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By
Team B.N.Y.S
  S-VYASA
Contents…...
 INTRODUCTION
 ACIDS & BASES
 TYPES OF ACIDS & BASES
 pH
 BUFFERS
 TYPES OF BUFFER (MECHANISM)
 DISORDERS
 ROLE OF NUTRITION
Introduction

 Acid-base regulation

  – Regulation of hydrogen ion
     • Buffer system

     • Respiratory regulation

     • Renal regulation
Why To Regulate
 To maintain homeostasis


 Regulates enzymatic functions
Acids And Bases

 Acids

  – Release protons (H) ;Eg-H2CO3 , HCL

 Bases

  – Accept protons (H) ; Eg-HCO3
Types of acids and bases
 Strong acids
  – Release large amount of Hydrogen ions
 Weak acids
  – Release small amount of Hydrogen ions
 Strong bases
  – Accept large amount of Hydrogen ions
 Weak bases
  – Accept small amount of Hydrogen ions
pH
 Hydrogen ion conc. Determines pH
What Is Buffer ???
 A buffer is a solution (or a substance) that has

  the ability to maintain pH and bring it back to
  its optimal value by addition or removal of
  hydrogen ions

   Buffer + H        H buffer
Contd….
 When Hydrogen ion conc. Increases
  – Reaction shifts towards right
 When Hydrogen ion conc. Decreases
  – Reaction shifts towards left
       In this way hydrogen ion concentration is
                       maintained
Types of chemical buffer
– Carbonic acid-bicarbonate –

– Buffering changes caused by organic and fixed
 acids

– Protein buffer system-Amino acids

– Minor buffering system-

– Phosphate –Buffer pH in the ICF
Buffer Systems in Body Fluids




                           Figure 27.7
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate
             Buffering System
 Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

   Weak acid – H2CO3

 Bicarbonate salt (NaHCO3)

      Strong acid is added

    – When HCL is added   Hydrogen conc.
     increases

    – CO2 + H2O   H2CO3       H + HCO3
Contd…
   Strong base is added
    H+ conc. Reduces
     NaOH + H2CO3       NaHCO3+H2O

    In this way CO2 conc. decreases

    This inhibits respiration.
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer
            System
Bicarbonate buffer-
 Has the following limitations:
  – Cannot protect the ECF from pH changes due
    to increased or depressed CO2 levels

  – Only functions when respiratory system and
    control centers are working normally

  – It is limited by availability of bicarbonate
   ions (bicarbonate reserve).
Phosphate buffer system-
 Main elements of phosphate buffer system-
  - H2PO4, and HPO4

 Phosphoric acid changes pretty quickly into
  dihydrogen phosphate, or H2PO4-.

 This dihydrogen phosphate is an efficient
  buffer.
Contd…
Contd….
 Phosphate buffer system in the ECF is low
    compared to the bicarbonate buffer.

 Its buffering power is less compared to the
    bicarbonate buffer.

 It has its importance in the renal
    tubules of kidneys for two reasons.
.
Contd
 1.Conc. of phosphate is more in tubules.

 2. Tubular fluid has lower pH.



 Conc. of phosphate is more in ICF compared
  to ECF.
Protein buffer system

 Proteins are made up of amino acids
 Amino acids have a central carbon with four
  groups off of it:
1.a carboxyl group (COOH)
2.an amino group (NH2)
3.a hydrogen atom
4.an R group
.
Structure of amino acids
Contd…
 The carboxyl and amino groups are what enable
  proteins to act as buffers.

 Carboxyl group is attached to the amino acid central
  carbon: C - COOH

 Carboxyl group consists of a double bond
 to one of the oxygens and a single bond to the
 hydroxyl group.
Contd...
 At neutral pH the carboxyl ion is present as
  COO instead of COOH.

 Acidic medium – becomes COOH


 Basic medium – becomes COO.
Contd…
 Amino group is attached to the amino acid
  central carbon: C - NH2.

 Neutral pH, the amino group is actually-
  NH3+ rather than just NH2.


 Acidic medium – becomes NH3+

 Basic medium- becomes NH2
Contd..
Respiratory regulation

When alveolar ventilation increases

   CO2 conc. In ECF decreases

        H+ conc. decreases

         Or vice versa.......
Respiratory regulation Contd…
 Pulmonary expiration of CO2 balances metabolic
 formation of CO2
  – 1.2 mol/L of dissolved CO2 is present in the ECF
    corresponding to pCO2 of 40 mm/hg

  – Rate of pulmonary ventilation is inversely
    proportional to CO2 & pCO2

  – So either pulmonary ventilation rate of CO2
  – or its formation by tissues can change pCO2

  in ECF.
Contd…
 Increasing alveolar ventilation decreases ECF
         hydrogen ion conc. And raises pH

– If alveolar ventilation increases the pCO2 decreases.

