منحت جائزة نوبل فى الاقتصاد للأمريكي الجنسية مجري الأصل ميلتون فريدمان Milton Friedmanعام 1976م. عن عمله "في مجال الاستهلاك وتاريخ النقد".

1. 1 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)١(
Milton Friedman
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻠﺘﻮن‬)١٩١٢–٢٠٠٦‫م‬(
‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺎذ‬

2. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 2
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻠﺘﻮن‬)١٩١٢–٢٠٠٦‫م‬(
Milton Friedman
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧوﺑل‬ ‫ة‬‫ﺟﺎﺋز‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣت‬‫اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣرﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ي‬‫ﻣﺟر‬‫اﻷﺻل‬‫ﻣﯾﻠﺗون‬
‫ﻓرﯾدﻣﺎن‬Milton Friedman‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٧٦‫م‬.‫ﻋﻣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋن‬"‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻻﺳﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬‫ﻬﻼك‬
‫اﻟﻧﻘد‬ ‫وﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬."
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﯾﻬودﯾﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫أﺳ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﯾﻠﺗون‬ ‫د‬ِ‫ﻟ‬ُ‫و‬٣١‫ﯾوﻟﯾو‬١٩١٢‫ﺑﺣﻰ‬ ،
‫ﺑروﻛﻠﯾ‬‫اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟدﻩ‬‫و‬ ‫وﻛﺎن‬ ،‫ﻧﯾوﯾورك‬ ‫ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ن‬.
،‫ﻻدﺗﻪ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ة‬‫ز‬‫وﺟﯾ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﺟﯾرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﯾو‬ ‫ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻫوي‬‫ر‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺗﻘﻠت‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻫوي‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻣدرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ج‬‫ﺗﺧر‬١٩٢٨‫ﻋﺷر‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎدﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫وﻟم‬.

3. 3 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫اﺳﺗ‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫أﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫وﻗﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫ﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟد‬ ‫روﺗﺟرز‬ ‫ﺑﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣق‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺣت‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺗذة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺛﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬‫ف‬ ‫آرﺛر‬.‫ﺟوﻧز‬ ‫وﻫوﻣر‬ ‫ﺑﯾرﻧز‬‫اﻟذﯾن‬ ،
‫اﻟﻌظﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾث‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫أﻗﻧﻌﺎﻩ‬.‫اﻧﺗﻘل‬
‫ﺑﻌد‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﯾر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺣﺻل‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬١٩٣٣‫وﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫م‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﻣدرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﺣت‬،‫ﻓﯾﻧر‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻛوب‬
‫ﺳﯾﻣوﻧز‬ ‫ي‬‫وﻫﻧر‬ ،‫ﻓﺎرس‬ ‫اﻧك‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬.‫زوﺟﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫ﻣﺎدﯾر‬ ‫روز‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
١٩٣٥‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫آﻧذاك‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ارد‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﺑدأ‬ ،
‫اﺳﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺢ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠك‬ ‫اﻧﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣﯾ‬،‫و‬‫ﺟت‬‫ﺧر‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺻﺑﺣت‬ ‫ع‬‫اﻟﻣﺷرو‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻓﻛﺎر‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼك‬ ‫داﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻧظ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ءا‬‫ﺟز‬ ‫ﻻﺣق‬ ‫وﻗت‬.‫اﻧﺗﻘل‬ ‫ﺛم‬‫ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺗب‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣوث‬ ‫اﻟوطﻧﻲ‬١٩٣٧‫ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬‫ﻛوزﻧﺗس‬ ‫ﺳﯾﻣون‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻪ‬‫اﻟﻣﻬﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬‫ﻟﻸطﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺻﻔﺔ‬.‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أدى‬‫و‬
‫ظﻬ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺷﺗرك‬ ‫ف‬َ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣؤ‬ ‫ر‬‫ﻟﻬﻣﺎ‬‫ﻋن‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻬﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫و‬ ،
‫أدﺧﻠت‬‫اﻟﻣؤﻗت‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟداﺋم‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾم‬‫اﻟﻔرﺿ‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ،‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔﺻﯾل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ز‬‫ﺑﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬١٩٥٠،‫اﻟﻣﻬﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺧﯾص‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺗﺎب‬ ‫اﻓﺗرض‬‫و‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬‫أﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﺛم‬ ‫وﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘدﯾم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺻطﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﺣد‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
١٩٤٥‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻪ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻧظ‬ ‫ﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﺗد‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋرﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬،‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬‫ﻗد‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫أ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣدﯾ‬ ‫ﺻﺑﺢ‬‫وﺗﺣﻣل‬ ‫اﻟوطﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺗب‬
‫اﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫دور‬‫ﻧﻘود‬‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟدو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﯾف‬‫ر‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬١٩٥٠
‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺿﻲ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗدﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﻟوﻛﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل‬ ‫ﺧطﺔ‬‫ﻹﻋﺎدة‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ر‬‫أو‬ ‫إﻋﻣﺎر‬‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣرب‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٤٠‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ،
‫ﻣﺎدﯾ‬ ‫وﯾﺳﻛوﻧﺳن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫أﺳﺗﺎذ‬‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛﯾف‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫وﻟﻛﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺳون‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌودة‬ ‫وﻗرر‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋد‬.‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻗﺿﻰ‬١٩٤١-١٩٤٣
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬‫اﻟﺣرب‬ ‫زﻣن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬،‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬

4. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 4
‫ﻋﻣل‬‫اﻧﺔ‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﺧ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫وو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫ﻻﯾﺎت‬‫اﻟو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻛﺑﺎر‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎ‬.‫ﻫذا‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫داﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫اﺑﺗﻛر‬‫و‬ ،‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫ﻟﻛﯾﻧ‬
‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺑﻧﯾﻪ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫أﻋرب‬ ‫ﻻﺣق‬ ‫وﻗت‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﯾﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺎت‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﺷوف‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬١٩٤٣‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣرب‬ ‫ﺑﺣوث‬ ‫ﻟﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻧﺿم‬ ،
‫ﻛوﻟوﻣﺑﯾﺎ‬)‫ﻫوﺗﻠﯾﻧﻎ‬ ‫وﻫﺎروﻟد‬ ‫اﻟﯾس‬‫و‬ ‫أﻟﯾن‬ ‫وﯾﻠﺳون‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬(،‫وﻋﻣل‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛل‬
‫اﻟﺗﻛﺗﯾﻛ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺳﻛ‬ ‫ﺎت‬،‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬١٩٤٦‫م‬‫د‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺻل‬‫رﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻩ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟدﻛﺗو‬‫ﻛوﻟوﻣﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ع‬‫ﺷر‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫وﻛﺎن‬١٩٤٠‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺎون‬ ‫م‬
‫اﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗز‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬َ‫أﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﻋن‬‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫ﻻﯾﺎت‬‫اﻟو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻘد‬ ‫ﯾﺦ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﺗ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬
١٨٦٧-١٩٦٠‫م‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻛﺗﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺷر‬ ‫ﺗم‬١٩٦٣،‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻻﻛﺎدﯾﻣﯾﻪ‬١٩٥٣/١٩٥٤‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اﺋ‬‫ز‬ ‫أﺳﺗﺎذا‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬‫ﺑﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺟوﻧﻔﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﯾوس‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﺑردج‬.
‫ي‬‫اﻟﺟﻣﻬور‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻣرﺷﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎر‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﻏوﻟدووﺗر‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺑﺎر‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٦٤‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﺳر‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ،‫ﺟوﻧﺳون‬ ‫ﻟﯾﻧدون‬‫اطﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟدﯾﻣﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺣزب‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ،،‫و‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٦٨‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺣدا‬‫و‬ ‫اﺻﺑﺢ‬‫ﺋﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠ‬‫رﯾﺗﺷﺎ‬‫رد‬
‫ﻧﯾﻛﺳون‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٧٧‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻋد‬

