Ayur-research avenues

Avenues for

& Updates in
Ayurveda

Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://www.technoayurveda.com/

Avenues for research & Updates in Ayurveda

“Develop something what people want
and NOT What you can do.”

Abhijna 2012 . . .
A journey towards Anweshana
on 8th March 2012
at Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Bangalore


Dedicated to the Ayurveda Scientist –
Who followed “Doing Nothing” in his Life time


May be the distance obstruct my vision
May be the scene is limited to my Mind
May be it is realized or not to my Heart
What I see is the only Ayurveda . . .. . . . . through my window

An Ayurvedist perception



• Ayurveda Research Updates
are many – but to narrate
them becomes difficult -
• As many of them are not
published in any media or
known to any body
• Today we (try to) deal with
Research - Researcher –
Research Typology –
Avenues – Updates Examples
– Future Research proposals

• India has a vast history of Human, Animal &
Plants healing techniques as – Ayurveda,
Vrukshayurveda, Pashu Ayurveda,
Hastyayurveda, etc.
• The healing techniques are based on
fundamentals and principles - that are derived
after a long term research and observation.
• Basement and Roots are neglected and the
Beauty of Tree or Building is prized
• In Ayurveda Siddhanta, Dravyaguna,
Rasashastra, etc. are Basement departments
• We try to open “Nut principles” and “Products”
that are kept for the validation with the present
day philosophy



Research . . .
• The research is defined as - systematic
investigation and study of materials,
sources, etc., in order to establish facts
and reach conclusions or a search for
knowledge.
• Research is not just a method, it is a
system of organised knowledge
• Research is a social activity carried out
by groups of competing / co-operating /
communicating scientists (persons)



Research:
Increasing Options in Ayurveda
• Dissolving Boundaries between Sciences !
– ‘Interdisciplinary / Trans-disciplinary’ approach
• Dept of AYUSH / CCRAS
– Require Research Officers / Project staff
• ICMR institutes
– Requires trained in clinical research
• CSIR: Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research: www.csir.res.in
– JRF / SRF program, Project staff


Research Related Courses available for Ayur-Graduate

• MD./MS
• Ph.D.
• M.Sc.
– Health Sciences
– Dietetics
– Bioinformatics
– Clinical Research (www.icriindia.com)
• Clinical Toxicology
– Directorate of Forensic Laboratory, Mumbai
• Short Courses in various institutes
• M.Tech (Bio-geosciences) atTamilnadu



Teaching levels for PGs
UG level 1. Concept & principles
2. Clinical uses
3. Research insights
PG level 4. Innovative ideas, Newer applications
5. Development of technologies, products
6. Value addition to scientific knowledge



A Post-graduate is . . .
• In-depth knowledge of subject
• Good clinical experience & application
• Research Methodology & Biostatistics

+
• Update information
A Graduate • Soft skills
• Innovative approach

= A Post-graduate



Research : Key issues
• Methodology is important
• Standard Design developed as per research
question raised
– Each situation demand different methodology
• Availability of Opportunities in Ayur-research

Eye can see when brain knows ! - Dr Abhay Bang


Lacunae at Ayurveda Research
• Choosing a topic and a • Research protocol
supervisor • Ethical approval
• Reviewing the literature • Funding
• Stating the hypothesis • Data collection
• Project outline • Interpretation of data
• Record keeping and note • Writing the report
making • Presenting a paper
• Registering your research • Writing a paper for
project publication



Checklist for Success (Do I Have?)
• Impressive Background
• Sound Language (Sanskrit, Hindi,
English)
• Communication skills
• Attitude & Experience
• Passion / Strong desire
• Knowledge of Current Medical /
Scientific Affairs
• Knowledge of Computers

What counts as research?
• Analysis of data from a patient’s medical notes
(includes use of medical notes to identify
potential participants re eligibility criteria)
• Observations
• Conducting surveys/ interviews
• Using non-invasive imaging
• Using blood or tissue samples
• Trials of “interventions” (drugs, devices,
surgical procedures or any other treatments /
therapies)



Safeguards & Vetting
• Scientific value
– Proper research question, methodology, sample
size Vetting

• Ethical aspects
– Recruitment
– Sample size
– Informed consent
• Monitoring of research:
– Quality control Maintenance
– Adherence to protocol
– Avoiding Misconduct in Research
Monitoring


Research is a process made up of many small steps.

Steps in the
Research Process
1. Define your research needs
2. Develop a research strategy
3. Conduct searches for information
4. Evaluate the resources that you
find
5. Incorporate and cite the
information you use


Defining Your Research Needs
• Make sure that you
understand your
assignment.
• The next step in the process
is defining what you need.
• Then distinguish between
different types of resources
to decide which to use.



