its all about cattle farming

3. Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes—
milk and draught labour for agricultural work
such as tilling, irrigation and carting. Indian
cattle belong to two different species, Bos
indicus, cows, and Bos bubalis, buffaloes.
Milk-producing females are called milch
animals (dairy animals), while the ones used
for farm labour are called draught animals.

5.  Cattle occupy a unique role in human
history, domesticated since at least the
early Neolithic.
 Geneticists and anthropologists used to
suspect that, 10,000 years ago, Africans
domesticated local cattle. A study was
done by University of Missouri researchers
reported that ancient domesticated
African cattle originated from multiple
regions, in the middle-east and India.

6.  Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the
grasses of large tracts of rangeland. Raising cattle in this manner
allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing
crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily
feeding, cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry
practices involve ear tagging, dehorning, loading, medical
operations, vaccinations and hoof care, as well as training for
agricultural shows and preparations. Also, some cultural
differences occur in working with cattle; the cattle husbandry of
Fulani men rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe,
cattle are controlled primarily by physical means, such
as fences. Breeders use cattle husbandry to reduce M.
bovis infection susceptibility by selective breeding and
maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease. Milk
production depends, to some extent,on the duration of the
lactation period, meaning the period of milk production after

8.  Hybridisation refers to crossing between genetically
crossing between geneticallydissimilar species.
 Milk production depends, to some extent,on the
duration of the lactation period, meaning the period
of milk production afterthe birth of a calf. So, milk
production can be increased by increasing the
lactation period.Exotic or foreign breeds (for
example, Jersey, Brown Swiss) are selected for long
lactation periods, while local breeds (for example,
Red Sindhi, Sahiwal) show excellent resistance to
diseases. The two can be cross-bred to get animals
with both the desired qualities.

10. • Originated in England
• Red with white points
• Horned usually
• Known for pink eye
Bos Taurus / British Breed
Classification

11. • Originated in the United States
• Various colors
• Almost went extinct
• Known for Low Birth Weights
and Calving ease for Heifers
Bos Taurus / British Breed
Classification

12.  Origin : Scotland
 High butterfat and Protein
 Do Well in Harse Conditions
Bos taurus/British Breed
Classification

13.  Origin Jersey Isle in English Channel
 High butterfat and Protein
 Popular due to high components in
Milk
 Small Mature Size
 Used in Crossbreeding
 #2 Dairy Breed
Bos taurus/British Breed
Classification

14. • Originated in the United States
• Golden to red in color
• 5/8 Limousin, 3/8 Brahman
Composite Breed
Classification

15.  Dual Purpose
 Developed in Holland from cattle
originating in Austria
 Moderate Frame Size
Bos Taurus/Dutch Breed
Classification

16.  #1 Dairy Breed
 Developed in North Holland and
Freisland
 High Milk Production
 Large Mature Size
Bos Taurus/Dutch Breed
Classification

17.  Switzerland Origin
 Large Cattle Dual Purpose-Braunvieh
 High Milk Components
 Large Mature Size
 Developed at High Altitude
Bos Taurus/Swiss Breed
Classification

18. • Native to South-Central France
• Golden-red to red-brown in color
Bos Taurus European
Breed Classification

19. • Developed in Florida
• 3/8 Brahman, 5/8Hereford
•Red with white points
Composite Breed Classification

20. • All Japanese cattle
• Various colors
• Consists of many Japanese breeds
• Known for Marbling in the Meat
Bos Taurus / European
Breed Classification

22.  Originated in India.
 One of the breed used in the devolopement of brhaman
cattle breed in U.S.A
 Very known for its milk producing qualities and is often
bred with Friesian cows to make the Girolando breed.
 In Brazil and other South American countries the Gir is
used frequently because, as a Bos indicusbreed, it is
resistant to hot temperatures and tropical diseases

23.  The Brahman or Brahma is a breed of Zebu cattle (Bos
primigenius indicus) that was first bred in America from
cattle breeds imported from India.
 The original American Brahman cattle originated from a
nucleus of approximately 266 bulls and 22 females of
several Bos indicus (cattle of India) varieties imported into
the United States between 1854 and 1926.
 Brahman cattle are known for their extreme tolerance to
heat and are widespread in tropical regions. They are
resistant to insects due to their thick skin. Brahman cattle live
longer than many other breeds, often producing calves at
ages 15 and older.

24.  Nelore or Nellore beef cattle originated from Ongole Cattle (Bos
indicus) cattle originally brought to Brazil from India. They are named
after the district of Nellore in Andhra Pradesh state in India.
 The Nelore has a distinct large hump over the top of the shoulder
and neck.
 They have long legs which help them to walk in water and when
grazing.
 The Nelore can adapt to all except very cold climates.
 They are very resistant to high temperatures and have natural
resistance to various parasites and diseases. Brazil is the largest
breeder of Nelore.
 Nelore have the shortest ears of most Bos indicus types.