5. 5 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﺗﺻﺎﻟﻪ‬‫اﻟﺑﺣوث‬‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫و‬‫ﻋﻣل‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻣﻌﻬد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣث‬ ‫زﻣﯾل‬
‫ﻫوﻓر‬ ‫وﺗﯾون‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺳﺗﺎﻧﻔورد‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﺑدﻋوﻩ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﺑل‬ ‫ﻏﻠﯾن‬‫أﺻﺑﺢ‬‫ﻣدﯾر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣﻛﺗب‬
‫ﻫوﻓر‬ ‫ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺳﺗﺎﻧﻔورد‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬‫اﻧﺳﯾﺳﻛو‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﺎن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻧﺗﻘل‬‫و‬.‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﻣل‬
‫رﺳﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬‫رﯾﺟﺎن‬ ‫ﻟروﻧﺎﻟد‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺟﻣﻬو‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗرﺷﯾﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬١٩٨٠
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﻋﺿ‬ ‫وﺑوﺻﻔﻪ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺋﯾس‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻧﺔ‬‫ي‬‫اﻻﺳﺗﺷﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠس‬
‫ﺋﺎﺳﺗﻪ‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓﺗ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬،‫وﻓﻰ‬١٩٨٨‫اﻟر‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻪ‬‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠﺣ‬ ‫ﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟوﺳﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺟﺎن‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺋﯾس‬،
ُ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ِ‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟوطﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠم‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬ ‫ﺢ‬.‫ﯾدﻣﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗوﻓﻰ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ن‬١٦‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ﻓﻣﺑر‬‫ﻋﺎم‬
٢٠٠٦‫اﻟﺗﺳﻌون‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺎﻫز‬ ‫ﻋﻣر‬ ‫ﻋن‬.
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٧٩‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗدم‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫وﺣول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫ﻻﯾﺎت‬‫اﻟو‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬،
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫أﻟﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯾوﻧﺎن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻧد‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺎﺑﺎن‬‫و‬ ‫ﻛوﻧﻎ‬ ‫ﻫوﻧﻎ‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ‬
‫اﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺷر‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿ‬ ‫ﻫذة‬ ‫وﺗرﺟﻣت‬.‫ﺳﺎ‬‫ﻓر‬‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻧذ‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﻋدة‬١٩٧٧‫ﻫﺎ‬‫اﺑرز‬ ‫وﻟﻌل‬‫اﻟﺻﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫رﺣﻼت‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳﻔ‬

6. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 6
‫و‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٨٠‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿر‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗدم‬‫اﻟﺻﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﯾﻪ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺗﺣت‬ ‫ات‬،
‫و‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٨٨‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻧﻐﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﻣؤﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎرك‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓﺗ‬ ‫ﺷﻣﻠت‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣو‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﺛو‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣول‬
‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣرﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧطط‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬.
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺳﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﺗدﻋ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺣد‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫دور‬‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﻘطﺎع‬ ‫ﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬.‫و‬‫ﺻﻔﺗﻪ‬‫ﻣﺟﻠﺔ‬‫اﻹﯾﻛوﻧوﻣﯾﺳت‬‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
"‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺻف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺷ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرن‬ ‫ﻣن‬".‫اﻷﺻل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎن‬‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻛﯾﻧ‬ ‫ﻣؤﯾدا‬‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﺟدﯾدة‬‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟداﻋﯾﺔ‬‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬،‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬‫وذﻟك‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٥٠‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫م‬‫أﻋﺎد‬‫ﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬‫ي‬‫اﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻬﻼك‬ ‫ظﯾﻔﺔ‬‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﺗﺣدى‬
‫ﻟ‬‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ي‬‫اﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫ﻠﻧﻣوذج‬.‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺑدﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋزز‬ ،‫اﻟﺳﺗﯾﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ُطﻠق‬‫أ‬"‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻧﻘودﯾﺔ‬."‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬"‫ﻟﻠﺑطﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌدل‬"،
‫و‬ ،‫ﻓﯾﻠﯾﺑس‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻓض‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ﻗﺎل‬‫ﺳوف‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ز‬‫اﻟﻛﯾﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫أن‬

7. 7 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺗ‬‫ﺳﺑب‬‫ﻓﻲ‬"‫اﻟرﻛود‬) "‫اﻟﻧﻣو‬ ‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺿﺧم‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫ا‬.(‫أﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ادﻋﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻧﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫دﯾﺔ‬‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬‫اﻟﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫أن‬‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬‫ﻣﺣﺎوﻟﺔ‬
‫إن‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ،‫ﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬ ‫ﻟدﺣض‬‫اﻟﻧﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫و‬‫ظروف‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫دﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷﺎؤم‬‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬ ،‫ﻫو‬‫اﻟﺑطﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺿرو‬.
‫ﻣﻌﺎرﺿ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻏم‬‫اﻟر‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫وﺟود‬‫اﻟﻧﻘدي‬،‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎدي‬‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻣوﺟود‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫طﺎﻟﻣﺎ‬‫ﻓﺈن‬‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻘدي‬ ‫اﻟﻌرض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطرد‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛﯾﻣﺔ‬‫وﺣﯾدة‬‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺧذ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻬود‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﺣذر‬ ،‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑذﻟﻬﺎ‬‫أى‬‫ﺑﻧك‬
‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﺑﺧﻼف‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم‬ ‫ي‬‫ﻣرﻛز‬.‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛر‬‫اﻟﻣﻘرب‬ ‫ﺻدﯾﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬‫ﺟورج‬
‫ﺳﺗﯾ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻠر‬،‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫إﻧﺟﺎز‬ ‫أﻋظم‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺟﻧﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ر‬‫دو‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫دﻋﻣﻪ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺗﺄﺳﯾس‬‫اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ‬.‫اﻋﺗﺑر‬‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻣﺎن‬‫أن‬
‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺗﻪ‬‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﺳو‬ ‫اﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷددت‬ ،‫ﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫وﺗﺣر‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﯾﺑ‬‫ق‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﺧل‬ ‫وﻣﺳﺎوئ‬.‫و‬‫ﻛﺗﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬‫و‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٦٢‫دﻋﺎ‬ ،
‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﻟﻐﺎء‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ،‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺣ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺻرف‬ ‫أﺳﻌﺎر‬‫و‬ ،‫ع‬‫اﻟﻣﺗطو‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾش‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬

8. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 8
‫اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬ ‫ﯾﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫وﺿ‬ ،‫ﻟﻸطﺑﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺧﯾص‬.‫ﺣظﯾ‬ ‫وﻗد‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺗﻛﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳ‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫وﻟﻛن‬ ،‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺳﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺑول‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻬﺟﯾﺔ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫ﺣد‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟدل‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺛﯾ‬،‫ﻓﺿ‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﻌظم‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺗﯾﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرن‬‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫اﺳﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺑول‬ ‫ﺣظﯾت‬‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺷ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻘرن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﻋﺎش‬ ‫وﻫﻛذا‬‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ر‬‫أﻓﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﻟرؤﯾﺔ‬‫اﻋﺗﻧ‬‫ﻘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺛﻣﺎﻧﯾﻧﯾﺎت‬.‫و‬‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬‫اﺋﻪ‬‫ر‬‫آ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻧﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻟﻐﺎء‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺻﺧﺻﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬‫و‬ ‫دﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺑط‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺿ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﻧﺗﺷ‬‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫أﻧﺣﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫أﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫ات‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺗﺎﺗﺷر‬ ‫رﯾت‬،‫ﯾطﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫رﯾ‬ ‫وروﻧﺎﻟد‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎن‬،‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬ ‫ﻻﯾﺎت‬‫اﻟو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣوﻟروﻧﻲ‬ ‫وﺑرﯾﺎن‬،‫ﻛﻧدا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫دو‬ ‫وروﺟر‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻼ‬‫س‬،‫ﯾﻠﻧدا‬‫ز‬‫ﻧﯾو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫أودﺳون‬ ‫ودﯾﻔﯾد‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
، ‫أﯾﺳﻠﻧدا‬‫أو‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺑﯾﻧوﺷﯾﻪ‬ ‫وﺳﺗو‬‫ﺗﺷﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.

