A BRIEF SEMINAR ON HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

1. 1

2.  ANCIENT AGES : EGYPT, GREECE AND ROME
 MIDDLE AGES : ARAB ISLAMIC INFLUENCE
 RENAISSANCE AND WITCHCRAFT
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY : INCARCERATION OF THE INSANE
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
 NINETEENTH CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY
 MIDDLE 20TH CENTURY AND LATE 20TH CENTURY
 INDIAN PERSPECTIVES
 REFERENCES
•THEORY OF DEGENERATION
•FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF PSYCHOSES
•MEDICAL TREATMENT OF DISORDERS
•CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROSIS
•FREUD AND THE BIRTH OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
•PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES
PLAN OF PRESENTATION
•PSYCHOSURGERY
•ADVENT OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
•ANTIPSYCHIATRY
•NOBEL PRIZES IN PSYCHIATRY
2

3. ANCIENT AGES
MENTAL ILLNESSES THOUGHT
TO BE DUE TO MAGICAL
FORCES OF THE DEITIES.
THE THERAPISTS WERE PRIESTS
WHO USED MAGICO-
RELIGIOUS TREATMENT
EGYPT 3

4. GREEK AND ROMAN PSYCHIATRY
MENTAL ILLNESSES WERE VIEWED AS MAINLY
PSYCHOLOGICAL, MAINLY SOMATIC
OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH
RESPONSIBLITY FOR THE INSANE WAS NOT TAKEN.
MOST INSANE PATIENTS WERE RESTRAINED AT HOME
INSANITY WAS EVALUATED BY JUDGES, NOT PHYSICIANS
ROME GREECE
4

5.  GREEK PHILOSOPHER DIVIDED THE SOUL
INTO 3 PARTS APPETITE ,IMPULSE ,
REASON IN HIS BOOK “THE REPUBLIC”.
 DESCRIBED 4 KINDS OF MADNESS
PROPHETIC, TELESTIC, POETIC & EROTIC
MADNESS IN HIS BOOK “PHAEDRUS”.
 GREEK PHILOSOPHER & INFLUENTIAL
STUDENT OF PLATO.
 DESCRIBED THE VARIOUS EMOTION OR
AFFECTION E.G. DESIRE, JOY, COURAGE,
ANGER, FEAR, HATRED AND PITY IN HIS
BOOK “DE ANIMA”.
5
ARISTOTLE
PLATO

6. BODY HAD FOUR HUMOURS- PHLEGM,
YELLOW BILE, BLACK BILE AND BLOOD;
BRAIN FUNCTIONING DEPENDED UPON
EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THESE .
EXCESS BLACK BILE-------MELANCHOLIA
EXCESS YELLOW BILE-----MANIC RAGE
EXCESS PHLEGM----------DEMENTIA
MADE THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY
PERSONALITY INTO:
• PHLEGMATIC
• CHOLERIC
• SANGUINE
HIPPOCRATES
6

7.  THE TERM PHRENITIS WAS USED IN ANCIENT GREECE TO REFER TO
AN INFLAMMATION THAT PRODUCED DISTURBANCES IN BOTH THE
MIND AND BODY, AND WHOSE LOCATION WAS NEVER
ANATOMICALLY OR CONCEPTUALLY WELL DEFINED.
 IN THE 19TH CENTURY, IT WAS REPLACED BY DELIRIUM,
CONFUSION, AND CLOUDING.
 GREEKS DEVELOPED THREE PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS:
METHODS OF INDUCING SLEEP, INTERPRETING DREAMS (OFTEN
PERFORMED BY PRIESTS IN TEMPLES MOST NOTABLY THOSE OF
AESCULAPIUS, THE GOD OF HEALING), AND USING WORDS TO
PERSUADE, CONSOLE, AND GAIN KNOWLEDGE OF AN ILLNESS.
BEYOND HIPPOCRATES
7