1.Definition Protocol of a clinical trial
2.Importance
3.Format
(a) Title page
(b) background and hypothesis
(c) Study design
(d) Materials and methodology
(e) Data collection and handling
(f) Statistical analysis
(g) References
(h) Summary



Researcher Responsibilities
The researchers have day-to-day
responsibility for research conduct
• Need to ensure:
• Adherence to agreed protocols
• Appropriate care of research participants
(working with health care professionals)
• Protection of the integrity and
confidentiality of data
• Reporting of adverse events or suspected
misconduct



Researcher Misconduct
• Falsification, fabrication, Plagiarism
(theft of data or samples)
• Unauthorized use of privileged
information
• Abuse of authorship
• Significant failure to comply with
federal, state, or University rules
regarding research



Data Items in Clinical Trials
Prone to Fraud
• Eligibility criteria, Repeated measurements,
Adverse events, Compliance & Subject diaries

Care these sentences
1. Never discard original research data.
2. Missing data and outliers are very real
phenomena in contemporary medical research.
3. Have faith in the wondrously stochastic (Being or
having a random variable) and random nature of real
human data, features most difficult to capture
with fraud.


Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://technoayurveda.wordpress.com/


Research Misconduct- FFP
• As defined by Office of Research Integrity
• Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism,
or other practices that seriously
deviate from those that are commonly
accepted in the scientific community
for proposing, conducting, or
reporting research
• Not honest error or differences in
opinion

Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://technoayurveda.webs.com/


Fabrication
• Intentionally creating records that do not exist and for
which there is no truth with the intent to mislead or
deceive
– Interviewer completing a questionnaire for a fictitious
subject that was never interviewed
– Preparing records for follow-up calls or contacts to
subjects who were really lost to follow-up
– Creating notes for a subject visit that never took place
• Eric Poehlman, PhD - UVM College of Medicine –
fabricated data in 17 grant applications for
federal funding as well as in journal articles -
Barred for life from receiving any federal funds
for research – plead guilty to fraud –sentenced
in 6/06 to a year and one day in prison (NY
Times article “An Unwelcome Discovery” -
10/22/06)


Falsification
• Alteration of data collected in the conduct of
scientific investigation
• Omission/deletion/suppression of conflicting
data without scientific justification
– Back-dating interviews to fit within the timeline
provided in protocol
– Changing a subject’s age in data records by an
unimportant amount to fit enrollment criteria
• Joy Bryant and Diana Layman - Falsified
research in study by substituting their own
blood for the 10-15 blood samples of child
study participants as required by the protocol -
Entered into Voluntary Exclusion Agreement
for 3 years



Plagiarism – “Self-plagiarism”
• Intentional use of someone else’s words,
thoughts, or ideas, as though they are your
own
• Also includes “self-plagiarism” – author using
his/her own published material in another work
without citation
• Ali Sultan, MD, PhD -From Harvard School of
Public Health - - Plagiarized text and figures from
emails from his post-doctoral student - - Also
falsified results of research, and fabricated parts of
emails from the student to falsely implicate the
student
• For 3 years – debarred from contracting or
subcontracting w/ any US Gov’t agency



Consider…

• Who developed the concept of the paper?
• Who conducted the actual research?
• Who wrote and/or edited the draft?
• Who calculated the statistics?

Should these people be listed as authors?



Research Validation
• Validation / Understanding of Ayurveda Principles
• Inventing / Discovery Newer techniques
– Computers in research
– Pharmaceutical sciences
– Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Molecular Biology
• Types & Designs
– Traditional and modern aspects
– Relevance, utility and feasibility for Unani / Siddha /
Homeopathy / Nature cure /Yoga research



Concerns for All Designs
– Choosing Subjects • Ethical Principles
– Target population – Measurements
– Study sample – Continuous/Discrete/Categ
– Generalizing orical/Ordinal
– Inclusion/Exclusion – Precision/Reproducible/Rel
• Recruitment iable
– Accuracy
• Effect size – Sensitivity/Specificity
• Formulas – Objectivity
• Software – Sample size/Power
• Data collection – Hypothesis
• Data cleaning – Errors (Type I, Type II)

