iron man- Sardar Patel and first
prime minister Nehru fight to keep
India as a single union.

Taking over Hyderabad,
1948
Balaji Viswanathan

Fight to keep Kashmir,
1948.

Take over Goa from
Portugal, 1960.
NalandaU.com
Kashmir Puzzle
The territory of Kashmir was bought by Hindu Maharajahs in 1860. The
Maharajah joined India, while the populace was majority Muslim.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1956. Indians states reorganized on
linguistic lines.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1962: India and China battle on high
mountains for a month.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999: Indo
Pakistan wars.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1971: India splits Pakistan to create a
separate nation of Bangladesh.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1977: India Gandhi declares Emergency. Takes
absolute powers & suspends democracy.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1991: India comes out of socialism with promarket reforms to avoid total bankruptcy.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Summary: Key Learning
Takeaways

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Only two major routes to enter into India from West. This
fort-like geography shaped India’s history.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Humans moved into India about 60K years ago.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Heights of Indus Valley Civilization: 3300 -1700 BC

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Formation of Republics in Gangetic Valley

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Taxila: Students entered at 16 and learned a variety of arts
- from archery to physics and religion from masters.

Charaka

Panini

“Father” of Medicine

Grammarian

Balaji Viswanathan

Chanakya
Military Strategist

NalandaU.com
Rise of Ashoka.
Political Integration of India. (269-232 BC)

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Gupta Dynasty

Age of Innovations (320 - 520 AD)

Chess

Place value
system

Balaji Viswanathan

University

Sex
Education

NalandaU.com
1526-1757: Mughal Dynasty.
Akbar’s lucky
victory against
Hemu starts a
200 year Mughal
dynasty that ruled
a big chunk of
north India.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1757: Battle of Plassey
Clive buys out Bengali aristocrats: Jagat Seth & Mir Jafar

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
First War of Indian Independence (1857).

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
1930: Gandhi takes Indians on Civil Disobedience.
Breaks laws on making salt in Dandi, Gujarat.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Political Integration of India.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
Key battles that changed the face of India.
327 BC: Battle of Hydaspes. Porus vs. Alexander.
Ends Greek Expansion in Asia.
261 BC: Battle of Kalinga. Kalinga vs. Ashoka.
Turns Mauryas to pacifism and Buddhism.
738 AD: Battle of Rajasthan. Umayyad vs. Chalukyas.
Checks Islamic expansion east.
1192 AD: Battle of Tarain. Prithiviraj Chauhan vs. Ghori.
Ghori wins in second battle and brings Islam to India.
1556 AD: 2nd Battle of Panipat. Hemu vs. Akbar.
Akbar wins through a scattered arrow. Mughal empire begins.
1757 AD: Battle of Plassey. East India Co. vs. Bengal.
Brings India under East India Company & European rule.
1761 AD: 3rd Battle of Panipat. Marthas vs. Afghans.
Marathas are pushed back and last of Indian empires bites dust.
Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com
India needs to rediscover Nalanda.
It is the period where India’s science grew to
great heights. It is time to bring back that era.

Balaji Viswanathan

NalandaU.com

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A Brief History of India.