– If alveolar ventilation decreases the

 pCO2 increases.

– Twice rise of AV--rises pH of ECF by about 0.23

– Decrease of AV to ¼ -- decreases pH by 0.45
Contd…
 Increased Hydrogen ion conc. Stimulates
  alveolar ventilation

 Change in alveolar ventilation rate is much
  greater in reduced levels of pH than in
  increased levels of pH
Reason
Alveolar ventilation rate decreases

          Increases pH

    O2 added in blood reduces

 Demand of O2 in blood increases

        pO2 also decreases

      Stimulates ventilation
Feedback control of Hydrogen
       ion conc. By RS
    H conc. Falls below normal

     Respiration is depressed

   Alveolar ventilation decreases

    H increases back to normal
Bufffering power of RS
 The kidneys work in elimination of hydrogen
  ion conc. and control imbalance.

 Its capacity is 1-2 times as much as other
  chemical buffers.
Impairment of lungs function:

 Impairment of lung function leads to

  emphysema and respiratory disorders.

 Kidneys play a major physiologic mechanism

  for returning pH to normal
Renal mechanism of acid-base
            regulation
 Kidneys regulate the blood pH by

 1. maintaining alkali reserves

 2. excreting / reabsorbing acid/base.



 Urine pH is lower than blood pH

 Kidneys- Acidification of urine.
Contd…
 Excretion of hydrogen ions


 Reabsorption of bicarbonate ion


 Excretion of ammonium ions
Buffer system
Disorders of acid-base regulation

 MAY LEAD TO---------

 ALKALOSIS--


                OR

 ACIDOSIS--
Disorders of acid-base regulation
                   cont…
 Respiratory acidosis


 Respiratory alkalosis


 Metabolic acidosis


 Metabolic alkalosis
Contd…
 Respiratory acid-base disorders are initiated by
  an increase or decrease in partial pressure of
  carbondioxide whereas metabolic disorders are
  initiated by an increase or decrease in
  bicarbonate ion.
Contd…
 Alkalosis - Partial pressure of oxygen
  increases.

 Acidosis – Partial pressure of carbondioxide
  increases.
Contd…
Respiratory acidosis-
 Decrease in rate of pulmonary ventilation-
 Increased pCO2 of ECF.


Respiratory alkalosis-
 Increased rate of ventilation-
 Decrease the pCO2
Respiratory acidosis




                       Figure 27.12a
Respiratory alkalosis




                        Figure 27.12b
Contd…
 Metabolic acidosis-
 Decreased ECF bicarbonate ion conc.


 Metabolic alkalosis-
 Increased ECF bicarbonate ion conc.
Contd…
DISTURBANCE          pH          PRIMARY          RATIO   SECONDARY
                                 CHANGE                   CHANGE



Metabolic Acidosis   Decreased   Deficit of bi-   <20     Decrease in PaCO2
                                 carbonate


Metabolic            Increased   Excess of        >20     Increase in PaCO2
Alkalosis                        bicarbonate


Respiratory          Decreased   Excess of        <20     Increase in bicarbonate
acidosis                         carbonic acid


Respiratory          Increased   Deficit of       >20     Decrease in bicarbonate
alkalosis                        carbonic acid
Contd…
 Causes - Metabolic acidosis
 1. Renal tubular acidosis
 2. Diarrhea
 3. Vomiting of intestinal contents
 4. Diabetes Mellitus
 5. Ingestion of acids
 6. Chronic renal failure
Contd…
 Causes- Metabolic alkalosis
 1. Vomiting of gastric contents
 2. Ingestion of alkaline drugs etc.
Correction by renal for…
 Acidosis-
 Increased excretion of hydrogen ions and
  addition of bicarbonate ions to the ECF.