• Data analysis


Error Types
• Type I error • Causes of measurement error
– Occurs if the null hypothesis 1. Observer error
is rejected. (a) Inter-observer inaccuracies
– False positive (b) Digit preference
– The probability of making a (c) Question variation
type I error is denoted as  2. Subject inaccuracies
• Type II error (a) Natural variation
– A type II error occurs if the (b) Unconscious bias
null hypothesis is accepted, i.e. (c) Recall and motivation
an insignificant result is (d) Compliance
obtained, when the null 3.Equipment inaccuracies
hypothesis is in fact not true.
(a) Zero errors
– The probability of making a
type II error is denoted as β. (b) Gain errors
(c) Precision



Possible Ayurvedic Researches
-The Ayurvedic field has a vast scope for research
in variety of ways.
- Inviting the Ethnic Knowledge or/and principle
synchronizing knowledge in to Ayurveda
- All what is needed that, it should benefit Ayurveda
and the society at large.
A) Literary Research
B) Fundamental Research
C) Clinical Research
D) Drug Research
E) Inter Disciplinary Research



Discuss your research with a
statistician
– BEFORE you begin your research
– WHILE you are collecting data
– WHEN you are ready to analyze
– WHEN you are writing your manuscript
• Stratified randomization should be used
for factors that are believed to
significantly influence the outcome.


Types of Research Designs
• Descriptive research
• Correlational research - Involves measuring
whether there is a relationship between two
or more variables
• Experimental research - Generally
considered the most powerful tool for
determining cause-and-effect relationships
between variables
– Independent variable (IV)
– Dependent variable (DV)



Compare the method


LITERARY RESEARCH RESOURCES
Vedas
Upanishads
AYURVEDIC NON-AYURVEDIC Puranas
LITERATURE LITERATURE Arthashastra
Published
Unpublished
Catalogues
Non catalogues


Three dimensions of academic research
community

‘meeting’

‘authority’ ‘controversy’

‘publication’

‘sincerity’ ‘theory’
‘experiment’

person knowledge



Observational

Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Prospective Retrospective
Survey

Cohort studies Case control studies


Clinical research
• Research involving human
• Many types
1. Preventive (Pollution and traffic police)
2. Diagnostic (AIDS, Ca on Unani parameters)
3. Treatment intervention (Sports and regimental therapies)
4. Safety and efficacy (Kushta)
5. Newer applications (Massage for chronic
fatigue syndrome)
6. New scales, measurements, techniques

PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIAL
TRIAL PHASE NO. OF LENGTH PURPOSE
SUBJECTS

Phase I Clinical 20 – 50 Several Mainly safety in
Pharmacology months volunteers (healthy
volunteers/ volunteer
patients)
Phase II Clinical 50 – 300 Months Short term safety, mainly
Investigation to years effectiveness in patients

Phase III Formal 250 – 1000+ 1 –4 Safety, effectiveness in
Therapeutic years large no. of patient
Trials population, multi-centric
study
Phase IV Post-licensing 2000 – 10 000+ Post marketing
studies surveillance to detect
ADR etc.


Experimental Research
• Experimental group
– Group that is subjected to the independent variable
• Cognitive-behavioral treatment group or new anti-depressant group
• Control group
– Group that is similar in every way to the experimental group except for
the manipulation of the independent variable
• Random assignment makes control group to be similar in every way
• Untreated wait-list control group
• Placebo group
– Group that does NOT receive treatment including active ingredient
(special type of control group)
– Double-blind design is often used ( sugar pill )
• Or supportive group therapy


Basic skills for a laboratory scientist
• Basic Computer skill, Paper reading & writing,
Understanding and use of the literature, Productivity
• Scientific attitude: Desire to get the bottom of things
– NO premature conclusion
– Spending time & effort to make things better and /or
more efficient
– Not afraid of learning new things
– Full understanding of instruments in the experiment
– Not willing to leave any “mysteries” or poorly
understood phenomenon behind in Research
– Low tolerance for “black box”
• Good citizenship in a laboratory
– Willingness to help and collaborate with colleagues
– Being a considerate colleague

Animals in Medicine started long back …

150 AD. Galen
begins
systematic study
of animal
physiology,
vivisection
begins. What he
learns is used in
the practice of
human medicine
for the next
1000+ years.



1982
1726 Treatment for leprosy
Stephen Hales developed using
first measures Armadillos 1982
blood pressure 1901-1939 Prions are discovered in
in a horse Animal research hamsters. Subsequent
advances our studies in mice have shown
understanding of that these misshaped,
blood, making disease-causing proteins can
transfusions be inherited
2012 Prions are an infectious
possible
??? protein particle similar to a
virus but lacking
nucleic acid;

Number and kinds of animals used
• The Office of Technology Assessment estimates that 17-23
million animals are used in the United States for research every
year.
• The vast majority of these – about 95% – are rats and mice
specifically bred for research.
• In 2000, there were 69,516 dogs and 25,560 cats used in
research.
• By comparison, wildlife biologists estimate that over one million
animals are killed every day by automobiles – over 365 million
per year.
• Dogs, cats, and non-human primates combined account for
less than 3/4 of a percent of the total and their numbers has
been declining for nearly 30 years.
• The number of dogs used in biomedical research has declined
67% since 1973, and the number of cats used in biomedical
research has declined 63% since 1973.