8. ROMAN PSYCHIATRY
MENTAL ILLNESSES RESULTED FROM PASSIONS AND
UNSATISFIED DESIRES WHICH ACTED UPON THE SOUL
 HUMORS EXIST IN HOT, COLD, DRY AND MOIST
FORMS, THEY ARE NEEDED TO FORM
TEMPERAMENTS.
 DISEASE IS DUE TO BAD AIR/BAD DIET ACTING ON A
BAD HUMOR (EXISTING PREDISPOSITION)
GALEN
AURELIUS C CELSUS
 HE DESCRIBED 6 TYPES OF INSANITY I.E. PHRENITIS,
MELANCHOLIA, DELIRIUM, LATHARGUS, EPILEPSY
AND OTHER ILLNESS SIMILAR TO SCHIZOPHRENIA IN
HIS BOOK “DE RE MEDICA”.
 HE ADVOCATED ‘SHOCKING HARSHLY’ AS A METHOD
OF TREATMENT FOR MENTALLY ILL.
8

9. MIDDLE AGES
ARAB ISLAMIC INFLUENCE
DEVIL
POSSESION
DANCE MANIA
ACEDIA
(A TYPE OF
DEPRESSION)
ARABS BUILT ASYLUMS IN BAGHDAD,CAIRO,
DAMASCUS AND OTHER CITIES
FIRST ASYLUM IN EUROPE - HAMBURG (1375)9

10. MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS FROM PERSIA
TO PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOLOGY
PERSIAN PHYSICIAN IN THE CITY
OF BAGHDAD.
KNOWN AS THE PERSIAN GALEN.
BELIEVED MENTAL DISORDER TO
HAVE ORGANIC CAUSE.
PROPONENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
MODES OF TREATMENT.
10

11. AVICENNA OF PERSIA
 FOUND TEMPERAMENTS IN
HUMAN.
 COINED THE TERM “VERMIS”.
 CONSIDERED DEPRESSION A MIX
OF HUMOURS.
 RECOGNIZED THAT EMOTIONAL
UPSETS CAN CAUSE CERTAIN
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
DISORDERS.
 MUSIC THERAPY FOR
EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. 11

12. MOSES MAIMONIDES
ARAB SCHOLAR
PROVIDED DETAILED CLINICAL
DESCRIPTION OF DEPRESSION.
BELIEVED IN AND ADVOCATED
A MENTAL HYGIENE
PROGRAMME FOR A GOOD
MENTAL HEALTH.
12

13. INSTITUTES PAR EXCELLENCE
 AROUND 1400 AD, THE
BETHLEM HOSPITAL IN LONDON
BEGAN AND BECAME A
PIONEER INSTITUTE FOR CARE
OF THE MENTALLY ILL.
 NAME WAS LATER CORRUPTED
TO BEDLAM DUE TO THE
DISORDERLY CONDITION OF THE
HOSPITAL.
BETHLEM
THE YORK RETREAT
ESTABLISHED IN1792 IN LONDON, A
LANDMARK INSTITUTION FOR
PIONEERING HUMANE AND MORAL
TREATMENT OF THE INSANE.
13

14. RENAISSANCE AND WITCHCRAFT
 IN MALLEUS MALEFICARUM (WITCHES’ HAMMER),1487 BY H. KRAMER & J.
SPRENGER WITCHES ARE MAINLY DESCRIBED AS WOMEN WHO SHOWED
PSYCHOTIC OR HYSTERICAL SYMPTOMS AND SEXUAL DELUSIONS.
 MALLEUS PRESCRIBED DEATH BY TORTURE FOR THE WITCHES WITH SANCTION
FROM THE CHURCH WHERE THOUSANDS OF SUSPECTED WITCHES WERE KILLED.
 IT WAS CONTINUED FOR ANOTHER 150 YEARS. 14

15. RENAISSANCE continued…….
 PHILIPPUS A. PARACELSUS:
 PROVIDED A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES IN HIS BOOK “ON DISEASES WHICH
DEPRIVE MAN OF REASON” I.E. VESANIA, LUNACY, INSANITY.
 BELIEVED THAT MENTAL DISORDERS TO BE NATURAL DISEASE AND NOT CAUSED BY
DEMONS.
 JUAN L. VIVES:
 WAS A FORERUNNER OF FREUD IN EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS IN FORMING EMOTIONS.
 BELIEVED THAT PAINFUL, LONG FORGOTTEN MEMORIES CAN BE RECALLED
THROUGH REFLECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS.
 JOHANN WEYER:
 REGARDED BY SOME AS THE FATHER OF MODERN PSYCHIATRY.
 IN HIS BOOK DE PRAESTIGIIS DAEMONUM, 1563 ACCURATELY DESCRIBED THE
GENERAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE MENTALLY ILL.
 PRACTICED PSYCHOTHERAPY.
15

