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Introduction to G-Code 
Programming 
Computer Integrated Manufacturing 
Unit 2: CNC Machining
In this lesson: 
Review Coordinate Geometry Basics 
Identify common Terminology 
Examine G and M - Code language 
Provide opportunities for Review and 
Practice
Rectangular Coordinate System 
X-axis 
Y-axis 
Origin 
A ((1X,,.Y8)75) 
.125 inch spacing
(1.000,1.000 
(-1.125,.625) ) 
(-.375,-.500) 
(.750,-1.000) 
Ordered Pairs 
A 
B 
C 
D
3D Coordinate System (X,Y,Z) 
X-axis 
Z-axis 
Y-axis
Basic Machine Axes: 3 axis 
Milling Machines: 3 axis 
X – axis (table left and 
right) 
Y – axis (table in and out) 
Z – axis (usually the 
spindle axis)
Additional Axes 
A – axis (angular axis about X - axis) 
B – axis (angular axis about Y – axis) 
C – axis (angular axis about Z – axis) 
U – axis (secondary axis parallel to X) 
V – axis (secondary axis parallel to Y) 
W – axis (secondary axis parallel to Z)
Milling Machines: 4 axis
Terminology 
NC – Numerical Control 
CNC – Computer Numerical Control 
DNC – Direct Numerical Control 
APT – Automatic Programmed Tool 
CAD – Computer Aided Design 
CAM – Computer Aided Manufacturing 
CIM – Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Download Code Sheet 
Click here to open Code Sheet
G - Code Programming 
G – Code Programming 
Originally called the “Word Address” 
programming format. 
Processed one line at a time sequentially.
Common Format of a Block 
Sequence 
# 
Preparatory 
Function 
Dimension 
Words 
Feed 
Rate 
Spindle 
Function 
Tool 
Function 
Misc. 
Function 
N50 G90 G01 X1.40Y2.25 F10 S1500 T01 M03 
Individual Words
Reserved Code Words 
Worksheet 
N – Sequence or line number 
G – Preparatory function 
Dimension Words: 
X – 
Y – 
Z – 
Word Address 1 
N – Sequence or line number 
A tag that identifies the beginning of a block of 
code. It is used by operators to locate specific 
lines of a program when entering data or verifying 
the program operation. 
G – Preparatory function 
G words specify the mode in which the milling 
machine is to move along its programmed axes.
Word Address 2 
Dimension Words 
X – Distance or position in X direction 
Y – Distance or position in Y direction 
Z – Distance or position in Z direction 
M – Miscellaneous functions 
M words specify CNC machine functions not 
related to dimensions or axial movements.
Word Address 3 
F – Feed rate (inches per minute or millimeters per 
minute) 
Rate at which cutting tool moves along an axis. 
S – Spindle speed (rpm – revolutions per minute) 
Controls spindle rotation speed. 
T – Tool number 
Specifies tool to be selected.
Word Address 4 
I – Circular cutting reference for x axis 
J – Circular cutting reference for y axis 
K – Circular cutting reference for z axis
G Word 
G words or codes tell the machine to 
perform certain functions. Most G 
words are modal which means they 
remain in effect until replaced by 
another modal G code.
Common G Codes 
G00 – Rapid positioning mode 
Tool is moved along the shortest route to 
programmed X,Y,Z position. Usually NOT 
used for cutting. 
G01 – Linear Interpolation mode 
Tool is moved along a straight-line path at 
programmed rate of speed. 
G02 – Circular motion clockwise (cw) 
G03 – Circular motion counter clockwise 
(ccw)
Common G Codes, con., 
G17 – XY plane 
G18 – XZ plane 
G19 – YZ plane 
G20 – Inch Mode 
G21 – Metric Mode 
G28 – Return to axis machine Zero 
(Home)
G Codes: G90, G91 
G90 – Absolute Coordinate Reference 
References the next position from an absolute 
zero point which is set once for the entire 
program. 
G91 – Incremental Coordinate Reference 
References the next position from the previous 
position.
G Codes: Canned Cycles 
G80 – Cancel canned cycle 
G81 – Drilling cycle 
G83 – Peck drilling cycle 
G84 – Tapping cycle 
G85 – Boring cycle 
G86 – Boring cycle 
NOTE: A canned cycle stays in effect until 
cancelled by a G80.