  • 1. A Brief History of India Balaji Viswanathan, NalandaU.com Full Course: https://www.udemy.com/a-brief-history-of-india
  • 2. Lecture 0: A Brief introduction. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 3. Water Of the 26 river basins in the world, 4 are in India and China. Majority of the remaining 22 is in frigid regions or stuck in rain forests. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 4. River valleys just above the Tropic of Cancer produced the 4 ancient civilizations. 1 2 Balaji Viswanathan 3 4 NalandaU.com
  • 5. Key Rivers that shaped Indian civilization 2 1 4 3 Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 6. Plentiful distribution of water Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 7. Cultivated Land The reason for high population could be partly explained by the vast availability of agricultural land. Although it is only the 7th largest country, it ties with the US when it comes to having the world’s largest agriculture land. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 8. India had a strong economy for most part of human history. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 9. Only two major routes to enter into India from West. This fort-like geography shaped India’s history. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 10. India is named a Subcontinent. 6 different climatic zones exist making it hard to rule the entire subcontinent. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 11. Lecture 1: Stone Age. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 12. Human Evolution in Africa: ~200K years ago Source: http://www.personal.psu.edu/erh5000/human_evolution.html Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 13. Last Ice Age: 120K years - 12K years Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 14. 65K years ago: Migration out of Africa Source: http://www.upf.edu/cexs/actualitat/genographic.html Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 16. 30K years ago: Paintings of Cave Men Bimbeketa, Madhya Pradesh Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 17. Lost City in the Gulf of Cambay Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1768109.stm Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 18. Founder Crops Domestication of Wheat, Barley, Peas, Chickpeas, lentils and flax about 11500 years ago. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 19. 9000 years ago: Mehrgarh Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 20. 5300 years ago: Discovery of Bronze Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 21. Lecture 2: Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BC - 1500 BC) “...the structure of their cities were so far advanced that it was not surpassed until the late nineteenth century in Europe...” Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 22. In 1827 a wandering traveler at the East India Company finds mysterious brick mounds near Harappa..... Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 23. Circa 3300 BC Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 24. 1056 cities and human settlements found so far. More than 5 million inhabitants.. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 25. Jump into the mature civilization of Harappa. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 26. Grid like patterns for cities Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 27. Citadel at the center of the city Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 28. Advanced town planning & Municipal corporations Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 29. Modern drainage systems Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 30. No central authority. No warfare. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 31. Life in Indus Valley Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 32. Extensive Art Work. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 34. Global Trade of Indus Valley Gold &Jade from Southern India. Copper from Afghanistan. Turquoise from Iran. All paid with cotton and pottery. Development of transportation systems: boats (with docks) & bullock carts. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 35. Early Hinduism. Pashupathi Seals. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 36. 1700 BC: End of Civilization around Indus. Global climactic changes Weather got cooler and drier Monsoon Patterns Changed River Courses Changed Trade Floundered People migrated to Gangetic plains and southern India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 37. Timeline of Indus Valley Civilization Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 38. Contributions Discovery of cotton Invention of pottery Balaji Viswanathan Modern Metallurgy NalandaU.com
  • 39. Lecture 3: Vedic Era Iron Age (1500 BC - 300 BC) Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 40. The Rise of Vedas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfLYe6Y_EM8 Rig Veda Sama Veda Yajur Veda Atharva Veda Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 41. Administration during Vedic Era Rajan Head of Jana Councils Sabha Samiti Balaji Viswanathan Vidhata Gana NalandaU.com
  • 42. Mahajanapadas: Rise of Republics Magadha Kuru Kashi Vriji Panchala Kosala Kamboja Gandhara Balaji Viswanathan Malla Chedi Machcha Surasena Kalinga Assaka Avanti Vatsa Anga Yona NalandaU.com
  • 43. Kingdoms start merging Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 44. 6th Century: Turning Point Siddhartha Gautama: 563 BC to 480 BC Buddhism Balaji Viswanathan Vardhamana Mahavira: 599 BC to 527 BC Jainism NalandaU.com
  • 45. Recording of Indian History Begins. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 46. Haryanka Dynasty of Magadha: Second known dynasty of India Bimbisara Starts expanding Magadha. Early supporter of Buddha Balaji Viswanathan Ajathasatru Builds a highly powerful and fearsome Magadha force. NalandaU.com
  • 47. Ajathasatru empire. Rivals the size of Persian empire under Cyrus. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 48. Nanda Empire Ajathasatru was succeeded by Shishunga dynasty and then the Nanda dynasty. Nandas were extremely unpopular and were reportedly cruel. They denied help to other Indian kings besieged by alien invasions. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 49. Kingdoms of Ancient Magadha Brihadratha Haryanka Shishunga Nanda Unknown 6th century 5th century 4th century Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 50. Lecture 4: Invasions & Cultural Interchange Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 51. Extent of Cyrus the Great of Persia. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 52. 400 BC. Takshashila: India’s first University at the crossroads of Persia and India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 53. Taxila: Students entered at 16 and learned a variety of arts - from archery to physics and religion from masters. Charaka Panini “Father” of Medicine Grammarian Balaji Viswanathan Chanakya Military Strategist NalandaU.com