16. INCARCERATION OF THE INSANE IN THE 17TH C
RENE DESCARTES
BELIEVED THAT MAN HAD A
THINKING SUBSTANCE, THE SOUL
WHICH DID NOT INTERACT WITH
BODY, THUS CREATING A MIND-
BODY DICHOTOMY
IN FRANCE AND GERMANY,
MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE WERE
INCARCERATED IN ASYLUMS
REMAINING LOCKED UP FOR
INDEFINITE PERIODS OF TIME
16

17. THOMAS WILLIS
 CLASSIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS
INTO TWO TYPES: CAUSED BY
GROSS BRAIN DISEASE AND BY
DISTURBED ANIMAL SPIRITS.
 1ST TO DESCRIBE THE CIRCLE OF
WILLIS IN BRAIN AND ALSO
PROBABLY THE 1ST TO USE THE
TERM REFLEX ACTION.
THOMAS SYDENHAM
 PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE
ACCOUNT OF THE
SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF HYSTERIA,
RECOGNIZING (FOR THE 1ST TIME)
THAT IT CAN OCCUR IN MALES
TOO IN THE FORM OF
‘HYPOCHONDRIACAL
COMPLAINTS’.
 BELIEVED HYSTERIA TO BE CAUSED
BY DISTURBED ANIMAL SPIRITS.17

18. PAOLO ZACCHIA
SUGGESTED THAT A
PHYSICIAN, RATHER THAN A
PRIEST OR LAWYER, SHOULD
EVALUATE PATIENT’S
RESPONSIBILITY FOR
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR.
18

19. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
DEMONIC BELIEFS WERE GRADUALLY BEING REPLACED BY RATIONAL
THOUGHTS AND NEW THEORIES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
DIVIDED DISEASES INTO TEN CLASSES
WITH CLASS EIGHT REPRESENTING
MENTAL ILLNESSES
Ø COINED THE TERM “NEUROSIS”
WHICH HE THOUGHT WAS A RESULT OF
VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BRAIN BEING IN
STAGES OF COLLAPSE AND EXCITEMENT
Ø DEVELOPED HIS OWN NOSOLOGY
SAUVAGES
WILLIAM CULLEN
19

20. FRANZ GALL IN GERMANY INTRODUCED
“PHRENOLOGY” AND SAID THAT THE BRAIN
HAD SEPARATE ORGANS THAT OCCUPIED
SEPARATE AREAS AND SHAPED THE PERSONALITY
AND THAT THE ORGANS COULD BE MAPPED ON
TO THE SURFACE
PHILLIPE PINEL IN FRANCE CLASSIFIED MENTAL
ILLNESS INTO 4 TYPES -
MANIA, MELANCHOLY, DEMENTIA AND IDIOCY.
HE ADVOCATED THE REMOVAL OF CHAINS OF
MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS AT BICETRE AND
SALPETRIERE ASYLUMS IN 1793 AND 1800
RESPECTIVELY. HE CALLED THIS
“MORAL TREATMENT OF THE INSANE”
PHILIPPE PINEL
FRANZ GALL
20

21. HYPOCHONDRIAISIS
 DIFFERENT ACCOUNTS AND EXPLANATIONS OF
HYPOCHONDRIASISAN OVER-CONCERN ABOUT BODY FUNCTIONS
WERE PUBLISHED.
 TOWARDS THE END OF THE CENTURY THE HARSH TREATMENT WAS
CHANGED BY REFORMS THAT ABOLISHED MOST RESTRAINTS AND
CREATED AN ASYLUM REGIMEN IN WHICH THE MENTAL PATIENT WAS
TREATMENT OF THE INSANE
21

