all about psychology

1. FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF
SOCIOLOGY

2. FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE 0F
SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is one of the disciplines in the social
sciences which aims to discover the ways by which
the social surrounding/environment influences
people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

3. • Born on February 27, 1863 in Massachusetts, USA
• Graduated and taught Grade School at Oberlin College.
• Enrolled in Harvard University in 1887 where his interests were
Philosophy and Psychology
• He wrote and published articles and book reviews but did not publish
his own
book.
• His students put together number of his articles and edited them for
publication.
• He died in 1931 due to Heart Failure.
George Herbert Mead

4. - Social Behaviorism- the approach Mead used to describe the power of
environment in shaping human behavior. At the center of his theorizing is
the concept of self.
- He described the self as “dimension of personality that is
made up of the individual’s self-awareness and self-image” (Macionis,
2012)
- According to Mead, the self cannot be separated from the society.
- He explained through a set of stages which the person undergoes in the
course of his development.
Mead’s Social Self

5. The
Preparatory
Stage
Mead believed that a self did not exist at birth but
develops over time. It depends on social
interaction and social experience.
At this stage
- Children’s behavior are primarily based on
Imitation. They become familiar with symbols
(verbal and non-verbal) as they interact and
these symbols are the bases of
Communication
- Knowing and Understanding the symbols are
important to constitute their way of
communicating with others throughout their
lives (Schaefer, 2012)

6. The Play Stage
This stage is where the child widens his
perspective and realizes that he is not alone and
there are others around him which he has to
consider.
At this stage
- Knowing and Understanding the symbols of
communication to constitute basis for
socialization to form social relationship.
- Role-taking is the process of assuming the
perspective of another person to see how this
person might behave or respond in a given
situation (Schaefer, 2012)
- Eg. Mother Father Game

7. The Game
Stage
The child now has the ability to respond not just
to one but several members of his social
environment.
At this stage
- Begins to consider several tasks and various
types of relationships simultaneously.
- Generalized other was used to explain the
behavior when a person considers other
people in the course of his action. Through
this, the person realizes the cultural norms,
beliefs, & values incorporated to each self.
With this, it forms the basis of self-evaluation

8. STAGES OF SELF FORMATION
(GEORGE MEAD)
STAGE EXISTENCE OF SELF CHARACTERISTICS
Preparatory Stage None Imitates another
Play Stage Developing Role – Taking
Game Stage Present Generalized Other

9. Mead’s Theory of the Self
• Theory of the Self: The self is not present at birth but begins as a central character in a
child’s world.
• Children see themselves as “universe” and is having difficulty understanding people around
them.
• As they grow and mature, they begin to see other people and is concerned about their
reactions.
• His family play a major role in the formation of the self.
• They are the Significant others – strongly influence his development. (Schaefer, 2012)

10. THE “I” AND
“ME”
o Mead explained that the person’s capacity
to see the self through others implies that
the self has 2 parts:
o I Self – when the person initiates, the self
functions as subject. This subjective
element of the self is the I.
o Me Self – when the person takes the role of
the other, the self function as object. The
objective element of the self is the Me.
o Eg. I Self: I will do my assignment Me Self:
Best in thesis was awarded to me

11. SOCIOLOGICAL
UNDERSTANDING THE
SELF
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY (1864-1929)
• American sociologist who made use the Sociopsychological approach
to understand how societies work.
• Earned his Doctorate at the University of Michigan and taught as a
Sociology Professor until the end of his life.
• He discussed the formation of the self through interaction in his written
work, Human Nature and the Social Order (1902)

12. CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
(1864-1929)
● Looking-glass self – the self that is a product of social interaction.
Seeing oneself is based on contemplating one’s personal qualities
and the view of the self is also influenced by the impression of other
people.
● Cooley believed that developing a self has 3 phases: (Schaefer,
2012)
1. People imagine how they present themselves to others Ex: You dress-
up elegantly at the prom
2. People imagine how others evaluate them Ex: Others will see you as
pretty by the way you fix yourself
3. People develop some sort of feeling about themselves as a result of
those impressions. Ex: You may see yourself as confident.

13. “Today, I’m not what I think I
am; I’m not what you think I
am; I am what I think you
think I am.”
- Charles Cooley

14. It is noticed that Cooley used the word Imagine. This
may mean that there is a possibility that people
develop self-identities based on the wrong perception
of how others see them. Wrong perceptions, however,
can still change based on positive social experiences
“Today, I’m not what I think I
am; I’m not what you think I
am; I am what I think you
think I am.”

15. Erving Goffman (1922- 1982)
• Canadian-American sociologist know for his role
in the development of Modern American
Sociology.
• The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life
– people early in their social interactions learned
to slant their presentation of themselves in order
to create preferred appearances and satisfy
particular people or altering how the person
presents himself to others which he called
Impression Management.

16. Erving Goffman (1922- 1982)
o He sees similarities of real social interaction to a
theatrical presentation. This is the reason for the
label dramaturgical approach to his view.
o He used the phrase face-work to describe
another aspect of the self. This was observed in
situations where face-saving measures are
resorted to in the maintenance of a proper image
of self in frustrating or embarrassing situations
(Schaefer, 2012)
“Choose your self-presentations carefully, for what
starts out as a mask may become your face”
- Erving Goffman

17. From the Perspective of
Sociology
The discussions and observations of the
sociologists represented a progression
on how the self has developed through
the process of socialization to how the
person manages self-presentation in
order for him to be accepted by others.