 Alkalosis-
 Decreased tubular secretion of hydrogen ions
  and increased excretion of HCO3_
Buffer system
Buffer system
EAT MORE -- Alkaline (80%)
                              AcidAlkaline food chart
EAT LESS -- Acidic (20%)
Highly Alkaline                Moderately Alkaline         Mildly Alkaline     Neutral/ Mildly Acidic   Moderately             Highly Acidic
                                                                                                            Acidic
pH 9.5 alkaline water          Avocado                 Artichokes              Black Beans              Fresh, Natural Juice   Alcohol
Himalayan salt                 Beetroot                Asparagus               Chickpeas/Garbanzos      Ketchup                Coffee & Black Tea
Grasses                        Capsicum/Pepper         Brussels Sprouts        Kidney Beans             Mayonnaise             Fruit Juice
Cucumber                       Cabbage                 Cauliflower             Seitan                   Butter                 (Sweetened)
Kale                           Celery                  Carrot                  Cantaloupe               Apple                  Cocoa
Kelp                           Collard/Spring Greens   Chives                  Currants                 Apricot                Honey
Spinach                        Endive                  Courgette/Zucchini      Fresh Dates              Banana                 Jam
Parsley                        Garlic                  Leeks                   Nectarine                Blackberry             Jelly
Broccoli                       Ginger                  New Baby Potatoes       Plum                     Blueberry              Mustard Miso
Sprouts(soy, alfalfa etc)      Green Beans             Peas                    Sweet Cherry             Cranberry              Rice Syrup
Sea Vegetables (Kelp)          Lettuce                 Rhubarb                 Watermelon               Grapes                 Soy Sauce
Green drinks                   Mustard Greens          Swede                   Amaranth                 Mango                  Vinegar
All Sprouted Beans/ Sprouts    Okra                    Watercress              Millet                   Mangosteen             Yeast
                               Onion                   Grapefruit              Oats/Oatmeal             Orange                 Dried Fruit
                               Radish                  Coconut                 Spelt                    Peach                  Beef
                               Red Onion               Buckwheat               Soybeans                 Papaya                 Chicken
                               Rocket/Arugula          Spelt                   Rice/Soy/Hemp Protein    Pineapple              Eggs
                               Tomato                  Lentils                 Freshwater Wild Fish     Strawberry             Farmed Fish
                               Lemon                   Tofu                    Rice & Soy Milk          Brown Rice             Pork
                               Lime                    Other Beans & Legumes   Brazil Nuts              Oats                   Shellfish
                               Butter Beans            Goat & Almond Milk      Pecan Nuts               Rye Bread              Cheese
                               Soy Beans               Most Herbs & Spices     Hazel Nuts               Wheat                  Dairy
                               White Haricot Beans     Avocado Oil             Sunflower Oil            Wholemeal Bread        Artificial Sweeteners
                               Chia/Salba              Olive Oil               Grapeseed Oil            Wild Rice              Syrup
                               Quinoa                  Coconut Oil             `                        Wholemeal Pasta        Mushroom
                                                       Flax Oil/ Udo’s Oil                              Ocean Fish
SO WHY NOT CONTROL THE
ACID BASE BALANCE WITH
       FOOD…???
References

 Guyton's medical physiology,(Buffer System)

 Ionic changes By Rudolf Jensen
Buffer system
The Central Role of the Carbonic
Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in
   the Regulation of Plasma pH




                             Figure 27.11a
The Central Role of the Carbonic
Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in
   the Regulation of Plasma pH




                             Figure 27.11b
Acid-Base Disorders

 Respiratory acid base disorders
  – Result when abnormal respiratory function causes
    rise or fall in CO2 in ECF
 Metabolic acid-base disorders
  – Generation of organic or fixed acids
  – Anything affecting concentration of bicarbonate ions
    in ECF
Respiratory acidosis
 Results from excessive levels of CO2 in body
 fluids
Respiratory alkalosis
 Relatively rare condition
 Associated with hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis
 Major causes are:
  – Depletion of bicarbonate reserve
  – Inability to excrete hydrogen ions at kidneys
  – Production of large numbers of fixed / organic acids
  – Bicarbonate loss due to chronic diarrhea
Figure 27.13 The Response to
     Metabolic Acidosis




                           Figure 27.13
Figure 27.14 Metabolic Alkalosis




                             Figure 27.14
Detection of acidosis and
               alkalosis

 Diagnostic blood tests
  – Blood pH
  – PCO2
  – Bicarbonate levels
 Distinguish between respiratory and
  metabolic
    Animation: Acid-Base Homeostasis
Changes with age include
 Reduced total body water content
 Impaired ability to perform renal compensation
 Increased water demands
   – Reduced ability to concentrate urine
   – Reduced sensitivity to ADH/ aldosterone
 Net loss of minerals
 Inability to perform respiratory compensation
 Secondary conditions that affect fluid, electrolyte, acid-
  base balance
You should now be familiar with:
 What is meant by “fluid balance,” “electrolyte
  balance,” and “acid-base balance”
 The compositions of intracellular and
  extracellular fluids
 The hormones that play important roles in
  regulating fluid and electrolyte balance
 The movement of fluid that takes place within
  the ECF, between the ECF and the ICF, and
  between the ECF and the environment
You should now be familiar with:
 How sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride
  ions are regulated to maintain electrolyte
  balance
 The buffering systems that balance the pH of
  the intracellular and extracellular fluids
 The compensatory mechanisms involved in
  acid-base balance
Buffer system