25.  Sahiwal is a breed of Zebu cattle which primarily is used
in dairy production. Sahiwal originated from the Sahiwal district of
Pakistan, a region in Punjab province of Pakistan.
 Their major characteristics include:
 High milk yields
 Tick and parasite resistance
 Heat tolerant
 Ease of calving
 Drought resistant
 Bloat tolerant
 Good temperament
 Lean meat with even fat cover

26.  Red Sindhi cattle are the most popular of all Zebu dairy breeds. The
breed originated in the Sindh province of Pakistan, they are widely
kept for milk production across Pakistan, India, Bangladesh , Sri
Lanka, and other countries hey have been used for crossbreeding
with temperate (European) origin dairy breeds in many countries to
combine their tropical adaptations (heat tolerance, tick resistance,
disease resistance, fertility at higher temperatures, etc.) with the
higher milk production found in temperate regions. It has been
crossed with Jerseys in many places, including India, the United
States, Australia, Sri Lanka, etc. Other breeds it has been crossed
with include Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss and Danish Red.

28.  The African buffalo or Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), is a
large African bovine
 It is not closely related to the slightly larger wild Asian water buffalo,
and its ancestry remains unclear.
 The African buffalo is a very robust species. Its shoulder height can
range from 1 to 1.7 m and its head-and-body length can range from
1.7 to 3.4 m
SUBSPECIES
 Syncerus caffer caffer: It is the typical subspecies, and the largest
one. this subspecies is the darkest, almost black.
 S. c. nanus : it is the smallest subspecies.
 S. c. brachyceros (Sudanese buffalo):It occurs in West Africa,
 S. c. aequinoctialis (Nile buffalo: it is similar to the Cape buffalo, but
somewhat smaller, and its color is lighter.
 S. c. mathewsi (mountain buffalo):it is not universally recognized. It
lives in mountainous areas of East Africa.

29.  mediterranea italiana, is the only indigenous Italian
breed of water buffalo.
 It is of the River subtype of water buffalo, and is
similar to the buffalo breeds of Hungary, Romania
and theBalkan countries.
 Its skin is dark slate-grey and hair is black
 Mediterranea Italiana buffalo are now raised and
selectively bred principally for the production of the
buffalo milk used to make buffalo mozzarella,
 Lactation lasts on average 277 days, and usually yields
1600–1800 kg of milk;
 In 2012 a total of 192,455,300 kg of buffalo milk was produced in
Italy, about 1.7% of total milk production in that year.
 the fat content was an average of 7.92%

31.  Most important breed of buffaloes whose home is Rohtak,
Hisar and Sind of Haryana, Nabha and Patiala districts of
Punjab and southern parts of Delhi state.
 Otherwise called as Delhi, and Kali.
 The colour is usually jet black with white markings on tail and
face and extremities sometimes found.
 Tightly curved horn is an important character of this breed.
 Most efficient milk and butter fat producers in India.
 Butter fat content is 7.83%. Average lactation yield is varying
from 1500 to 2500 kgs per lactation.
 Also used for the grading up of inferior local buffaloes.

32.  Also known as Deccani, Gujarati, Talabda, Charator
and Nadiadi.
 The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda
district of Gujarat.
 Coat colour varies from rusty brown to silver-grey.
 The horns are sickle shaped, moderately long and
flat.
 The peculiarity of the breed is two white collars, one
round the jaw and the other at the brisket region
 The milk yield ranges from 1000 to 1300 kgs per
lactation.
 The peculiarity of this breed is very high fat
percentage in milk (8-12per cent).

33.  The breeding tract of this breed is Gir forests,
Kutch and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat.
 This is the heaviest Indian breed of buffalo.
 The horns are heavy, inclined to droop at
each side of the neck and then turning up at point
(drooping horns).
 The udder is well developed with funnel shaped teats.
 The average milk yield is 1000 to 1200 kgs per lactation.
 The bullocks are heavy and used for ploughing and
carting.
 These animals are mostly maintained by traditional
breeders called Maldharis, who are nomads.

34.  originated around the river Ravi.
 This breed is found in Sutlej valley in Ferozpur
district of Punjab and in the Sahiwal (Pakistan) of undivided
India.
 The peculiarity of the breed is the wall eyes.
 Head is small, elongated, bulging at top and depressed
between eyes.
 Horns are very small and tightly coiled.
 Bullocks are good for heavy trotting work.
 The milk yield is 1500-1850 kgs per lactation.

35.  Mehsana is a dairy breed of buffalo found in
Mehsana, Sabarkanda and Banaskanta districts
in Gujarat and adjoining Maharashtra state.
 The breed is evolved out of crossbreeding between the Surti
and the Murrah.
 Body is longer than Murrah but limbs are lighter.
 The horns are less curved than in Murrah and are irregular.
 Bullocks are good for heavy work.
 The milk yield is 1200-1500 kgs per lactation.