18. Activity No. 1
MIRROR ON THE WALL, WHO IS THE FAIREST OF
THEM ALL
• Your task is to see yourself in the mirror, ask
yourself, do I really see myself as Fairest of them
all?
• Enumerate things you see yourself
• Enumerate how others see you
• If you combine the two, what are the things you
develop within yourself as you present it and as
others see it?
 Note: Put it a bond paper, electronic or
handwritten.

19. The Self from
the Perspective
of Anthropology

20. 01
02
The Self from the Perspective of
Anthropology
Anthropology is a field of the social sciences that focuses on the
study of man. Not just on one aspect of man, but the totality of what it
means to be human. The field looks into man’s physical/biological
characteristics, social relationships, and the influence of his culture
from the dawn of civilization up to the present.
Everything in anthropology is interconnected and a complete
understanding is necessary to achieve better understanding of
oneself.

21. There are 4 subfields of Anthropology that
suggests that human beings are similar and very
different at the same time:
• Archaeology
• Biological Anthropology
• Linguistic Anthropology
• Cultural Anthropology

22. ARCHAEOLO
GY
• Archeologist is a scientist who
studies artifacts in order to discover
how people lived their lives. As a
result, archaeologists have
discovered humans adapted to
changes in their environment in order
for them to survive.
• They believe that homo sapiens did
not become extinct because of their
ability to think, use tools, and learn
from experience.

23. ARCHAEOLO
GY
• This discoveries made people realize
that the most important aspect of
human life is survival. Human
Behavior according to School of
Functionalism, continues to adapt, in
order to survive.
• Men are similar, but the manner they
use to survive differs. This is the
dilemma that archaeology
continuously searching for answers.

24. BIOLOGICAL
ANTROPOLOG
Y
• Biological Anthropologists Focus primarily on how the
human body adapts to the different earth
environments. They look at the probable cause of
diseases, mutation and death. They are interested in
explaining how biological characteristics of human
beings affect how they lived their lives.
• They study people in different places and discovered
that while human beings vary in their biological
make-up and behavior, there are a lot more
similarities among them than there are difference.
• Biological characteristics of humans beings share
may earn for them complete dominion over all earth
creatures and at the same time be the cause of their
extinction.

25. LINGUISTIC
ANTHROPOLO
GY
• Human survival is primarily linked to their ability to
communicate and an essential part of human
communication is language.
• Language – identifies group of people; words,
sounds, symbols, writings and signs that are used
are reflections of a group’s culture.
• Linguistic Anthropologists used language to discover
a group’s manner of social interaction, to create and
share meanings to form ideas, concepts, and to
promote social change, and how language change
over time.
• Language is reflective of the time and mode of
thinking of the people using it. As societies change
and technologies develop, so do the symbols and
meaning people use through language as their way
of communicating.

26. CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLO
GY
• Culture – group of people’s way of life.
Including their behavior, beliefs, values, and
symbols that they accept, socially transmitted
through communication and imitation from
generation to generation.
• Cultural Anthropologists focus in knowing
what makes one group’s manner of living
particularly to that group and forms an
essential part of the member’s personal and
social identity.

27. Theory of Cultural Determinism
• Where culture has a strong impact on how individual view
himself.
• According to this theory, human nature is determined by
the ideas, meanings, beliefs, and values learned as
member of a society.
• Who or what a person is maybe determined by the kind of
culture he is born into and grew up in.
• Having different cultures, Cultural Anthropologists
suggests that there is no universal or right way of being
human. The right way is always based on culture. Since
culture vary, there is no one way of understanding human
nature.

28. Theory of Cultural
Determinism
This theory has positive and negative
implications.
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
• Human beings can be shaped to
have the kind of life they prefer.
There is no limit placed on the
human ability to be or to do do
whatever they set their minds
and hearts into.
• People have no control over
what they learn. They blindly
accept the learning their culture
expose them to. They are seen
as helpless and do only what
their culture instructs them to do.

29. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• Cultural diversities are manifested in different
ways and at different levels of depth. Symbols are
considered the most superficial level of culture and
values belong to the deepest level or are
considered as the core of culture.
• Ways in which culture may manifest itself in
people:
- Symbols
- Heroes
- Rituals
- Values

30. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Ways in which culture may manifest itself in
people:
Symbols – words, gestures, symbols, that
have recognized meaning in a particular
culture.
Ex: Rings that signify commitment

31. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Ways in which culture may manifest itself in
people:
Heroes – person from the past or present
who have characteristics that are important in
a culture. They may be real or fictitious and
are models of behavior.

32. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Ways in which culture may manifest itself in
people:
Rituals – activities, may be religious or social,
participated in by a group of people for the
fulfillment of desired objectives and are
considered to be socially essential.

33. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Ways in which culture may manifest itself in
people:
Values – are unconscious, and can neither be
discussed nor be directly observed but can only be
inferred from the way people act and react to
circumstances and situations.

34. The Self from the
Perspective of
Anthropology
Anthropology makes the person aware that
what he is maybe determined by his past,
and present condition, his biological
characteristics, the way he communicates,
the language that he uses and the manner in
which he chooses to live his life.

35. In a world where you
can be anything,
choose to be kind.