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Buffer system

  • 1. By Team B.N.Y.S S-VYASA
  • 2. Contents…...  INTRODUCTION  ACIDS & BASES  TYPES OF ACIDS & BASES  pH  BUFFERS  TYPES OF BUFFER (MECHANISM)  DISORDERS  ROLE OF NUTRITION
  • 3. Introduction  Acid-base regulation – Regulation of hydrogen ion • Buffer system • Respiratory regulation • Renal regulation
  • 4. Why To Regulate  To maintain homeostasis  Regulates enzymatic functions
  • 5. Acids And Bases  Acids – Release protons (H) ;Eg-H2CO3 , HCL  Bases – Accept protons (H) ; Eg-HCO3
  • 6. Types of acids and bases  Strong acids – Release large amount of Hydrogen ions  Weak acids – Release small amount of Hydrogen ions  Strong bases – Accept large amount of Hydrogen ions  Weak bases – Accept small amount of Hydrogen ions
  • 7. pH  Hydrogen ion conc. Determines pH
  • 8. What Is Buffer ???  A buffer is a solution (or a substance) that has the ability to maintain pH and bring it back to its optimal value by addition or removal of hydrogen ions Buffer + H H buffer
  • 9. Contd….  When Hydrogen ion conc. Increases – Reaction shifts towards right  When Hydrogen ion conc. Decreases – Reaction shifts towards left In this way hydrogen ion concentration is maintained
  • 10. Types of chemical buffer – Carbonic acid-bicarbonate – – Buffering changes caused by organic and fixed acids – Protein buffer system-Amino acids – Minor buffering system- – Phosphate –Buffer pH in the ICF
  • 11. Buffer Systems in Body Fluids Figure 27.7
  • 12. Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffering System  Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system  Weak acid – H2CO3  Bicarbonate salt (NaHCO3) Strong acid is added – When HCL is added Hydrogen conc. increases – CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H + HCO3
  • 13. Contd…  Strong base is added H+ conc. Reduces NaOH + H2CO3 NaHCO3+H2O In this way CO2 conc. decreases This inhibits respiration.
  • 15. Bicarbonate buffer-  Has the following limitations: – Cannot protect the ECF from pH changes due to increased or depressed CO2 levels – Only functions when respiratory system and control centers are working normally – It is limited by availability of bicarbonate ions (bicarbonate reserve).
  • 16. Phosphate buffer system-  Main elements of phosphate buffer system- - H2PO4, and HPO4  Phosphoric acid changes pretty quickly into dihydrogen phosphate, or H2PO4-.  This dihydrogen phosphate is an efficient buffer.
  • 18. Contd….  Phosphate buffer system in the ECF is low compared to the bicarbonate buffer.  Its buffering power is less compared to the bicarbonate buffer.  It has its importance in the renal tubules of kidneys for two reasons. .
  • 19. Contd  1.Conc. of phosphate is more in tubules.  2. Tubular fluid has lower pH.  Conc. of phosphate is more in ICF compared to ECF.
  • 20. Protein buffer system  Proteins are made up of amino acids  Amino acids have a central carbon with four groups off of it: 1.a carboxyl group (COOH) 2.an amino group (NH2) 3.a hydrogen atom 4.an R group .
  • 22. Contd…  The carboxyl and amino groups are what enable proteins to act as buffers.  Carboxyl group is attached to the amino acid central carbon: C - COOH  Carboxyl group consists of a double bond to one of the oxygens and a single bond to the hydroxyl group.
  • 23. Contd...  At neutral pH the carboxyl ion is present as COO instead of COOH.  Acidic medium – becomes COOH  Basic medium – becomes COO.
  • 24. Contd…  Amino group is attached to the amino acid central carbon: C - NH2.  Neutral pH, the amino group is actually- NH3+ rather than just NH2.  Acidic medium – becomes NH3+  Basic medium- becomes NH2
  • 26. Respiratory regulation When alveolar ventilation increases CO2 conc. In ECF decreases H+ conc. decreases Or vice versa.......