TYPES OF ANIMALS USED IN ANIMAL RESEARCH

1. 84% Rats, mice and other
rodents

2. 12% Fish, amphibians,
reptiles and birds

3. 1.5% Small mammals,mostly
rabbits

4. 2.1% Sheep, cows, pigs and
other large mammals

5. 0.3% Dogs and cats.
6. 0.15% Monkeys, such as
marmosets and macaques


How can research results derived from animal
testing be extrapolated to humans?
• There are striking similarities between the physiological
systems of humans and various species of animals.
• Much of what we know about the immune system has
come from studies with mice,
• Much of what we know about the cardiovascular system
has come from studies with dogs.
• Research results from animals also provide the information
necessary to design human trials that must be completed
for legal approval of new devices, drugs or procedures.
• It is important to be able to gauge how a new drug or
procedure will affect a whole biological system before
using it on humans.

Why is it important to conduct product safety tests on animals
when "cruelty-free" products are available?

• As recently as several decades ago, consumers
were subjected to products that were not
adequately tested prior to use, resulting in
reports of permanent harm, including blindness.
• Product safety testing ensures that products are
safe when used as directed.
• Testing provides scientific data for poison
control centers and emergency room physicians
in the event a product is misused.
• Adequate testing of products is a legal
obligation to the public.
• It is important to remember the circumstances
that led to safety testing of all new consumer
ingredients and products, particularly cosmetics.


•The use of animals in product safety
testing provides a whole, living system
that can reflect how certain substances
will react in or on the body.

•The term "cruelty-free" is often misused
and misunderstood.

•Companies that claim they conduct no
animal testing either contract testing to an
outside laboratory or use compounds
known to be safe through previous animal
testing.


– A cohort study or panel study is a
form of longitudinal study (a type
Cohort Study of observational study) used
in medicine Eg: Birth cohort
– It is an analysis of risk factors and
follows a group of people who do not
have the disease, and uses
correlations to determine the absolute
risk of subject contraction.
– It is one type of clinical study
design and should be compared with
a cross-sectional study.
– In medicine, a cohort study is often
undertaken to obtain evidence to try
to refute the existence of a suspected
association between cause and
effect; failure to refute a hypothesis
strengthens confidence in it.

– Nested case-control
study – eg:
Cohort Study Inflammatory markers
and the risk of coronary
heart disease in men and
women,
– Household panel
survey – eg: These
draw representative
samples of households
and survey them,
following all individuals
through time on a usually
annual basis.


Who gets sick and who stays Healthy?

Observed
Healthy
and sick
people

Time Passes

Healthy people with Study Question:
different experiences Time Passes What happened in
the past to give
such different
Start with two similar groups of people. One result.
Group has a disease and the other is healthy



Survey Study
• Researchers ask people
about their habits –
– Do you have sweet tooth?
– Do you use condoms?
– Do you eat 5 vegetables a
day?
• Surveys give a snapshot of
the present / past and tell
us what people say they do
/ did
– Response bias?
– Cause vs. effect?



Ayurveda told in New Language –
To look new Avenues
• “Ayur-Veda” = “Life-knowledge”, evolved in
India long back focuses more on life style
than symptoms, where the background is -
Three Doshas viz. Vata, Pitta & Kapha
• Are we able to tell all the words of
Ayurveda conveniently in another
language?



Vata
• “Vaa” is Gati and Gandhana = to
move things & Perceive
• Most influential Dosha
• Cell membrane transport,
electrolyte balance, waste
elimination, and cell division, etc
are examples of its activity
• Aggravated by dryness
• Reduced by foods with building
blocks
Thought of Amit Pahwa, MS-4, Tinsley Harrison Society, University of Alabama School of Medicine


Pitta
• Tap = to shine
• Metabolism and molecules
of energy are equated
• Body temperature
maintenance, optic nerve
impulses, feelings of
hunger and thirst are
functions
• Aggravated by heat
• Reduced by “cooling it”



Kapha
• “Shlish” = that which
holds things together &
derived from “Klid” – the
water
• Provides structure and
lubrication
• Carbohydrates and
polysaccharides, mucous,
spinal fluid, and synovial
fluid
• Aggravated by sweet and
fatty foods
• Reduced by hot, dry, and
light things