  • 54. 326 BC: Alexander Attacks India Ambi - the ruler of Taxila submits to Alexander. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 55. Battle of Hydaspes. King Porus (Purushotam) of Purushapura (Peshawar) resists Alexander although losing the battle. Excellent Video documentary in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WvgzOa2rko Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 56. Alexander’s army refuses to go further east, fearing the mighty Nanda Empire. “For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.” Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 57. Chandragupta Maurya: First Major Emperor begins Consolidation Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 58. With Chanakya’s strategy Chandragupta pushes Greeks out of South Asia Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 59. Rise of Ashoka. Political Integration of India. (269-232 BC) Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 60. Battle of Kalinga (261 BC) turns Ashoka to a pacifist. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 61. Heartbroken by a brutal war with Kalinga, Ashoka turns Pacifist. Spreads Buddhism all over old world. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 62. A golden age for India. 40% of world population and close to 50% of world GDP was from Ashoka. Continues the great work of his father Bindusara & grandfather Chandragupta. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 63. Ashoka’s Legacy Stupas & other buildings Balaji Viswanathan Moral Symbols First major written language NalandaU.com
  • 64. Mauryan Emperors Try Different Religious Sects Chandragupta Jainism Bindusara Ajvika Ashoka Buddhism Ashoka’s Mauryan successors go directionless. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 65. 185 BC: Within 50 years of Ashoka’s death, Pushyamitra Sunga does the first military coup in India assassinating Mauryan emperor Brihadratha. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 66. Lecture 5: Classical Age. (200 BC - 1100 AD) Greatest works of Indian art would be created. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 67. India faces Globalization End of Mauryas causes confusion all over India. Without a strong emperor, India is attacked by Central Asian nomads. From 230 BC to 320 AD, India is ruled by many kings and there is an huge interchange of art and culture all over Asia and Greece. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 68. Migration of the Yuezhi to India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 69. Invasion of northern India by Kanishka(from central Asia) causes an explosion of art interactions among Greece, Persia, Bactria and India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 70. Satvahanas: Consolidation of Middle India. 230 BC to 220 AD. Created the present world heritage sites of Ajantha, Ellora and Amaravati. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 71. Trade flourishes among Egypt, Rome, Arabia and India Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 72. India at the time of Christ Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 73. Chandrgupta - I Yet another Chandragupta emerges to fight alien powers in India. Marries a Lichchhavi princess & gets Magadha kingdom as dowry. Starts massive expansion. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 74. Gupta Dynasty Age of Innovations (320 - 520 AD) Chess Place value system Balaji Viswanathan University Sex Education NalandaU.com
  • 75. Numeric system originates in Gupta Era. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 76. Top scientists of Gupta era Varahamihira Trignometry, Optics, Arithmetic and calculation of equinox. Aryabhatta Shushruta Approxmated Pi, decimal system (0), algebra, heliocentrism, explanation of eclipses. Father of modern surgery. Author of Shushtrua Samhita. Other great scientists: Brahmagupta (first to use 0), Bhaskara - I. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 77. 4th century Nalanda University: Heights of Indian Education System. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 78. The two Chinese Scholars who helped document India’s classical era. Xuanzhang 6th century Balaji Viswanathan Faxian 4th century NalandaU.com
  • 79. After two centuries of attacks, Hunas finally end Gupta Empire in 530 AD Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 81. Emperor Harsha Vardhana drives away the Hunas and tries to reunite India after 100 years of disintegration. After 40 years of rule, his empire disintegrates at his death. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 82. Battle of Rajasthan: 738 AD. An alliance of Hindu rulers led by Vikramaditya - II defeat Arabs and ends Islamic expansion towards east. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 83. First Democratic election in India: 750 AD Gopala gets elected and builds the Pala empire starting from Bengal. For 400 years his dynasty will rule parts of northern & eastern India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 84. Meanwhile in South India... South India, especially Tamil region had a parallel history. It had 4 main dynasties - Chola, Chera, Pandya and Pallavas (probably from north). Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 85. Pallava Dynasty (2nd - 9th century AD): Period of extraordinary architecture. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 86. Raja Raja Chola and his son Rajendra build a massive empire. Unlike most other Indian empires, they were strong seafarers. Circa 1000 AD. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 87. 1192 AD: Second Battle of Tarain. An inspired Prithiviraj could not contain a relentless Ghori. Islam enters India after the second battle. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 88. In 1193 Nalanda University was destroyed by an invading Afghan ruler. Hindu empires simultaneously collapse all over India due to independent reasons. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 89. Lecture 6: Hindu-Islamic Era. (1200 - 1800 AD) Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 90. India after the Second battle of Tarain. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 91. Delhi Sultanates (1200 - 1526 AD) 5 dynasties: Mamluk, Khilji, Tuqlaq, Sayyid, Lodhi Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 92. 1221: Genghiz Khan retreats back from the Indus river. Alaudin Khilji of Delhi was strong and Khan didn’t want to take a chance. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 93. 1000s of historic Hindu & Buddhist sites are ravaged during the period. Sun temple of Anantnag, Kashmir Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 94. 1398: Timur of Samarkhand plunders Delhi and leaves 100,000 dead in 1 day. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 95. 1336: Rise of Vijayanagara Empire Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 96. Samrat Hemu Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) fights back the Afghans and takes back Delhi Wins 22 battles against Afghans. Loses against Akbar due to a stray arrow hitting him in the eye in the Second Battle of Panipat (1556). Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 97. 1526-1757: Mughal Dynasty. Akbar’s lucky victory against Hemu starts a 200 year Mughal dynasty that ruled a big chunk of north India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 98. Aurangzeb: Last of the Mughal Emperors goes harsh on native Hindu population. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 99. By 1707 most of India is consolidated by the Mughal rulers. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 100. Marathas of Central India: Bhosle Era (1674 - 1759) Shivaji introduces guerilla warfare against the Mughals. Hindu rulers fight back again. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 101. By 1761, Marathas take control of most of north India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 102. 1761: 3rd battle of Panipat. Marathas lose against the combined strength of Afghans and Persians. In 1818 a weakened Maratha Empire is completed defeated by the East India Company. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 103. Lecture 7: Entry of Colonial Powers in India (17th - 19th centuries) Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 104. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, European sailors start looking for alternative routes to Asia. Vasco da Gama reaches India in 1498. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 105. Europe starts building strong trade routes to India. Goa is colonized. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 106. Portugal, Netherlands, France, Denmark and England all setup trading posts. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 107. East India Company is one the first modern Corporation. It entered India as a trading company in 1612 after Jahangir allowed them. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 108. The Company gets a lot of natural harbors that are unutilized by the native rulers who ignore navy. In 1668 England got Bombay as a dowry from Portugal (after the royal wedding of Charles II). The company gets permission to setup factory in Madras after Vijayanagara kings give permission. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 109. Carnatic Wars: European rivalries enter India. France nationalizes French India Company. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 110. Robert Clive - an officer at the East India Company has grand plans. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 111. In 1756, the new Nawab of Bengal captures Calcutta from the Company. The Black Hole of Calcutta - where the Nawab held English prisoners creates huge flutter in England. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 112. 1757: Battle of Plassey Clive buys out Bengali aristocrats: Jagat Seth & Mir Jafar Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 113. By 1800, the only impediment to the Company was a loose confederation of Marathas. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 114. Tippu Sultan of Mysore uses Rocket Warfare for the first time in human history. The defeat of his ally Napoleon in Waterloo messes up with his plan. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 115. Most Indian kingdoms slowly fall, unable to tackle the industrial prowess of the Company Ahom kingdom 1226-1820 Balaji Viswanathan Sikh Empire 1799-1849 NalandaU.com
  • 116. 1772: Capital shifted to Calcutta by Warren Hastings Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 117. Consequences of Company Rule Millions perish in dozens of famines. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 118. Some positives: Social Reforms takes off too. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (father of modern India) and others lead social reforms in India to abolish Sati (Widow burning) and allow widow remarriage. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 119. Strongest company ever Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 120. By 1857 most of India is under the company or company’s dependents. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 121. In 1857, Indians would strike back... ending the company forever... Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 122. Lecture 8: First War of Indian Independence (1857). Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 123. 10 May 1857. Sepoys Mutiny in Meerut Suspect there might be beef or pork coating in the cartridge. Compounded resentment from serving on overseas battles. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 124. 11th May. Mutiny spreads to Delhi. Indian troops capture Delhi. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 125. Rani Laxmibai: Denied throne on basis of the “Doctrine of Lapse”. Widespread hatred in royalty. Awadh, Jhansi, Kanpur and Lucknow were soon up in rebelling. Tatya Tope of Maratha territory was trying to coordinate the attack. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 126. A large number of Indian states join the sepoy mutiny. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 127. India’s native rivalries and suspicious soon dominate • Sikhs were angry at the eastern Indians for not helping them out during their war with the English. Also, they feared the resurrection of Mughals. Thus they sided the British. • With the help of Sikh, Gurkha and Pathan regiments, East Indian company ends the first war of Indian Independence. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 129. Bahadur Shah: Last of Indian Mughals is exiled to Burma Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 130. British Queen takes over India from the Company after 100 years of rule Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 131. Lecture 9: India’s fight for Independence (1857 - 1947). Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 132. Transportation systems that helped the British rule better. 1869: Suez Canal Balaji Viswanathan 1853: Indian Railways NalandaU.com