22. 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY
 DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF MORAL THERAPY AND
SAW ASYLUM AS A WEAPON AGAINST MENTAL
ILLNESS.
 DIFFERENTIATED BETWEEN ILLUSIONS AND
HALLUCINATION (COINED THE TERMS)
 CLASSIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS INTO 2 TYPES:
MONOMANIA (PARTIAL INSANITY) AND GENERAL
DELIRIUM (COMPLETE INSANITY)
 PROPOSED THAT ‘CRIMINALLY INSANE’ SHOULD BE
TREATED RATHER THAN PUNISHED.
 AUTHORED A FAMOUS A TREATISE ON MEDICAL
DISORDERS ‘DES MALADIES MENTALIES’.
IN 1853, THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY
WAS FIRST PUBLISHED
JEAN ESQUIROL
22

23. Continued……..
1ST TO USE THE
WORD ‘Psychiatry’.
BENJAMIN RUSH
JOHANN C.REIL
• THE MOST FAMOUS AMERICAN
PSYCHIATRIST OF HIS TIME
• FATHER OF AMERICAN PSYCHIATRY
23
E.F.VON FEUCHTERSLEBEN COINED THE WORD ‘Psychosis’.
KARL JASPERS • FOUNDER OF ‘EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY’.
• AUTHORED A BOOK THE ‘GENERAL
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY’

24. Continued……..
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION
 IN 1844 AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION WAS FORMED IN
THE NAME OF “ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENTS
OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INSANE” AND ITS OFFICIAL
PERIODICAL IS NOW KNOWN AS
“American Journal of Psychiatry”.
24

25. THE SOMATISTS
WILHELM GRIESINGER
MENTAL DISEASES ARE BRAIN DISEASES,
EVEN THOUGH IT WAS NOT YET
POSSIBLE TO CORRELATE SPECIFIC BRAIN
DAMAGE WITH A SPECIFIC PSYCHIATRIC
DISEASE
BELIEVED IN ORGANIC ETIOLOGY OF
MENTAL ILLNESS
HENRY MAUDSLEY
25

26. PAUL BROCA
DISCOVERED A SPEECH AREA IN THE BRAIN
CALLED BROCA’S AREA BY EXAMINING THE
BRAIN OF A PATIENT OF APHASIA AT
POSTMORTEM.
BELIEVED THAT DISTURBANCES
IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT COULD
BE A PREDISPOSITION FOR
PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS AND THAT
CERTAIN PSYCHOSES ARE
REVERSIBLE.
SCHOOL OF BRAIN PSYCHIATRY
THEODORE MEYNERT
VIENNA
26

27. THEORY OF DEGENERATION
27
BENEDICT MOREL VALENTINE MAGNAN
“DEMENCE PRECOCE”
MENTAL ILLNESSES MAY BE CONGENITALLY TRANSMITTED
AND ACTVATED BY THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL,SYPHILIS
ETC.

28. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES
 CLASSIFIED FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES INTO MANIC
DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS WITH GOOD PROGNOSIS AND
DEMENTIA PRAECOX WHICH DETERIORATED INTO
DEMENTIA
 COINED THE TERM “SCHIZOPHRENIA” FOR DEMENTIA
PRAECOX AND SAID THAT IT DID NOT ALWAYS
DETERIORATE
 INTRODUCED 4 A’s OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ASSOCIATION,
AFFECT, AUTISM, AMBIVALENCE
EUGENE BLEULER
EMIL KRAEPLIN
28

29. JULES BAILLARGER JEAN PIERRE FALRET
INDEPENDENTLY DESCRIBED
“FOLIE A DOUBLE FORME”
EARLIEST DESCRIPTION OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
29

30. SHOCK TREATMENTS
LUCIO BINI, AN ITALIAN PSYCHIATRIST AND
UGO CERLETTI, A NEUROPHYCHIATRIST,
TOGETHER RESEARCHED AND DISCOVERED
THE METHOD OF ELECTRO-SHOCK
TREATMENT WHICH LATER CAME TO BE
KNOWN AS ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY.
LUCIO BINI UGO CERLETTI
30

31. DESCRIPTION OF PSYCHOSES
KARL WERNICKE
SERGEI KORSAKOFF
• VIENNESE NEUROLOGIST.
• PUBLISHED HIS CLASSIC WORK ON ‘APHASIA’ IN
1874.
• FOUND THE OCCURRENCE OF SPECIFIC
MEMORY LOSSES WITH BRAIN DAMAGE AS ONE
WAY TO DIFFERENTIATE ORGANIC FROM
FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES.
• RUSSIAN NEUROPSYCHIATRIST.
• 1ST DESCRIBED POLYNEURITIS
PSYCHOSIS OR KORSAKOV’S PSYCHOSIS.
31

