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BHASMA – AN ANCIENT
INDIAN NANO MEDICINE




                  By,
        Dr. Bhagyalakshmi. B. R
         Final year PG Scholar

        Under the guidance of,

       Dr. Shobha. G. Hiremath,
             Professor & HOD
    Dept Of PG Studies in Rasa Shastra
     Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College,
               Bangalore-09
INTRODUCTION

   Concept of reduction in particle size  Charaka
    Samhita(1500 B.C)  Louhadi rasayana.

   Concept of Bhasma preparation  7th century.

   Bhasmas  the unique Ayurvedic metallic/mineral
    preparations  metals or minerals are treated with
    herbal juices or decoctions make them into pellets 
    exposed to certain quantum of heat as per Puta.

   Bhasmas  the most ancient application of Nano
                                                            2
    medicine.
BHASMA
   Shodhana
   Bhavana
   Marana

Influence of Shodhana on Bhasma preparation:
 Shodhana procedures: help either in the
  disintegration of molecules or particles to divide into
  finest divisions
 To expose their maximum surface area for further
  chemical or physical reaction
 To help these in making organo metallic compounds
   make them more acceptable by the body tissues           3
  and organs.
Nirvapa
                        Heating

                  Linear expansion

                 Immediate cooling

  Decrease in tension & increase in compression force


           Repetition of heating & cooling


    Disruption in compression tension equilibrium



Increased brittleness, reduction in hardness & particle size
                                                               4
INFLUENCE OF BHAVANA (WET
      LEVIGATION) ON BHASMA
           PREPARATION


 Bhavana  Wet grinding  shodhita
  metals/minerals with specific liquid media for
  specific period  convert them into more finer
  form.
 Helps in conversion of coarse powder to finer
  state.
 Impregnation of properties of media to the
  material which lead to unique and suitable
  physicochemical changes.
 Facilitate further processing  Marana.

                                                   
                                                       5
JARANA

 Jarana is the intermediate procedure for the
  metals having low melting point, between
  Shodhana and Marana.
 Metals are melted  mixed with particular
  plant drug powders  are rubbed by iron ladle
  until metals become complete powder form.
 Oxidation of metals occurs during heating at
  open air , which increases the melting point of
  the metal.
 Facilitates reduction of particle size.

                                                    6
CONCEPT OF MARANA
 The process which converts purified metals and
  minerals into Bhasma after subjecting them to
  levigation and incineration is called Marana
Role of Marana
 Marana responsible for feasible changes 
  converts these industrial materials 
  magnificent medicine.
 Increase in no of puta          Decease in size of
  particle
 Conjugation of trace elements
 Elimination of impurities.
 Formation of desirable compounds which are
  biologically favorable to the body.                  7
STAGES OF BHASMA PREPARATION




Ashodita     Shodhita        Powder of Metal   Bhavana




Chakrika   Sharava samputa         Puta        Bhasma
       s
                                                         8
CHARACTERISTICS OF BHASMA
 Physical - Varitara, Rekhapoorna, Unama,
  Slakshnatwa, Sookshmatwa, Anjana sannibha,
  Varna, Nishchandra
 Chemical – Apunarbhava , Niruttha



Credentials of Bhasma
Rasayana
Yogavahi
Alpa matra
Shighra vyapti
Agni deepana                                   9
NANO MEDICINE (0.1-100NM)

 Monitoring, repairing, construction and control of
  human biological systems at the cellular level by
  using material and structures engineered at the
  atomic or molecular level.
 Importance
 Target specificity
 Encapsulation efficiency
 Carry high concentration drug
 Efficient drug release
 Ability to cross blood brain barrier
 Reduction in peripheral side effects of drugs by
  decreasing over all dose of drugs                    10
SYNTHESIS OF NANO PARTICLES
   PHYSICAL METHODS
   CHEMICAL METHODS
   BIOLOGICAL METHODS