Understanding Avenues at Basic Level
• The Siddhanta, Kriya, Rachana departments
are running around either Clinical
experiments or the preventive models
• They have to pay attention on -
• Many concepts are duplicated or
controversial at Ayurveda.- they need cross
examination
• The Language used in many texts are
critical and require explanation
• Many manuscripts are in cold storage –
require to focus and bring them in to lime
light
• The shift from “Principles” to “Prabhava” is
reduced with their guidelines


Understanding Avenues at Dravyaguna

• Undergraduate syllabus has 240 drugs for
study out of Plant Kingdom
• We are loosing many out of them even –
either with negligence or by Govt. order
• As the “Ayurveda Acharyas” say – all
herbs are of medicinal importance -
• Why the Dravyaguna department is not
including the new herbs isolated,
experimented in to the Ayurveda Glossary?
• We require to add as many as Herbs
possible in to Ayurveda Literature


Understanding Avenues at RT/BK
• The Pharmacy in Ayurveda require us to give
many answers
• We often confused or unable to answer at
scientific community about the Ayurveda Drug
absorption – Target – action – adversity –
reaction – toxicity - excretion – etc.
• Step by step individual researches should
guide us for these answers and included in the
curriculum instead of lingering around
established validations
• Today we have new routes of administration of
Drug – eg: Inhalers, Patches, Injections, etc.


Injections in Ayurveda

• In 1982 when I started my GP in Ayurveda
there were around 5000 generic Ayurveda
Medicines available in the Market
• Along with Ayurveda Injections
manufactured by Aravind Pharma of North
India and Imis Pharma of South India
• We fight for the introduction of Injections in
to GAD for 116 days and included them in
to AP-GADs
• Now – the scene is reversed and not even
500 generics are available in the market
and no medicines in GADs

Understanding Avenues at Clinical Areas
• In these areas the public faith at Ayurveda is
necessary to develop along with confidence
in drug action
• Adaptations of new technology is admissible
but not to change the entire principle
migration on which we are prescribing the
medicine
• A thorough adopted intervening investigation
Interpretation required to clinical
experiments to boost diagnostic techniques
• Methodical but not Result oriented Research
in need


Understanding Avenues at Swasthavritta
• Swastavritta is meant for prevention
and Life style development.
• Today we face lots of Lifestyle
disorders and Occupational difficulties
• The focus of Swastavritta department
should be on validating the Foods,
Occupation, Lifestyle in respect with
psychological and physical problems
faced by either a child or an Adult


Understanding Avenues at Panchakarma
• The Panchakarma even though a
part of Chikitsa – is specialized with
its procedural method
• It require instrumentation
development along with
observational study of validating the
principles and establishing new
schedules in “Running World”.
• Adaptations of Manipulation
Medicine, Sowa-Rigpa (Tibetan
Medicine), “Stone Massage”,
“Kalupadaghat Massage”, etc. in to
Panchakarma is required.


Understanding Avenues at Surgical areas
• An Engineer is the best who runs the
machine without few of its parts – A Surgeon
is also like an Engineer – who runs the Body
without few parts
• Ayurveda Surgery imitating the Allopathic
surgery
• We have the Knowledge of Marma,
Siravyadha, etc. in addition – requires to
adopt the Marma Anastasia & Pinhole
Surgery on Ayurveda Measures


New Design Structure for Ayurveda Research
Design

Need

Evaluation Brief

Realization Investigation

Proposition

Designing


Steps to Good Design
• 1. Identify and understand the problem - “What
does this product need to do?”
• 2. Conceptual Design - “How will this product do
this?”
• 3. Design Optimization -“ Is this the best way to do
this?”
• 4. Detail Design - “How will the product work?”
• 5. Build - “Build the product.”
• 6. Test and Evaluation - “Does the product do what
we want?”
• 7. Return to step 1 if evaluation is not positive - “If
not, start over.”