37.  Proper cleaning and shelter facilities for
cows and buffaloes are required for
humane farming, for the health of the
animals and for production of clean milk as
well. Animals require regular brushing to
remove dirt and loose hair. They should be
sheltered under well-ventilated roofed
sheds that protect them from rain, heat and
cold. The floor of the cattle shed needs to
be sloping so as to stay dry and to facilitate
cleaning

38.  The food requirements of dairy animals are
of two types: (a) maintenance requirement,
which is the food required to support the
animal to live a healthy life, and (b) milk
producing requirement, which is the type of
food required during the lactation period.
Animal feed includes: (a) roughage, which
is largely fibre, and (b) concentrates, which
are low in fibre and contain relatively high
levels of proteins and other nutrients.

39.  Cattle need balanced rations containing
all nutrients in proportionate amounts.
Besides such nutritious food material,
certain feed additives containing
micronutrients promote the health and
milk output of dairy animals.

40.  The internal parasites like worms, affect
stomach and intestine while flukes
damage the liver. Infectious diseases are
also caused by bacteria and viruses.
Vaccinations are given to farm animals
against many major viral and bacterial
diseases.

41.  Crossbreeding beef cattle offers two
primary advantages relative to the use of
only one breed: 1) crossbred animals
exhibitheterosis (hybrid vigor), and 2)
crossbred animals combine the strengths of
the various breeds used to form the cross.
The goal of a well-designed, systematic
crossbreeding program is to simultaneously
optimize these advantages of heterosis and
breed complementarity.

42.  Heterosis or hybrid vigor refers to the superiority in
performance of the crossbred animal compared to the
average of the straightbred parents. Heterosis may be
calculated using the formula:
 % Heterosis = [(crossbred average - straightbred
average) ÷ straightbred average] x 100
 For example, if the average weaning weight of the
straightbred calves was 470 pounds for Breed A and 530
pounds for Breed B, the average of the straightbred
parents would be 500 pounds. If Breed A and Breed B
were crossed and the resulting calves had an average
weaning weight of 520 pounds, heterosis would be
calculated as:
 [(520 - 500) ÷ 500] x 100 = 4 %
 This 4% increase, or 20 pounds in this example, is defined
as heterosis or hybrid vigor.

43.  Indian breeds of cows have a very good
resistance for diseases while the exotic
breeds have a higher lactation period
and poor resistance to diseases. So if we
cross breed one exotic breed with one
indigenous breed we can get better
yield and can avoid the risk of diseases
up to some exta.nt

45.  Project Directorate on Cattle, Meerut has
developed a crossbred cattle “ Frieswal”
(5/8 Holstein Friesian and 3/8 Sahiwal) in
collaboration with Ministry of Defence.
Frieswal cows are being maintained at
various Military Farms of the country.
Presently the total population of Frieswal
females at 37 Military Farms located in
various agro-climatic regions of the country
is 16874 including 1054 elite females. In a
mature lactation of 300 days Frieswal cows
are producing 3542 kg of milk with 3.9 to
4.1% milk fat

47.  The Karan Swiss were developed in India at the
National Dairy Research Institute at Karnal. The breed
was developed using Brown Swiss and Sahiwal. The
percentage of Brown Swiss in the breed ranges from
1/2 to 3/4 of the breeding.
 The Karan Swiss is a dual purpose breed with the oxen
being well suited for work and the cows giving good
quantities of milk. High producing females will
produce 5000 to 6000 kg with a 4.78% butterfat
during a lactation.
 The breed is usually light gray to dark brown in color.
Karan Swiss cows average 127 cm in height and
weight in the range of 400 to 550 kg (880 - 1200
pounds). Males will average 136 cm in height and
weight from 600 to 750 kg (1300 - 1650 pounds).

49. Average performance of different breeds of cows and Murrah buffaloes maintained at NDRI Karnal
Breeds Sahiwal Tharparkar Karan Swiss Karan Fries Murrah
Age at maturity
25.5 26.0 23.7 22.2 32.7
(months)
Age at first
calving
(months)
35.4 42.4 34.6 34.2 44.1
Total lactation
yield (kg.)
2266.0 2334.0 3602.0 3585.0 2258.0
Lactation length
(days)
297 330 324 320 303
305 days
lactation yield
(kg.)
2141.0 2104.0 3316.0 3393.0 2012.0
Dry Period
(days)
101 114 85 108 122
Calving Interval
(days)
391 410 404 402 419
Best 305 days
lactation yield
(kg.)
4560.0 2894.0 7096 8338.0 4520.0
Service period
(days)
107 136 117 123 113
Number of
inseminations/
conception
2.19 1.94 2.11 2.1 1.95
Wet average
(Kg.)
7.7 7.3 11.3 11.7 7.5

52. • ------------ breed of cow satisfies the
following statement
• Originated in England
• Red with white points
• Horned usually
• Known for pink eye

53.  Syncerus caffer refers to --------------------