Canned Cycles: G81 
G81 – Drilling Cycle 
Feed to depth, rapid return 
Example of program code: 
N35 G81 X.500Y.500Z-1.000 R.100 F1.50 
N36 X1.000Y1.500 
N37 X1.500Y2.000 
N38 G80
Canned Cycles: G83, G84 
G83 – Peck Drilling Cycle 
Feed to an intermediate depth, rapid out, rapid 
back to just above previous depth, feed to next 
depth, rapid out, repeat until reaching full depth. 
G84 – Tapping Cycle 
This cycle creates internal threads in an existing 
hole. 
NOTE: One cannot over-ride the feed rate.
Canned Cycles: G85, G86 
G85 - Boring Cycle 
Feed to depth, feed back out. 
G86 – Boring Cycle 
Feed to depth, rapid out.
G Codes: Cutter Compensation 
G40 – Cancel cutter diameter 
compensation. 
G41 – Cutter compensation left. 
G42 – Cutter compensation right.
M Word 
M words tell the machine to perform 
certain machine related functions, 
such as: turn spindle on/off, coolant 
on/off, or stop/end program. 
Professional Development ID Code: 6006
Common M words 
M00 – Programmed pause 
Automatically stops machine until operator pushes a button 
to resume program. 
M01 – Optional stop 
A stop acted upon by the machine when operator has 
signaled this command by pushing a button. 
M02 – End of program 
Stops program when all lines of code are completed. Must 
be last command in program.
Common M words 
M03 – Turn spindle on 
In clockwise direction 
M04 – Turn spindle on 
In counter clockwise direction 
M05 – Stop spindle 
Usually used prior to tool change or at end of program. 
M06 – Tool change 
Stops program and calls for a tool change, either 
automatically or manually.
Common M words 
M08 – Turns Accessory 1 on. 
M09 – Turns Accessory 1 off. 
M10 – Turns Accessory 2 on. 
M11 – Turns Accessory 2 off. 
M30 – End of program 
Similar to M02 but M30 will also “rewind” the program. 
Must be last statement in program. If used, DO NOT 
use M02.
Zero Points 
Part Zero 
– Used for absolute programming mode. 
– Usually a position on the part that all absolute 
coordinates are referenced to. 
– Changes with different parts and programs. 
Machine Zero or Machine Home Position 
– Fixed for each machine from the manufacturer. 
– Not changeable.
Cutter Path Generation 
Cutter path is generated by moving the 
tool from point to point. The points are 
previously defined from the part 
drawing dimensions. 
Each line of code will show the 
destination point of where the tool will 
go to.
Interpolation 
Method of determining intermediate 
points along a cutting path. 
Two methods: 
• Linear interpolation – cut a path along a 
specified angle at a specified feed rate. 
• Circular interpolation – cut a path along an arc 
or circle at a specified feed rate.
Axis movements: Caution! 
Multiple axis movements are possible. 
“Best Practice” is NOT to make a 3-axis 
movement using one line of code. 
Move to position using two axes, X,Y; 
then move the Z with an additional 
line of code.
Example 1: NC Block
Top View NC Block .125 GRID 
SPACES 
Origin 
(0,0)
Download Worksheet 
Click here to open Practice Exercises
Worksheet Problem 1 .125 GRID 
SPACES 
Origin 
(0,0) 
E( , ) 
B( , ) 
D( , ) 
C( , ) 
A( , ) 
F( , ) 
I( , ) J( , ) 
H( , ) G( , ) 
K( , ) 
L( , )
Pause Lesson
Example 1: Program NC 
N01 G90 G80 T00 
N02 G00 X0 Y3.000 Z1.000 
N03 M03 S1000
Example 1: Program NC 
N01 G90 G80 T00 
N02 G00 X0 Y3.000 Z1.000 
N03 M03 S1000 