• Do not only see Observe
• Do not hear  Listen
• Do not just prescribe  Document
• Do not just treat Follow them


ASU Drugs to be used in
RCH Program
• AYUSH developed 17 drugs for
Anti-natal, Post-natal, Infant and
Female Health management.
• No drug is available in the CCIM
curriculum of BAMS or market
• Rasayana, Astikshaya, Sleepada,
Manoroga (Mental Retardation),
Sickle Cell Anemia, Improvement of
quality of Life in Cancer patients –
projects are under process
http://ccras.nic.in/Research_Actvities/20081103_NewDrug_Development.htm


New dimensions of Market
• Many Ayurveda companies started
launching their products as –
– OTC Commodity products like
Toothpaste, Talks, Balms, etc.
– Cosmeceuticals – to improve beauty like
Facial Creams, scrubs, etc.
– Neutriceuticals – Nutrition
supplementations like Tonics, Paste, etc.
– pharmaceuticals – new drug
combinations or patent medicines by
combining two or more traditional drugs


Updates in Research
• Ayurveda is dependent on the
Pharmacy Department for updates
rather than Ayurveda Research
• Long ago Kirthikar Basu,
Nadkarni, etc. added few additions
in to the Herbal science – but
none of those materials are added
for the curriculum
• Real Update in Ayurveda is seen
as shift from “Tridosha” to
“Prabhava”


Namburi Spot Test
- To evolve suitable methods to
lay standards relevant to concept
of Rasashastra.
- To help ultimately in
implementing the drug act in its
full sense of utility.
• To identify & differentiate various Bhasma and Sindhoora
which are chemically identical but therapeutically different by their
specific names known in Ayurveda i.e.
• To find out whether the contents of a given container are the same
qualitatively and quantitatively as claimed on its labels i.e. to
find out whether the product is a standard, sub-standard or
spurious one.


Few updates on Pumsavana
• Ayurvedic technique of genetic
engineering to ensure healthy progeny
and to determine the sex of the child is
Pumsavana.
• Pumsavana is one of the 16 Karmas
(Sixteen rituals) practiced in various
stages of life in ancient India.
• Ayurveda uses many Gender selection
drugs such as – Putramjeevi, Vatankura
(Ficus Benghalensis),Apamarga”
(Achyranthus aspara), “Shahachara”
(Berleria prionitis), Shivalingi (Bryonia
Laciniosa) and Majuphal (Gtuercus
infectoria) etc.
• This should be done only during
astrological constellation of “Pushya
nakshatram”

• A total of 22 key informants were
Pumsavana interviewed during the Shivalingi
(Bryonia Laciniosa) and
Majuphal (Gtuercus infectoria)
study period. Out of 50 subjects,
48 (96%) reported giving birth to
male babies after taking SSDs.
Failure in two cases was
attributed to consumption
Shivalingi (Bryonia Laciniosa)
of SSD after 3rd month of
gestation. All the male children
were reportedly normal.

• [S Bandyopadhyay, AJ Singh, Sex Selection Through
Majuphal Traditional Drugs in Rural North India, Indian Journal of
(Gtuercus Community Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1 (2007-01 - 2007-
infectoria) 03) ]


Updates on • and lactation - safe for long term use, even during pregnancy
Toxic effects

Herb - • Gastrointestinal effects - Decreased volume and reduced
pH of the secretions in drug treated rats suggest a
increased

Asparagus responsiveness agents.gastric parietal cells to secretogogues
and narcotizing
of the

racemosus • Cytoprotective effect has been suggested to be due to
increased output of mucus.
• Galactogogue effect - A significant increase in milk yield has
also been observed in guinea pigs and goats after feeding
lactare which also increased growth of the mammary glands,
alveolar tissues and acini in guinea pigs [23].
• Effects on uterus - uterine sedative
• Immunomodulatory activities - reported to produce
leucocytosis and predominant neutrophilia along with
enhanced phagocytic activity of the macrophages and
polymorphs.
• Respiratory system - reported to cause dilatory effect on
bronchial musculature of guinea pigs but failed to antagonise
the histamine induced broncho-constriction.
• CNS - Neither stimulant nor depressant action of lactare on
central nervous system has been reported in albino mice
[Amit Chawla*, Payal Chawla, Mangalesh, R C Roy, Asparagus racemosus (Willd): Biological Activities & its
Active Principles, Indo-Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011, Vol 1., Issue 2: Page No. 113-120]



Updates on Herb -
Asparagus racemosus
• Antibacterial Activities - showed maximum inhibition against A. hydrophila,
P. fluorescencs and K. pneumoniae. Chloroform extract of A.racemosus
showed higher inhibition (1.9cm/200 μl) against. K.pneumoniae Methanol
extract of A. racemosus showed considerable invitro antibacterial efficacy
against E.coli, V. cholerae,B.subtilis and S.aureus, and it increases phagocytic
activity of macrophages (Mandal, 2000). [1]
• Anti-diarrhoeal activity - The ethanol and aqueous extract of A. racemosus
exhibited significant anti-diarrhoeal activity against castor oil induced
diarrhoea in rats. [2]
• Phytoestrogen effect - A. racemosus root extract exerted a mammotropic
and/or lactogenic influence on normal as well as on oestrogen primed animals
thereby rendering the mammary epithelium refractory to the carcinogen. [3]