  • 27. Respiratory regulation Contd…  Pulmonary expiration of CO2 balances metabolic formation of CO2 – 1.2 mol/L of dissolved CO2 is present in the ECF corresponding to pCO2 of 40 mm/hg – Rate of pulmonary ventilation is inversely proportional to CO2 & pCO2 – So either pulmonary ventilation rate of CO2 – or its formation by tissues can change pCO2 in ECF.
  • 28. Contd…  Increasing alveolar ventilation decreases ECF hydrogen ion conc. And raises pH – If alveolar ventilation increases the pCO2 decreases. – If alveolar ventilation decreases the pCO2 increases. – Twice rise of AV--rises pH of ECF by about 0.23 – Decrease of AV to ¼ -- decreases pH by 0.45
  • 29. Contd…  Increased Hydrogen ion conc. Stimulates alveolar ventilation  Change in alveolar ventilation rate is much greater in reduced levels of pH than in increased levels of pH
  • 30. Reason Alveolar ventilation rate decreases Increases pH O2 added in blood reduces Demand of O2 in blood increases pO2 also decreases Stimulates ventilation
  • 31. Feedback control of Hydrogen ion conc. By RS H conc. Falls below normal Respiration is depressed Alveolar ventilation decreases H increases back to normal
  • 32. Bufffering power of RS  The kidneys work in elimination of hydrogen ion conc. and control imbalance.  Its capacity is 1-2 times as much as other chemical buffers.
  • 33. Impairment of lungs function:  Impairment of lung function leads to emphysema and respiratory disorders.  Kidneys play a major physiologic mechanism for returning pH to normal
  • 34. Renal mechanism of acid-base regulation  Kidneys regulate the blood pH by  1. maintaining alkali reserves  2. excreting / reabsorbing acid/base.  Urine pH is lower than blood pH  Kidneys- Acidification of urine.
  • 35. Contd…  Excretion of hydrogen ions  Reabsorption of bicarbonate ion  Excretion of ammonium ions
  • 37. Disorders of acid-base regulation  MAY LEAD TO---------  ALKALOSIS-- OR  ACIDOSIS--
  • 38. Disorders of acid-base regulation cont…  Respiratory acidosis  Respiratory alkalosis  Metabolic acidosis  Metabolic alkalosis
  • 39. Contd…  Respiratory acid-base disorders are initiated by an increase or decrease in partial pressure of carbondioxide whereas metabolic disorders are initiated by an increase or decrease in bicarbonate ion.
  • 40. Contd…  Alkalosis - Partial pressure of oxygen increases.  Acidosis – Partial pressure of carbondioxide increases.
  • 41. Contd… Respiratory acidosis-  Decrease in rate of pulmonary ventilation-  Increased pCO2 of ECF. Respiratory alkalosis-  Increased rate of ventilation-  Decrease the pCO2
  • 42. Respiratory acidosis Figure 27.12a
  • 43. Respiratory alkalosis Figure 27.12b
  • 44. Contd…  Metabolic acidosis-  Decreased ECF bicarbonate ion conc.  Metabolic alkalosis-  Increased ECF bicarbonate ion conc.
  • 45. Contd… DISTURBANCE pH PRIMARY RATIO SECONDARY CHANGE CHANGE Metabolic Acidosis Decreased Deficit of bi- <20 Decrease in PaCO2 carbonate Metabolic Increased Excess of >20 Increase in PaCO2 Alkalosis bicarbonate Respiratory Decreased Excess of <20 Increase in bicarbonate acidosis carbonic acid Respiratory Increased Deficit of >20 Decrease in bicarbonate alkalosis carbonic acid
  • 46. Contd…  Causes - Metabolic acidosis  1. Renal tubular acidosis  2. Diarrhea  3. Vomiting of intestinal contents  4. Diabetes Mellitus  5. Ingestion of acids  6. Chronic renal failure
  • 47. Contd…  Causes- Metabolic alkalosis  1. Vomiting of gastric contents  2. Ingestion of alkaline drugs etc.
  • 48. Correction by renal for…  Acidosis-  Increased excretion of hydrogen ions and addition of bicarbonate ions to the ECF.  Alkalosis-  Decreased tubular secretion of hydrogen ions and increased excretion of HCO3_