Detection of Nano particles in Bhasma
 Environmental Electron Microscopy
 Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)
 Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM)
 Cryo TEM
 Fast Freeze Fracture
 Confocal Laser Scanning
 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis(EDAX)
 AAS
 X-Ray induced Photo Electron Spectroscopy(XPS)
                                                   11
BHASMA AS NANO PARTICLE
   Swarna bhasma – Through TEM, SEM-EDS, AFM –
    56-57nm
   The Swarna bhasma was analyzed qualitatively
    through XRD,FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infrared
    Spectroscopy) results showed that the final product is
    almost pure Au in zero valency state.
   Yashada Bhasma – Oxygen deficient state and are
    in nano meter in size.
   Naga Bhasma, it was found that drug contains lead
    in nano crystalline (60nm), lead sulphide form with
    organic contents. It was found to be safe in histo
    pathological study on rats at dose of 6mg/100g/day.
                                                             12
   Vanga bhasma – Particle study in our department.
DISCUSSION
          BHASMA                  NANO MEDICINE

   Preparation                Physical(vapor
    Shodhana, Jarana,            deposition, solid state
    Bhavana, Marana,             process – grinding
    which includes grinding,     milling),
    milling, heating.            Chemical,
   Characteristics             Biological.
    Sookshmatwa,                Particle size  0.1-
    Slakshnatva, Anjana          100nm
    sannibha, varitara.         Targeted drug delivery,
   Properties  Yoga            efficient drug release,
    vahi, Rasayana,              ability to cross blood
    Shighravyapti, Agni          brain barrier, minimal
    deepana, Alpa matra          dose.                     13
CONCLUSION
 Bhasma preparations and Bhasmas are the best
  example of Nano technology & Nano medicine
  practiced during the ancient period.
 Shata puta, Sahasra puta Bhasmas are the
  indirect reference for the concept of conversion of
  drug to Nano medicine.
 Ancient knowledge of Bhasmeekarana may cover
  the currrent scientific validation of Nano
  Technology.
 Bhasma - Safe, Quick, Effective Remedial
  Measure.
 More researches are essential in this direction to
  establish ancient Nano Technology = BHASMA            14
15
REFERENCES

Journel of scientific and industrial research vol.69, december 2010,pp901-905




           Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research
           SARKAR & CHAUDHARY:: APPLICATION OF NANOMEDICINE