.[1] M.Sithi Jameela et.al, Antibacterial Activities of three medicinal plant extract against Fish Pathogens, International Journal of Biological Technology (2011)
2(2):57-60.] [2] N. Venkatesan et.al. Anti-diarrhoeal potential of asparagus racemosus wild root extracts in laboratory animals. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci
(www.cspscanada.org) 8(1):39-45, 2005 [3] V. Ashajyothi et.al. ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS – A PHYTOESTROGEN, Int.Journal Of Pharmacy&Technology



Herb • Sadapushpa / Sadabahar / Vinca
rosea (Periwinkle) is an evergreen
Update - common shrub seen all around us
blooming in every season. Usually
Periwinkle the plant is of 1 meter tall with oval
to oblong leaves.
• A clinical trial was conducted in
1998 with Vinca rosea on diabetes
as a part of M.D. Ayurveda Thesis
under my supervision. The results
were excellent. Each one ml of the
oil prepared has a power of
regulating the 125-250 mg of
Blood Glucose.



Herb • A study was carried on alloxan induced diabetic rats
for 14 days. The methanolic extracts showed
improvement in parameters like body weight and
Update - lipid profile as well as regeneration of beta-cells of
pancreas in diabetic rats. Histopathological studies
Periwinkle reinforce the healing of pancreas, by
methanolic Vinca rosea extracts, as a possible
mechanism of their antidiabetic activity [1]

• Aqueous extract of Piper nigrum seeds and Vinca
rosea flowers were administered orally to alloxan
induced diabetic rats once a day for 4 weeks. They
are useful in controlling not only the glucose and
lipid levels but these components may also be
helpful in strengthening the antioxidants potential [2].
[1] Mohammed Fazil Ahmed et. al., Antidiabetic Activity of Vinca rosea Extracts in
Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats, International Journal of Endocrinology, Volume
2010, Article ID 841090, 6 pages
[2] M. KALEEM, SHEEMA, H. SARMAD AND B. BANO, “PROTECTIVE EFFECTS
OF PIPER NIGRUM AND VINCA ROSEA IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC
RATS, Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 49 (1) : 65–71



Instrument Update –
Januvasti Yantra
• Januvasti is done either on the knee joint or at
the back with a brim filled with oil
• The drawback is – entire knee joint is not
exposed to treatment especially the ligaments
• To cover the entire knee surface – a tube is
inserted with both ends closed tightly with
Masha paste cloth where on top opening for oil
management added with a Thermometer to
standardize the procedure


Tridax • Extracted - Isolation and identification of
steroidal saponin, characterized as b-sitosterol 3-
procumbens O-b-D-xylopyranoside, which has been isolated
from the flowers of Tridax procumbens Linn. [1]
where do you see?
• Bioactivity studies –
• The n-hexane extract of the flowers showed
activity against Escherichia coli.
• A whole aerial part was active against
Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli,
Salmonella group C and Salmonella paratyphi.
• None of the tested extracts was active against the
yeasts, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and
Rhodotorula rubra; or the fungi: Aspergillus
Vishalya Karani flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp. and
Family: Asteraceae Trichophyton rubrum.[2]
Tribe: Heliantheae [1] V K SAXENA and SOSANNA ALBERT, J. Chem. Sci., Vol. 117, No. 3, May 2005, pp. 263–266. ©
Genus: Tridax Indian Academy of Sciences.
[2] Taddei A, Rosas-Romero AJ. Bioactivity studies of extracts from Tridax procumbens. Departamento
Species: T. procumbens de Química, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela. ataddei@usb.ve


Tridax • Anti-Diabetic activity –
• T.procumbens leaves (200 mg/kg) orally
procumbens administered for 7 days produced a significant
decrease in the blood glucose level in the model
where do you see? of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Petroleum
extract exhibits a very weak anti-diabetic
activity[3]
• Antioxidants –
• T. procumbens plants are rich sources of natural
antioxidant. T. procumbens has a percentage
antioxidant activity (AA %) of 96.70 which was
observed to be higher than those of gallic
(92.92%) and ascorbic acids (94.81%) used as
Vishalya Karani standards.
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Heliantheae [3] Bhagwat DA, Killedar SG, Adnaik RS. Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract of Tridax
procumbens. Int J Green Pharm 2008;2:126-8
Genus: Tridax [4] J. D. Habila, et.al. Total phenolics and antioxidant activity of Tridax procumbens Linn.
Species: T. procumbens African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 4(3), pp. 123-126, March 2010