  • 51. EAT MORE -- Alkaline (80%) AcidAlkaline food chart EAT LESS -- Acidic (20%) Highly Alkaline Moderately Alkaline Mildly Alkaline Neutral/ Mildly Acidic Moderately Highly Acidic Acidic pH 9.5 alkaline water Avocado Artichokes Black Beans Fresh, Natural Juice Alcohol Himalayan salt Beetroot Asparagus Chickpeas/Garbanzos Ketchup Coffee & Black Tea Grasses Capsicum/Pepper Brussels Sprouts Kidney Beans Mayonnaise Fruit Juice Cucumber Cabbage Cauliflower Seitan Butter (Sweetened) Kale Celery Carrot Cantaloupe Apple Cocoa Kelp Collard/Spring Greens Chives Currants Apricot Honey Spinach Endive Courgette/Zucchini Fresh Dates Banana Jam Parsley Garlic Leeks Nectarine Blackberry Jelly Broccoli Ginger New Baby Potatoes Plum Blueberry Mustard Miso Sprouts(soy, alfalfa etc) Green Beans Peas Sweet Cherry Cranberry Rice Syrup Sea Vegetables (Kelp) Lettuce Rhubarb Watermelon Grapes Soy Sauce Green drinks Mustard Greens Swede Amaranth Mango Vinegar All Sprouted Beans/ Sprouts Okra Watercress Millet Mangosteen Yeast Onion Grapefruit Oats/Oatmeal Orange Dried Fruit Radish Coconut Spelt Peach Beef Red Onion Buckwheat Soybeans Papaya Chicken Rocket/Arugula Spelt Rice/Soy/Hemp Protein Pineapple Eggs Tomato Lentils Freshwater Wild Fish Strawberry Farmed Fish Lemon Tofu Rice & Soy Milk Brown Rice Pork Lime Other Beans & Legumes Brazil Nuts Oats Shellfish Butter Beans Goat & Almond Milk Pecan Nuts Rye Bread Cheese Soy Beans Most Herbs & Spices Hazel Nuts Wheat Dairy White Haricot Beans Avocado Oil Sunflower Oil Wholemeal Bread Artificial Sweeteners Chia/Salba Olive Oil Grapeseed Oil Wild Rice Syrup Quinoa Coconut Oil ` Wholemeal Pasta Mushroom Flax Oil/ Udo’s Oil Ocean Fish
  • 52. SO WHY NOT CONTROL THE ACID BASE BALANCE WITH FOOD…???
  • 53. References  Guyton's medical physiology,(Buffer System)  Ionic changes By Rudolf Jensen
  • 55. The Central Role of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in the Regulation of Plasma pH Figure 27.11a
  • 56. The Central Role of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in the Regulation of Plasma pH Figure 27.11b
  • 57. Acid-Base Disorders  Respiratory acid base disorders – Result when abnormal respiratory function causes rise or fall in CO2 in ECF  Metabolic acid-base disorders – Generation of organic or fixed acids – Anything affecting concentration of bicarbonate ions in ECF
  • 58. Respiratory acidosis  Results from excessive levels of CO2 in body fluids
  • 59. Respiratory alkalosis  Relatively rare condition  Associated with hyperventilation
  • 60. Metabolic acidosis  Major causes are: – Depletion of bicarbonate reserve – Inability to excrete hydrogen ions at kidneys – Production of large numbers of fixed / organic acids – Bicarbonate loss due to chronic diarrhea
  • 61. Figure 27.13 The Response to Metabolic Acidosis Figure 27.13
  • 62. Figure 27.14 Metabolic Alkalosis Figure 27.14
  • 63. Detection of acidosis and alkalosis  Diagnostic blood tests – Blood pH – PCO2 – Bicarbonate levels  Distinguish between respiratory and metabolic Animation: Acid-Base Homeostasis
  • 64. Changes with age include  Reduced total body water content  Impaired ability to perform renal compensation  Increased water demands – Reduced ability to concentrate urine – Reduced sensitivity to ADH/ aldosterone  Net loss of minerals  Inability to perform respiratory compensation  Secondary conditions that affect fluid, electrolyte, acid- base balance
  • 65. You should now be familiar with:  What is meant by “fluid balance,” “electrolyte balance,” and “acid-base balance”  The compositions of intracellular and extracellular fluids  The hormones that play important roles in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance  The movement of fluid that takes place within the ECF, between the ECF and the ICF, and between the ECF and the environment
  • 66. You should now be familiar with:  How sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride ions are regulated to maintain electrolyte balance  The buffering systems that balance the pH of the intracellular and extracellular fluids  The compensatory mechanisms involved in acid-base balance