                                                                           16

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Bhasma nano

  • 1. BHASMA – AN ANCIENT INDIAN NANO MEDICINE By, Dr. Bhagyalakshmi. B. R Final year PG Scholar Under the guidance of, Dr. Shobha. G. Hiremath, Professor & HOD Dept Of PG Studies in Rasa Shastra Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Bangalore-09
  • 2. INTRODUCTION  Concept of reduction in particle size  Charaka Samhita(1500 B.C)  Louhadi rasayana.  Concept of Bhasma preparation  7th century.  Bhasmas  the unique Ayurvedic metallic/mineral preparations  metals or minerals are treated with herbal juices or decoctions make them into pellets  exposed to certain quantum of heat as per Puta.  Bhasmas  the most ancient application of Nano 2 medicine.
  • 3. BHASMA  Shodhana  Bhavana  Marana Influence of Shodhana on Bhasma preparation:  Shodhana procedures: help either in the disintegration of molecules or particles to divide into finest divisions  To expose their maximum surface area for further chemical or physical reaction  To help these in making organo metallic compounds  make them more acceptable by the body tissues 3 and organs.
  • 4. Nirvapa Heating Linear expansion Immediate cooling Decrease in tension & increase in compression force Repetition of heating & cooling Disruption in compression tension equilibrium Increased brittleness, reduction in hardness & particle size 4
  • 5. INFLUENCE OF BHAVANA (WET LEVIGATION) ON BHASMA PREPARATION  Bhavana  Wet grinding  shodhita metals/minerals with specific liquid media for specific period  convert them into more finer form.  Helps in conversion of coarse powder to finer state.  Impregnation of properties of media to the material which lead to unique and suitable physicochemical changes.  Facilitate further processing  Marana.  5
  • 6. JARANA  Jarana is the intermediate procedure for the metals having low melting point, between Shodhana and Marana.  Metals are melted  mixed with particular plant drug powders  are rubbed by iron ladle until metals become complete powder form.  Oxidation of metals occurs during heating at open air , which increases the melting point of the metal.  Facilitates reduction of particle size. 6
  • 7. CONCEPT OF MARANA  The process which converts purified metals and minerals into Bhasma after subjecting them to levigation and incineration is called Marana Role of Marana  Marana responsible for feasible changes  converts these industrial materials  magnificent medicine.  Increase in no of puta Decease in size of particle  Conjugation of trace elements  Elimination of impurities.  Formation of desirable compounds which are biologically favorable to the body. 7
  • 8. STAGES OF BHASMA PREPARATION Ashodita Shodhita Powder of Metal Bhavana Chakrika Sharava samputa Puta Bhasma s 8
  • 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF BHASMA  Physical - Varitara, Rekhapoorna, Unama, Slakshnatwa, Sookshmatwa, Anjana sannibha, Varna, Nishchandra  Chemical – Apunarbhava , Niruttha Credentials of Bhasma Rasayana Yogavahi Alpa matra Shighra vyapti Agni deepana 9
  • 10. NANO MEDICINE (0.1-100NM)  Monitoring, repairing, construction and control of human biological systems at the cellular level by using material and structures engineered at the atomic or molecular level.  Importance  Target specificity  Encapsulation efficiency  Carry high concentration drug  Efficient drug release  Ability to cross blood brain barrier  Reduction in peripheral side effects of drugs by decreasing over all dose of drugs 10
  • 11. SYNTHESIS OF NANO PARTICLES  PHYSICAL METHODS  CHEMICAL METHODS  BIOLOGICAL METHODS Detection of Nano particles in Bhasma  Environmental Electron Microscopy  Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)  Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM)  Cryo TEM  Fast Freeze Fracture  Confocal Laser Scanning  Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis(EDAX)  AAS  X-Ray induced Photo Electron Spectroscopy(XPS) 11
  • 12. BHASMA AS NANO PARTICLE  Swarna bhasma – Through TEM, SEM-EDS, AFM – 56-57nm  The Swarna bhasma was analyzed qualitatively through XRD,FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy) results showed that the final product is almost pure Au in zero valency state.  Yashada Bhasma – Oxygen deficient state and are in nano meter in size.  Naga Bhasma, it was found that drug contains lead in nano crystalline (60nm), lead sulphide form with organic contents. It was found to be safe in histo pathological study on rats at dose of 6mg/100g/day. 12  Vanga bhasma – Particle study in our department.
  • 13. DISCUSSION BHASMA NANO MEDICINE  Preparation  Physical(vapor Shodhana, Jarana, deposition, solid state Bhavana, Marana, process – grinding which includes grinding, milling), milling, heating. Chemical,  Characteristics Biological. Sookshmatwa,  Particle size  0.1- Slakshnatva, Anjana 100nm sannibha, varitara.  Targeted drug delivery,  Properties  Yoga efficient drug release, vahi, Rasayana, ability to cross blood Shighravyapti, Agni brain barrier, minimal deepana, Alpa matra dose. 13
  • 14. CONCLUSION  Bhasma preparations and Bhasmas are the best example of Nano technology & Nano medicine practiced during the ancient period.  Shata puta, Sahasra puta Bhasmas are the indirect reference for the concept of conversion of drug to Nano medicine.  Ancient knowledge of Bhasmeekarana may cover the currrent scientific validation of Nano Technology.  Bhasma - Safe, Quick, Effective Remedial Measure.  More researches are essential in this direction to establish ancient Nano Technology = BHASMA 14
  • 15. 15
  • 16. REFERENCES Journel of scientific and industrial research vol.69, december 2010,pp901-905 Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research SARKAR & CHAUDHARY:: APPLICATION OF NANOMEDICINE 16