32. GERMAN NEUROPATHOLOGIST.
REPORTED THE 1ST CASE OF
PROGRESSIVE DEMENTIA, LATER
TO BE KNOWN AFTER HIM AS
‘ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE’.
FRENCH PHYSICIAN.
IN 1826, STATED THAT GENERAL
PARESIS, THE MOST COMMON
ORGANIC PSYCHOTIC DISEASE,
WAS A SEPARATE CLINICAL
ENTITY
ALOIS ALZHEIMER ANTOINE BAYLE
32

33. MEDICAL TREATMENT OF MENTAL
DISORDERS
JULIUS VON WAGNER
JAUREGG FEVER CAUSED
REMISSIONS IN GPI
PATIENTS BY INDUCING
MALARIAL FEVER IN THEM
DEMENTIA DUE TO PELLAGRA WAS TREATED
WITH FOODS HAVING PELLAGRA PREVENTING
FACTOR (NOW KNOWN AS NIACIN OR VIT B3)
33

34. CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROSES
PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS THAT WAS CAUSED BY
CHANGES IN BRAIN FUNCTION IN WHICH NO
ORGANIC LESION COULD BE FOUND
GEORGE BEARD DESCRIBED
“NEURASTHENIA”, A SYNDROME OF MENTAL
AND PHYSICAL EXHAUSTION
IT WAS MOSTLY SEEN AMONG RICH UPPER
CLASSES
TREATED WITH REST,MASSAGE,EXERCISE
HYPOCHONDRIASIS
PIERRE MARIE FELIX JANET
COINED THE
TERM “DISSOCIATION”
34

35. HYSTERIA AND HYPNOSIS
JAMES BRAIDFRANZ ANTON MESMER
35
• AUSTRIAN PHYSICIAN.
• HE BELIEVED THAT ILLNESS RESULTED
FROM AN IMBALANCE OF UNIVERSAL
MAGNETIC FIELDS.
• DEVELOPED THE CONCEPT OF ‘ANIMAL
MAGNETISM’, WHICH LATER CAME TO
BE KNOWN AS HYPNOSIS.
COINED THE TERM ‘HYPNOSIS’,
SEPARATING IT FROM ‘ANIMAL
MAGNETISM’.

36. JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT
PERFORMING HYPNOSIS
HYPNOSIS WAS A
PATHOLOGICAL STATE THAT
OCCURRED ONLY IN HYSTERICS
TWO LEADING FRENCH PSYCHIATRISTS LIBEAULT AND
BERNHEIM SUGGESTED THAT HYPNOSIS COULD BE USED AS A
THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE IN NEUROTIC PATIENTS 36

37. SIGMUND FREUD AND THE
CREATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
37
• AUSTRIAN NEUROLOGIST.
• SOME OF THE MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS ARE:
• INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS
• FREE ASSOCIATION
• PSYCHODYNAMICS
• PSYCHOANALYSIS
• THEORY OF INFANTILE SEXUALITY; OEDIPUS COMPLEX; PENIS ENVY; PRIMAL
SCENE; STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
• LIBIDO THEORY
• CONCEPT OF REPRESSION; RESISTANCE; TRANSFERENCE; COUNTER-
TRANSFERENCE; EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• CONCEPT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISMS
• TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF MIND
• THEORY OF INSTINCTS
• STRUCTURAL MODEL OF MIND
• PLEASURE AND REALITY PRINCIPLES
• THERAPEUTIC USE OF COUCH
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE; SLIP OF TONGUE.