9. 9 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٧٥‫ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ي‬‫اﻟﻌﺳﻛر‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﻼب‬ ‫إﺳﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ،
‫اﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻔﺎدور‬‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﺷﻬد‬ ،‫ﯾﻧدي‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫دﻋوة‬ ‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫وﻗﺑل‬ ،‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺑﯾ‬ ‫أزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿ‬ ‫وﺗﻘدﯾم‬ ‫ﺷﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ‬.
‫ﺋﯾس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻰ‬ ‫وﻫﻧﺎك‬‫ﺑﯾﻧوﺷﯾﻪ‬ ‫أوﺟﺳﺗو‬ ‫اﻟدﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗور‬‫ﻟﻣدة‬٤٥‫دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬.‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﯾﻘول‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﯾد‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫أرﺳل‬ ‫وﻟﻛن‬ ،‫اﻟﺗﺷﯾﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺧدم‬ ‫ﻟم‬‫ﺧطﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺿﺧم‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻬﺎء‬.،‫ﺧطﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋدﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾق‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫أﻻﺳل‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬

10. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 10
،‫ﺷﯾﻛﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷﯾﻠﯾﯾن‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﺑرر‬
‫ﺑﯾﻧوﺷﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻛم‬ ‫ﯾﻘوض‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﻘد‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬.‫وﺑﺎﻟطﺑﻊ‬‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺗﻘد‬ ‫ﻟم‬
‫اﻻﻏﺗﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫و‬ ،‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻧوﺷﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫دﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗو‬‫ﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻻت‬‫وﻣﺣل‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫أﻧﺣﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إداﻧﺔ‬‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﺑﻌد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬‫اﻧﺗﺷر‬‫إ‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﺧﺎطﺊ‬ ‫ﻋﺗﻘﺎد‬
‫ﺑطﺑﯾﻌﺗﻬﺎ‬،‫و‬‫أﻧﻪ‬‫ﯾﺟب‬‫ﺗﻬﺎ‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬‫ﻟﺗﺟﻧب‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬‫ﺣدوث‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻛﺑﯾ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎت‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ً‫ا‬‫إﺳﺗﻧﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫دو‬‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬.‫ﯾوﻣﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫أي‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫ﻫذا‬،‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫وﯾﻘول‬‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻘدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫أن‬‫اﻟﻧﻘدي‬‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎدي‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻛﺳﺎد‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت‬‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬.‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬٢٠٠٢‫ﻗﺎل‬‫ﻣﺣﺎﻓظ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑن‬
‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﯾﻼد‬ ‫ﻟﻌﯾد‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﻛ‬ ‫أﻟﻘﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺧطﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﯾد‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ‬‫ال‬٩٠‫أن‬ ‫أود‬
‫ﻟﻣﯾﻠﺗون‬ ‫أﻗول‬‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬‫ﺣق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﻧت‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌﻠق‬،‫ﻟﻘد‬‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻧﺎ‬،‫و‬‫ﻧﺣن‬
‫ﺟد‬‫آﺳﻔون‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎدي‬ ‫ئ‬‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬‫ﺑﻣﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠوم‬ ‫إﻟﻘﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻬل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟد‬
"‫أﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬"‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠس‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑدﻻ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻘدﺳ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬.‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﯾدﻣﺎن‬‫ر‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺣﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧظر‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ،‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻛل‬‫ﻓﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ،
‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫أﻧﻘذت‬ ‫ﺑل‬ ،‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﯾﻛﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺗﻌﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻠب‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﻓﻠت‬‫ز‬‫رو‬
‫اﻛﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻻﺷﺗ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﺑل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻫﯾر‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻌداد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑدﻻ‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬‫اﻷزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺳﻠوب‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬١٩٣٠‫م‬.‫ﻛم‬ ‫ﯾدرﻛون‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻌظم‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬‫ات‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫ﺷﻛﻠ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻧﻣوذج‬
،‫ي‬‫اﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋدة‬‫و‬ ‫ﻟﺗوظﯾف‬‫اﻧﺗﺷر‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫اﻟﻘرن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯾﻧﯾﺎت‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﯾن‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌﺷ‬،‫ﻓ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﻌظم‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻر‬‫ﯾﺗﻔﻘون‬ ‫ﯾن‬‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻣﺛل‬"‫اﻟذاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬"‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬‫و‬ ،‫ﯾ‬‫طوﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻔﺗ‬ ‫رﻛود‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺛر‬
‫ﺟدا‬.،‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬‫ﺟﺎء‬‫ﻗﺑﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻼف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻣﺛل‬‫ﺑطﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣ‬‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬ ‫وﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬٢٠‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﺋﺔ‬‫وﺑﻠﻐت‬٢٥‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬١٩٣٣