Nadi Impulse Simulogram
• Nadi Impulse Simulogram is a unique
advanced Ayurvedic pulse diagnosis
software, that monitors impulses of
molecules and cells in pulse developed
by Dr. N.D. Raju of Hyderbad.
• This program works on the basis of Nadi
input values decoded in to Kurma Nadi
and Vasuli Nadi outputs. It develops
various graphs of Dosha Gati index,
Sroto pravrutti, krama and dusti, Chakra
activity, Dhatuparinama Index, etc. in
graphical manner, where
the interpretation is made simple.
• Contact Dr. N. Dharmanandan Raju at
idid_raju@yahoo.com or +9885040369.


Nadi Impulse
Simulogram Output


General • The general practitioner in Ayurveda
practitioner Provides personal, primary and continuing
in Ayurveda medical care to individuals and families and
Specific responsibility for the health of the
community
• He Makes an initial decision on every
problem presented by patient and Consults
specialists when ever is appropriate
• Intervenes to promote health and takes
Clinical decisions influenced by prior
probability of disease
• Has an advocacy role for the patient
• Apart from all above – is there any
responsibility of making RESEARCH at
him?


• Generalists and specialists require
different knowledge, skills and attitudes General
but are complementary in their roles.
• The GP is committed to the person rather Practice
than to a particular body of knowledge, a
group of diseases or special techniques
(McWhinney 1997)
• A GP provides personal, primary and
continuing care to individuals, families
and a practice population.
• The spectrum of problems presenting in
general practice is very different from that
seen in hospital.
• The GP must combine the scientific and
humanitarian approach to medical
practice, providing holistic care to
patients.

Characteristics of GP & PHC
• General practice • Primary health care
Focus is illness: Focus is local communities:
Individuals and families 1. Local communities using
local knowledge
- First contact
2. Concerned about
Local and accessible determinants of health
Small scale efficiency - Socio-economic
Tolerates uncertainty - Environmental
The three Cs: 3. Empowers communities to
control/influence
Continuity,
- determinants of health
Coordination,
4. Education and prevention are
Continuing care key pieces


Clinical Care
Good clinical care Models of health care
• Maintaining good medical • Biomedical
practice (biomechanical) and bio-
• Relationships with psychosocial
patients • Reductionist and holistic
• Working with colleagues (integrative)
• Teaching and training • Disease-based and
• Probity illness-based
• Health • Patient-centered and
population-centered
• Reactive and anticipatory
• doctor-centered &
• Patient-centered


1. Exploring both the disease and the illness The six
experience – understanding Differential interactive
diagnosis and Dimensions of illness
components of
2. Understanding the whole person
3. Finding common ground regarding the patient-
management Problems and priorities centered
along with Goals of treatments
4. Incorporating prevention and health
process:
promotion in Health enhancement and
Risk reduction
5. Enhancing the patient-doctor relationship
by sharing and maintain the relation
6. Being realistic about Time and Resources


• Known is Scarce and the ignored
are abundant Conclusion
• Knowledge is becoming capital for
the Earning
• Research of course a part of the
Game always
• Every time I see – a Book or Net –
I am getting a new Idea or thought
– I don’t understand why the
others are not initiated
• If this narration offers any insight
– My effort is exercised
• Thank You – One and All who get
Awareness



Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://technoayurveda.webs.com/apps/members/


Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://ayurmitra.wordpress.com/ /


Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://technoayurveda.blogspot.in/

• Ted Colton, ScD, Professor & Chair Emeritus,
Special Thanks to: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics
• Amit Pahwa, MS-4, Tinsley Harrison Society,
University of Alabama School of Medicine
• Dr Girish Shrikrishna Tillu, Project Leader,
Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing (C-DAC), Pune, Consultant, Centre
for Rheumatic Diseases, Pune, Consultant,
Vishwanand Ayurveda Centre, Pune, Advisor,
Global Herbs Pharmaceuticals, Pune -
gtillu@rediffmail.com
• Lauren Solberg, CRC Research Skills
Workshop, January 18, 2008,
lauren.b.solberg@vanderbilt.edu
• Dr. Gareth M. Forde, Bio Engineering Lab
(BEL), Chemical Engineering
• Dr. Jayashree B. Keshav, Technical Officer,
Atrimed Herbals, Pvt. Ltd.
• All the Images / Information collected from net
for knowledge sharing – If any copyright exists –
It goes to the respective individuals



technoayurveda@gmail.com
THANK YOU
It’s
Technoayurveda International
Presentation
By Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad
Of . . . http://www.technoayurveda.com


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