N04 X.375 Y.250 Z1.000 
N05 Z.100 
N06 G01 Z-.100 F5.00 
N07 Y1.750
Example 1: Program cont’d 
N08 X1.250 Y.250 
N09 Y1.750 
N10 G00 Z.100 
N11 X2.625 Y.500 
N12 GO1 Z-.100 
N13 X2.375 Y2.50 
N14 X2.000
Example 1: Program cont’d 
N15 X1.750 Y.500 
N16 Y1.500 
N17 X2.000 Y1.750 
N18 X2.375 
N19 X2.625 Y1.500
Example 1, con., 
N20 G00 Z1.000 
N21 X0 Y3.000 
N22 M05 
N23 M30
Example 2: PLTW Block
Worksheet Problem 2 
Origin 
.250 GRID 
SPACE
Example 2: Top View 
E( , 
) 
A( , 
) 
Origin 
D( , 
) 
C( , 
) 
B( , 
) 
J( , ) I( , ) 
) 
H( , 
) 
G( , ) 
F( , 
) 
L( , 
) 
K( , 
.250 Grid Space 
O( , 
) 
P( , 
) 
N( , 
) 
M( , 
) 
Q( , 
)
Pause Lesson
Example 2: PLTW 
N01 G90 G80 T01 
N02 G00 X0 Y0 Z1.000 
N03 M03 S1000 
N04 X.750 Y.500 Z1.000 
N05 Z.100 
N06 G01 Z-.250 F5.00 
N07 Y2.500
Example 2: PLTW cont’d 
N08 X1.250 
N09 G02 X1.250 Y1.500 I1.250 J2.000 
N10 G01 X.750 
N11 G00 Z.100 
N12 X2.250 Y2.500 
N13 G01 Z-.250 
N14 Y.500
Example 2: Program cont’d 
N15 X3.250 
N16 G00 Z.100 
N17 X4.000 
N18 G01 Z-.250 
N19 Y2.500 
N20 X3.500 
N21 X4.500
Example 2: PLTW cont’d 
N22 G00 Z.100 
N23 X5.000 Y2.500 
N24 G01 Z-.250 
N25 X5.500 Y.500 
N26 X5.750 Y1.500 
N27 X6.000 Y.500 
N28 X6.500 Y2.500
Example 2: PLTW cont’d 
N29 G00 Z1.000 
N30 X0 Y0 
N31 M05 
N32 M30
Curriculum Alignment: 
Unit 2: CNC Machining 
Section 2.3 – CNC Machining 
PowerPoint – Introduction to CNC 
PowerPoint – CNC Programming
References: 
Oberg, E. & Jones F. D. & Horton, H. L. & Ryffell, 
H. H. (2000). Machinery’s Handbook, 26th 
ed., New York, NY: Industrial Press Inc. 
Valentino, J.V. & Goldenberg, J. (2003). 
Introduction to Computer Numerical Control 
(CNC), 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice 
Hall
Credits: 
Writer: Bob Arrendondo 
Content Editor: Donna E. Scribner 
Narration: Donna E. Scribner 
PLTW Editor: Ed Hughes 
Production: CJ Amarosa 
Video Production: CJ Amarosa 
Audio: CJ Amarosa 
Project Manager: Donna E. Scribner

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5 g-code

  • 1. Introduction to G-Code Programming Computer Integrated Manufacturing Unit 2: CNC Machining
  • 2. In this lesson: Review Coordinate Geometry Basics Identify common Terminology Examine G and M - Code language Provide opportunities for Review and Practice
  • 3. Rectangular Coordinate System X-axis Y-axis Origin A ((1X,,.Y8)75) .125 inch spacing
  • 4. (1.000,1.000 (-1.125,.625) ) (-.375,-.500) (.750,-1.000) Ordered Pairs A B C D
  • 5. 3D Coordinate System (X,Y,Z) X-axis Z-axis Y-axis
  • 6. Basic Machine Axes: 3 axis Milling Machines: 3 axis X – axis (table left and right) Y – axis (table in and out) Z – axis (usually the spindle axis)
  • 7. Additional Axes A – axis (angular axis about X - axis) B – axis (angular axis about Y – axis) C – axis (angular axis about Z – axis) U – axis (secondary axis parallel to X) V – axis (secondary axis parallel to Y) W – axis (secondary axis parallel to Z)
  • 9. Terminology NC – Numerical Control CNC – Computer Numerical Control DNC – Direct Numerical Control APT – Automatic Programmed Tool CAD – Computer Aided Design CAM – Computer Aided Manufacturing CIM – Computer Integrated Manufacturing
  • 10. Download Code Sheet Click here to open Code Sheet
  • 11. G - Code Programming G – Code Programming Originally called the “Word Address” programming format. Processed one line at a time sequentially.
