Ai manual chapter 02
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Inseminacao Artificial em Bovinos ABS Global
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Ai manual chapter 02
- 3. Female Reproductive Tract Location
- 4. Female Reproductive Tract Location
- 6. Bovine Reproductive Tract Uterine Horn Uterus Cervix Vagina Ovary
- 7. Vulva
- 8. Vulva Vulva Vestibule Vagina
- 10. Vagina Vagina
- 12. Bovine Reproductive Tract Cervix
- 13. Cervix Cervix
- 18. Cervix Location
- 19. Normal Cervix
- 20. Aging or Pregnant Cow Cervix
- 23. Bovine Reproductive Tract Cervical Rings
- 25. The Target
- 27. Uterus Uterus
- 28. Bovine Reproductive Tract Uterine Horn Body of Uterus Uterine Horn
- 29. Uterus
- 32. Bovine Ovary Uterine Tube Corpus Luteum
- 36. Corpus Luteum
- 37. Rectum
- 40. Follicle
- 45. Corpus Luteum
- 49. Summary of Female Reproductive Hormones
- 55. Ideal Calf Position At Birth
- 56. Summary
- 58. Close-up of Re-breeding Fertility Levels
- 62. Placentome
Notas del editor
- Successful insemination of cows and heifers depends on your basic understanding of the reproductive process and the organs involved. This is covered in your A.I. Management Manual pages 2-1 to 2-11. Feel free to make notes as we continue.
- Where are the organs and what do they feel like?
- This diagram shows the relative location of the parts of the reproductive system to the pelvis of the cow.
- This is the area you will be working in when inseminating. The reproductive system is shown in its normal position.
- Now let’s get a better understanding of the anatomy of the cow's reproductive system.
- An actual photo of an incised tract. This is what we will be working with.
- Starting from the rear of the cow the first part of the reproductive system encountered is the vulva. It consists of two external lips separated by a vertical slit. It is beneath the tail, under the anus.
- The forward progression of the vulvar slit, called the vestibule connects the vulva to the vagina.
- The vulva’s key points.
- The vagina continues the passageway forward to the cervix.
- The vagina feels like a collapsed bicycle inner tube. The tissue is thick and rubbery.
- Forward of the vagina is the cervix. In this photo the vagina has been cut off.
- The cervix is the most important part of the cow’s reproductive system to the inseminator. You must learn how to recognize its location, texture, and be able to manipulate and control it.
- This amazing organ will dilate from a diameter slightly larger than an insemination syringe to an opening large enough for a fully developed calf to pass through.
- The cervix feels like a chicken neck, but we don’t actually grab it like this.
- It is important to understand and recognize the feel and texture of the cervix, because they’re all slightly different.
- There is no other structure in the cow or heifer that feels like the cervix. With “hands on” experience you will be be able to find and recognize the cervix regardless of variability in size, shape, and location.
- This is an illustration of the normal location of the cervix.
- This illustration shows the location as well as the irregular passageway through the cervix.
- An illustration of the position of a deep cervix. This can occur in older cows that have calved many times because the support ligaments get stretched. It also can occur because the cow is pregnant and the weight of the developing calf pulls the reproductive system down.
- This illustration shows two of those obstacles, the blind pouch and the cervical ring. Remember these as we will be discussing them many times during insemination practice.
- An actual photo of the cervix dissected so we can see the rings.
- Moving forward we come to the end of the cervix and the beginning of the uterus. We do not want the syringe to enter the delicate uterus. We deposit the semen into the forward end of the cervix.
- See where the semen is deposited.
- The tissue of the uterus is soft and spongy, much more delicate than the tissue of the vagina and cervix. It is lined with many blood vessels that can be easily damaged by an improperly placed insemination syringe.
- This illustrates the location of the uterus relative to the other parts of the reproductive system.
- Note the division of the two horns at the anterior end of the body of the uterus.
- What do we call the target area of the uterus? The forward end of cervix is as far as the insemination syringe should enter.
- Attached to the end of each uterine horn are the oviducts or fallopian tubes. They are about the size of the lead in a pencil with a microscopic opening, an indication of the size of the egg.
- See the location of the fallopian tubes.
- Actual photo of the tubes, note the twists and turns.