38. BEYOND FREUD
ALFRED ADLER
SEVERAL OF FREUD’S FOLLOWERS HAD THEORITICAL DIFFERENCES
WITH HIM AS FREUD GAVE IMMENSE IMPORTANCE ON EARLY
SEXUAL EXPERIENCES ON THE ADULT PERSONALITY
CARL GUSTAV JUNGHARRY S SULLIVAN
38

39. KAREN HORNEY
OTTO RANK
ERIC ERIKSON
THEORY ON SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
39

40. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES
INKBLOT TEST
SWISS PSYCHIATRIST HERMAN ROSCHACH
DEVELOPED THE ‘INKBLOT TEST’ FOR PSYCHIATRIC
DIAGNOSIS.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
40
TAT WAS DEVELOPED DURING 1930S BY HENRY A.
MURRAY AND CHRISTINA D. MORGAN AT HARVARD
UNIVERSITY

41. SOME OTHER EMINENT
PSYCHIATRISTS
KARL JASPERS - PHENOMENOLOGY
LUDWIG KAHLBAUM - CATATONIA
EWALD HECKER - HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
KURT SCHNEIDER - FIRST RANK SYMPTOMS
GABRIEL LANGFELDT - SCHIZOPHRENIFORM
PSYCHOSIS
JACOB KASANIN - SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDERS
41

42. SOME OTHER PSYCHOTHERAPIES
 COGNITIVE THERAPY - AARON BECK
 INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY - WEISSMAN, KLERMAN
 PSYCHODRAMA - JACOB MORENO
 TOKEN ECONOMY - ALLYON, AZRIN
 SYSTEMIC DESENSITISATION - WOLPE
42

43. MIDDLE 20TH AND LATE 20TH CENTURY
PIONEERED THE ART OF PSYCHOSURGERY TO TREAT
MENTAL ILLNESS
BY PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY
ALMEIDA LIMAEGAZ MONIZ
43
PSYCHOSURGERY

44. J CADE
STUDIED AND USED LITHIUM TO TREAT MANIA
ADVENT OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
CONTINUE………
M SCHOU
44

45. OTHER NOTABLE DISCOVERIES
1952 DELAY AND DENIKAR USED
CHLORPROMAZINE TO CALM
PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS
1957 IMIPRAMINE - KUHN
1958 HALOPERIDOL - PAUL JANSSEN
1959 CLOZAPINE
45

46. NEWER THERAPIES THAT EMERGED
IN THE 20TH CENTURY
 MALARIAL THERAPY FOR GPI (JAUREGG)
 INSULIN COMA FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA (SAKEL)
 CAMPHOR INDUCED SEIZURE (VON MEDUNA)
 ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (BINI,CERLETTI)
 BARBITURATE COMA (KALESI)
46

47. NAZI EUTHANASIA FOR THE MENTALLY
ILL (‘LIFE UNWORTHY OF LIFE’)
AROUND 200000 MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE WERE KILLED AT HADAMAR, GERMANY
47

48. ANTIPSYCHIATRY
 ANTI-PSYCHIATRY IS THE VIEW THAT PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENTS ARE OFTEN MORE
DAMAGING THAN HELPFUL TO PATIENTS, AND A MOVEMENT OPPOSING SUCH
TREATMENTS FOR ALMOST TWO CENTURIES.
 ANTI-PSYCHIATRY ORIGINATES IN AN OBJECTION TO WHAT SOME VIEW AS
DANGEROUS TREATMENTS. EXAMPLES INCLUDE ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY,
INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY, BRAIN LOBOTOMY, AND THE OVER-PRESCRIPTION OF
POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS.
 PSYCHIATRISTS INVOLVED IN THIS CHALLENGE INCLUDED
THOMAS SZASZ, R. D. LAING, FRANCO BASAGLIA, DAVID COOPER.
 DAVID COOPER COINED THE TERM “ANTI-PSYCHIATRY” IN 1967,
AND WROTE THE BOOK ‘PSYCHIATRY AND ANTI-PSYCHIATRY’ IN 1971
 THOMAS SZASZ INTRODUCED THE DEFINITION OF MENTAL ILLNESS AS A MYTH IN THE BOOK
‘THE MYTH OF MENTAL ILLNESS’.
48

49. NOBEL PRIZES IN PSYCHIATRY AND
RELATED FIELDS
HIDEGO NOGUCHI (1913)
T PALLIDUM CAUSES GPI
(GENERAL PARALYSIS OF INSANE)
J VON WAGNER JAUREGG (1927)
MALARIA THERAPY FOR GPI
IVAN PAVLOV (1904)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
49