11. 11 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺟود‬ ‫ﻋدم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗوى‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﻛن‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ،‫ﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ج‬‫ﻟﻠﺧرو‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﻧﺗﺷﺎل‬‫ﻟﻛﺳﺎد‬‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯾﺎ‬،‫ى‬‫أﺧر‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫وﺑﻌﺑﺎ‬‫آﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎك‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺳت‬
‫ذاﺗﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬)‫أو‬ ‫ﺋﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬‫ﯾد‬‫ﺧﻔﯾﺔ‬(‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑدﻻ‬
‫ﻓﺈن‬ ،‫ذﻟك‬‫اﺳﻌﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎت‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾؤدي‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﻗﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾ‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫وﻣدﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺗظﺎم‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬‫ﻘوﻣﻲ‬.‫ى‬‫ﻧر‬ ‫ﻟذﻟك‬‫أن‬‫اﻟ‬‫دور‬‫ات‬‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬
‫طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺗوﻗﻌ‬‫وﻫﻰ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﺳوق‬ ‫ﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﯾدة‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬.‫إذن‬‫ﻫو‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟرﻛود‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺟﻧب‬ ‫ﻣطﻠوب‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺎﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎت‬‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬‫ﺗﻛﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬،‫ﻟﻛن‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﯾﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ذﻟك‬ ‫ﻔﻌل‬)‫اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬‫و‬ ‫اﺋب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﻲ‬(‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫أو‬‫ﻧﻘ‬‫و‬‫دﯾﺔ‬)‫اﻟﻧﻘود‬ ‫ﻋرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺳﯾط‬.(‫ﻟﻛﯾﻧز‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ووﻓﻘ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺄن‬
‫اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺟز‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺳﻣﺢ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌوﯾﺿﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬
‫اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫اﻷﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺑﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﻌبء‬.‫اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﯾﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺣﻛوﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬‫ﺗﻘوم‬ ‫أن‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﻗﻌﺎت‬ ‫وﻋﻛس‬ ‫اﻟدﺧل‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻓرص‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺣﻔﺎظ‬
‫اﻟﻣطﺎف‬.‫اﻟطﻠب‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ﻓﺈدا‬‫ﻫﻰ‬‫وﺻﻔﻪ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﺿوﺣ‬ ‫أﻛﺛر‬‫ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬.‫ذﻟك‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫أﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﻘذا‬ُ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻫﻣﺎ‬‫اﻋﺗﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻛن‬ُ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻓﻠت‬‫ز‬‫ورو‬ ‫ﻛﯾﻧز‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬‫أزﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﺟﻬﺗﻬﺎ‬‫و‬.
‫ﻓﺮﯾﺪﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻠﺘﻮن‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫أھﻢ‬:
 "Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk" with L.
Savage, 1948, JPE.
 "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic
Stability", 1948, AER.
 "Some Comments on the Significance of Labor
Unions for Economic Policy", 1951, in D. McC.
Wright, editor, The Impact of the Union. New York:
Harcourt Brace.

12. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 12
 "Commodity-Reserve Currency", 1951, JPE
 "The Expected-Utility Hypothesis and the
Measurability of Utility", with L. Savage, 1952, JPE
 "The Methodology of Positive Economics" in
Friedman, 1953 (excerpts)
 Essays in Positive Economics, 1953.
 "The Quantity Theory of Money: A restatement",
1956, in Friedman, editor, Studies in Quantity Theory.
 A Theory of the Consumption Function, 1957.
 "The Supply of Money and Changes in Prices and
Output", 1958, in Relationship of Prices to Economic
Stability and Growth.
 A Program for Monetary Stability, 1959.
 "The Demand for Money: Some theoretical and
empirical results", 1959, JPE
 "The Lag in Effect of Monetary Policy", 1961, JPE
 Capitalism and Freedom, 1962.
 "Should There be an Independent Monetary
Authority?", in L.B. Yeager, editor, In Search of a
Monetary Constitution
 Inflation: Causes and consequences, 1963.
 A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960,
with Anna J. Schwartz, 1963.
 "Money and Business Cycles" with A.J. Schwartz,
1963, REStat.
 "The Relative Stability of Monetary Velocity and the
Investment Multiplier in the United States, 1898-
1958", with D. Meiselman, 1963, in Stabilization
Policies.
 "A Reply to Donald Hester", with D. Meiselman,
1964, REStat
 "Interest Rates and the Demand for Money", 1966,
JLawE
 "What Price Guideposts?", in G.P. Schultz, R.Z.
Aliber, editors, Guidelines
 "The Role of Monetary Policy: Presidential Address to
AEA", 1968, AER
 "Money: the Quantity Theory", 1968, IESS

13. 13 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎرات‬‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬
 "The Definition of Money" with Anna J. Schwartz,
1969.
 The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays,
1969
 "Comment on Tobin", 1970, QJE
 Monetary Statistics of the United States: Sources,
methods. with Anna J. Schwartz, 1970.
 "A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis",
1970, JPE.
 The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory. 1970.
 "A Monetary Theory of National Income", 1971, JPE
 "Comments on the Critics", 1974, in Gordon, Milton
Friedman and his Critics.
 Monetary Correction: A proposal for escalation
clauses to reduce the cost of ending inflation, 1974
 "Comments on Tobin and Buiter", 1976, in J. Stein,
editor, Monetarism.
 "Inflation and Unemployment: Nobel lecture", 1977,
JPE.
 Free to Choose: A personal statement, with Rose
Friedman, 1980
 "Interrelations between the United States and the
United Kingdom, 1873-1975.", with A.J. Schwartz,,
1982, J Int Money and Finance
 Monetary Trends in the United States and the United
Kingdom: Their relations to income, prices and
interest rates, 1876-1975. with Anna J. Schwartz,
1982
 "Monetary Policy: Tactics versus strategy", 1984, in
Moore, editor, To Promote Prosperity.
 "The Case for Overhauling the Federal Reserve",
1985, Challenge
 "Has Government Any Role in Money?" with Anna J.
Schwartz, 1986, JME
 "Quantity Theory of Money", in J. Eatwell, M.
Milgate, P. Newman, editors, The New Palgrave
 "The Case for Free Trade" with Rose Friedman, 1997,
Hoover Digest

14. ‫أ‬.‫د‬/‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ 14
 "George J. Stigler, 1911-1991: Biographical Memoir",
1998, at NAS (pdf version)
 Two Lucky People, with Rose Friedman.