  • 133. 1857-1914 Indians are pragmatic in this period. Dadhabhai Naoroji becomes first Indian to be an MP in Britain. Indians enter civil service and legal service. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 134. In 1885 Indians come together to form the Indian National Congress. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 135. Turn of 20th century: Congress splits between moderates and radicals Radicals (wanted full freedom) Lala Lajpath Rai Bal Ganghadhar Tilak Balaji Viswanathan Moderates (wanted to secure more rights) Motilal Nehru Gopal Krishna Gokale NalandaU.com
  • 136. 1914: Return of Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi perfected “Satyagraha” or truth movement in South Africa. He is now ready for India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 137. Gandhi converts Congress party into a mass movement Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 138. 1919: Jallianwallabagh Massacre. 1000s of unarmed civilians shot at. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 139. Non-cooperation movement: Mahatma Gandhi turns the movement to focus more on economic and social factors. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 140. 1930: Gandhi takes Indians on Civil Disobedience. Breaks laws on making salt in Dandi, Gujarat. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 141. Gandhi secure widespread support allover the world - even in Britain. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 143. Netaji: Indian National Army Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 144. Indian Extremists Strike. Bhagat Singh Balaji Viswanathan Chandrashekar Azad Ramprasad Bismil NalandaU.com
  • 145. 16th Aug 1946: Muslim League under Jinnah leaves a trail of violence to press for a separate nation for Muslims. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 146. Lord Mountbatten: Last Viceroy of India sets India’s freedom date for 15th August 1947 and decides to partition the country into two - India & Pakistan. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 147. Lecture 10: India after Independence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wUcw8Ufx_Y Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 148. Jan 30, 1948. Assassination of the Mahatma Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 149. Political Integration of India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 150. India’s iron man- Sardar Patel and first prime minister Nehru fight to keep India as a single union. Taking over Hyderabad, 1948 Balaji Viswanathan Fight to keep Kashmir, 1948. Take over Goa from Portugal, 1960. NalandaU.com
  • 151. Kashmir Puzzle The territory of Kashmir was bought by Hindu Maharajahs in 1860. The Maharajah joined India, while the populace was majority Muslim. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 152. 1956. Indians states reorganized on linguistic lines. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 153. 1962: India and China battle on high mountains for a month. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 154. 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999: Indo Pakistan wars. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 155. 1971: India splits Pakistan to create a separate nation of Bangladesh. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 156. 1977: India Gandhi declares Emergency. Takes absolute powers & suspends democracy. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 157. 1991: India comes out of socialism with promarket reforms to avoid total bankruptcy. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 158. Summary: Key Learning Takeaways Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 159. Only two major routes to enter into India from West. This fort-like geography shaped India’s history. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 160. Humans moved into India about 60K years ago. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 161. Heights of Indus Valley Civilization: 3300 -1700 BC Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 162. Formation of Republics in Gangetic Valley Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 163. Taxila: Students entered at 16 and learned a variety of arts - from archery to physics and religion from masters. Charaka Panini “Father” of Medicine Grammarian Balaji Viswanathan Chanakya Military Strategist NalandaU.com
  • 164. Rise of Ashoka. Political Integration of India. (269-232 BC) Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 165. Gupta Dynasty Age of Innovations (320 - 520 AD) Chess Place value system Balaji Viswanathan University Sex Education NalandaU.com
  • 166. 1526-1757: Mughal Dynasty. Akbar’s lucky victory against Hemu starts a 200 year Mughal dynasty that ruled a big chunk of north India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 167. 1757: Battle of Plassey Clive buys out Bengali aristocrats: Jagat Seth & Mir Jafar Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 168. First War of Indian Independence (1857). Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 169. 1930: Gandhi takes Indians on Civil Disobedience. Breaks laws on making salt in Dandi, Gujarat. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 170. Political Integration of India. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 171. Key battles that changed the face of India. 327 BC: Battle of Hydaspes. Porus vs. Alexander. Ends Greek Expansion in Asia. 261 BC: Battle of Kalinga. Kalinga vs. Ashoka. Turns Mauryas to pacifism and Buddhism. 738 AD: Battle of Rajasthan. Umayyad vs. Chalukyas. Checks Islamic expansion east. 1192 AD: Battle of Tarain. Prithiviraj Chauhan vs. Ghori. Ghori wins in second battle and brings Islam to India. 1556 AD: 2nd Battle of Panipat. Hemu vs. Akbar. Akbar wins through a scattered arrow. Mughal empire begins. 1757 AD: Battle of Plassey. East India Co. vs. Bengal. Brings India under East India Company & European rule. 1761 AD: 3rd Battle of Panipat. Marthas vs. Afghans. Marathas are pushed back and last of Indian empires bites dust. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com
  • 172. India needs to rediscover Nalanda. It is the period where India’s science grew to great heights. It is time to bring back that era. Balaji Viswanathan NalandaU.com