50. KONRAD LORENZ (1973)
ETHOLOGY(IMPRINTING IN
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR)
EGAZ MONIZ (1949)
PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY
ERIC KANDEL (2000)
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MEMORY
STORAGE IN NEURONS
50

51. THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
• PROBABLY THE FIRST RECORDED
EVIDENCE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
AND COUNSELING.
• ALTHOUGH LORD KRISHNA EGGED
ARJUNA ON TO ACTION(DIRECTIVE
PSYCHOTHERAPY),HE DID NOT
FORCE HIS IDEAS ON ARJUNA.THE
FINAL DECISION WAS LEFT TO
ARJUNA.(‘DO WHAT YOU WANT TO
DO’)
• THIS IS ALSO AN EXAMPLE OF
CRISIS INTERVENTION
PSYCHOTHERAPY.
51
BHAGAVAD GITA (4th CENTURY BC)

52. THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
 INDIA- PSYCHIATRY WAS LABELLED “BHUT VIDYA” I.E.
DEMONOLOGY AND HEREDITY WAS BELIEVED TO HAVE A
CAUSATIVE ROLE IN MENTAL DISORDERS.
 THREE MAIN PERSONALITY TYPES WERE NAMED - SATVIK, RAJASIK
AND TAMASIK.
 THE SAGE AGASTHYA WROTE A TREATISE ON MENTAL DISORDERS
CALLED “AGASTIYAR KIRIGAI NOOL”
 KING ASHOKA IN HIS RULE ESTABLISHED MANY HOSPITALS IN
WHICH MENTALLY ILL WERE HUMANELY CARED FOR ALONG WITH
PHYSICALLY ILL PEOPLE.
52

53. SOME INDIAN PERSPECTIVES
 1745- BOMBAY ASYLUM FIRST TO BE BUILT IN INDIA
 1787- CALCUTTA ASYLUM FOR INSANE EUROPEANS
 1793- MADRAS PRIVATE LUNATIC ASYLUM (DALTON’S
MADHOUSE)
 1795- LUNATIC ASYLUM FOR INDIAN SEPOYS IN
MONGHYR
53

54.  GIRINDRA SHEKHAR BOSE USED PSYCHOANALYTIC MEANS TO
TREAT PATIENTS. HE PUBLISHED THE 1ST PSYCHOANALYTIC
JOURNAL “SAMIKHSHA” IN 1921. HE OPENED THE FIRST
PSYCHIATRY UNIT IN R G KAR MEDICAL COLLEGE, CALCUTTA
Lawrence Asylum, Chennai
54

55.  S SIDDIQUI AND R SIDDIQUI ISOLATED 5 ALKALOIDS FROM
SNAKEROOT RAUWOLFFIA SERPENTINA PLANT
 GANESH SEN AND KARTIK BOSE USED IT IN CASES OF HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE AND PSYCHOSIS (1931).
 IN RANCHI INDIAN MENTAL ASYLUM AND HOSPITAL FOR
MENTAL DISEASES WERE OPENED AND BECAME IMPORTANT
CENTERS FOR CARE IN EASTERN INDIA, NOW RENAMED RINPAS
AND CIP RESPECTIVELY
 INDIAN PSYCHIATRIC SOCIETY FORMED IN 1947 AND INDIAN
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY FORMED AND
RENAMED INDIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY IN 1958.
 MENTAL HEALTH ACT DRAFTED IN 1949 AND PASSED IN 1987
55

56. CENTRAL INSTITUE OF
PSYCHIATRY,
RANCHI
DURING HIS TENURE IN CIP RANCHI,
HE INITIATED FIRST OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
CLINIC IN INDIA
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57. REFERENCES
 KAPLAN & SADOCK’S COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY, 9TH
EDITION
 NEW OXFORD TEXTBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2003
 MORGAN & KING INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY, 7TH EDN
 VYAS AND AHUJA TEXTBOOK OF POSTGRADUATE PSYCHIATRY, JAYPEE
PUBLISHERS
 A CENTURY OF PSYCHIATRY BY HUGH FREEMAN, MOSBY
 HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES BY MS BHATIA
AND T JAGAWAT, CBS PUBLISHERS
 INTERNET REFERENCES
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58. THANK YOU 58