- As we come to the end of the reproductive system, we encounter the female sex glands, the ovaries.
- The follicle looks and feels somewhat like a blister, the CL feels like a meaty protrusion.
- See the difference in the structures.
- A closer look at the CL.
- The method of insemination we practice today is rectal palpation, meaning that we will manipulate the reproductive system, while having our hand in the rectum.
- The rectum is at the end of the digestive tract and it has a mucus lining as well as blood vessels near the surface.
- Now let’s take a look at what the parts do.
- We will work our way back to the rear of the system. Beginning with the follicle. It has two basic functions, they are to produce an egg periodically, and while doing so to produce the hormone estrogen.
- The function is controlled by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.
- Estrogen is the hormone that makes A.I. feasible because the changes to the cow create external signs that we can recognize, telling of the onset of her fertile period.
- These are some of the external signs of estrus.
- A close up of the developed dominant graafian follicle containing the egg.
- The other sub organ is the yellow body or CL.
- Grows at the site of the collapsed follicle and produces progesterone.
- Progesterone keeps the cow from coming into heat for the duration of the pregnancy or for about 3 weeks if not pregnant. This is what is called the cycle.
- If pregnant there is no need for additional eggs to be developed. To become pregnant the uterus needs to accept the fertilized egg.
- This diagram shows the alternating functions that create the estrus cycle.
- While waiting in the fallopian tubes the sperm is acclimating to the cows body, and getting ready to fertilize the egg. If you see blood after a heat it merely indicates that a heat did occur.
- Even though you are going to use A.I. it is good to have a general understanding of the male's reproductive system.
- Now that we understand the organs, what happens when a cow is bred? She stands to be mounted by the bull, he inserts his penis through the vulva into the vagina and deposits the semen. The semen travels through the cervix and the uterus to wait in the tubes for the egg. Once fertilization occurs the egg will take a few days to reach the uterus.
- The fertilized egg will live on uterine milk until the membranes lining the uterus are ready. The calf will feed and dispose of its waste through this membrane.
- Once the fetus has reached maturity it begins the birth process, the cervix relaxes and the uterus contracts propelling the calf out the birth canal.
- In a normal presentation at birth the calf comes front feet first, with the head between them. This acts like a wedge with the small end first, its body also fits the curve of the birth canal.
- Here’s a look at the estrus cycle. Focus on the ranges as every female is an individual.
- How long does it take for the cow to breed back? This chart has the % conception on the right and the days in milk (DIM) on the bottom, the left is the number of cows involved. Note the increase at 50 days and beyond.
- This repair takes time.
- This is an illustration of a uterus immediately after calving. The caruncles are very large and protrude from the walls. They must regress to become flush with the walls and the horns shrink back to accept a new pregnancy.
- Caruncles are the receiving site, cotyledons are the buttons. Next time you look at a placenta (afterbirth) spread it out and you can see the cotyledons, they appear as white spots. In the case of a retained placenta the two didn’t separate.
- Together the caruncle and the cotyledon form the placentome. These can be three to five inches in size by the time of calving.
- Understand that the blood system of the mother and the blood system of the calf are separate and independent. The calf absorbs nutrients from the cow and she in turn absorbs the calf’s waste and eliminates it from her body.
- First calf heifers will take longer than an older cow to return to heat.
- Here’s a photo of a uterus 10 days after calving - note the thickness of the walls and the size of the cervix. The caruncles must regress to 1/4 to 3/8 of an inch.
- Here we have a uterus with a retained placenta 17 days after birth. What would you notice? Maybe a discharged puss or a foul odor.
- This uterus has 3 more days rest and had a normal delivery. Note the healthier look to the tissue, but there is still some puss and the buttons are still enlarged. Not ready to rebreed.
- If she aborts she still needs recovery time.
- At 28 days we see no puss or dead blood but the buttons are not regressed to accept a new pregnancy yet.
- 35 days and still the buttons are large, and we have some inflammation. Still not ready.
- 50 days after a normal calving, we have a follicle. See how flat the buttons are and how thin the walls of the uterus are again. The cervix too is back to normal. This uterus is ready to rebreed successfully.
- The next 3 slides will help us review what we have just learned.