  • 12. Common Format of a Block Sequence # Preparatory Function Dimension Words Feed Rate Spindle Function Tool Function Misc. Function N50 G90 G01 X1.40Y2.25 F10 S1500 T01 M03 Individual Words
  • 13. Reserved Code Words Worksheet N – Sequence or line number G – Preparatory function Dimension Words: X – Y – Z – Word Address 1 N – Sequence or line number A tag that identifies the beginning of a block of code. It is used by operators to locate specific lines of a program when entering data or verifying the program operation. G – Preparatory function G words specify the mode in which the milling machine is to move along its programmed axes.
  • 14. Word Address 2 Dimension Words X – Distance or position in X direction Y – Distance or position in Y direction Z – Distance or position in Z direction M – Miscellaneous functions M words specify CNC machine functions not related to dimensions or axial movements.
  • 15. Word Address 3 F – Feed rate (inches per minute or millimeters per minute) Rate at which cutting tool moves along an axis. S – Spindle speed (rpm – revolutions per minute) Controls spindle rotation speed. T – Tool number Specifies tool to be selected.
  • 16. Word Address 4 I – Circular cutting reference for x axis J – Circular cutting reference for y axis K – Circular cutting reference for z axis
  • 17. G Word G words or codes tell the machine to perform certain functions. Most G words are modal which means they remain in effect until replaced by another modal G code.
  • 18. Common G Codes G00 – Rapid positioning mode Tool is moved along the shortest route to programmed X,Y,Z position. Usually NOT used for cutting. G01 – Linear Interpolation mode Tool is moved along a straight-line path at programmed rate of speed. G02 – Circular motion clockwise (cw) G03 – Circular motion counter clockwise (ccw)
  • 19. Common G Codes, con., G17 – XY plane G18 – XZ plane G19 – YZ plane G20 – Inch Mode G21 – Metric Mode G28 – Return to axis machine Zero (Home)
  • 20. G Codes: G90, G91 G90 – Absolute Coordinate Reference References the next position from an absolute zero point which is set once for the entire program. G91 – Incremental Coordinate Reference References the next position from the previous position.
  • 21. G Codes: Canned Cycles G80 – Cancel canned cycle G81 – Drilling cycle G83 – Peck drilling cycle G84 – Tapping cycle G85 – Boring cycle G86 – Boring cycle NOTE: A canned cycle stays in effect until cancelled by a G80.
  • 22. Canned Cycles: G81 G81 – Drilling Cycle Feed to depth, rapid return Example of program code: N35 G81 X.500Y.500Z-1.000 R.100 F1.50 N36 X1.000Y1.500 N37 X1.500Y2.000 N38 G80
  • 23. Canned Cycles: G83, G84 G83 – Peck Drilling Cycle Feed to an intermediate depth, rapid out, rapid back to just above previous depth, feed to next depth, rapid out, repeat until reaching full depth. G84 – Tapping Cycle This cycle creates internal threads in an existing hole. NOTE: One cannot over-ride the feed rate.
  • 24. Canned Cycles: G85, G86 G85 - Boring Cycle Feed to depth, feed back out. G86 – Boring Cycle Feed to depth, rapid out.
  • 25. G Codes: Cutter Compensation G40 – Cancel cutter diameter compensation. G41 – Cutter compensation left. G42 – Cutter compensation right.
  • 26. M Word M words tell the machine to perform certain machine related functions, such as: turn spindle on/off, coolant on/off, or stop/end program. Professional Development ID Code: 6006
  • 27. Common M words M00 – Programmed pause Automatically stops machine until operator pushes a button to resume program. M01 – Optional stop A stop acted upon by the machine when operator has signaled this command by pushing a button. M02 – End of program Stops program when all lines of code are completed. Must be last command in program.
  • 28. Common M words M03 – Turn spindle on In clockwise direction M04 – Turn spindle on In counter clockwise direction M05 – Stop spindle Usually used prior to tool change or at end of program. M06 – Tool change Stops program and calls for a tool change, either automatically or manually.
  • 29. Common M words M08 – Turns Accessory 1 on. M09 – Turns Accessory 1 off. M10 – Turns Accessory 2 on. M11 – Turns Accessory 2 off. M30 – End of program Similar to M02 but M30 will also “rewind” the program. Must be last statement in program. If used, DO NOT use M02.
  • 30. Zero Points Part Zero – Used for absolute programming mode. – Usually a position on the part that all absolute coordinates are referenced to. – Changes with different parts and programs. Machine Zero or Machine Home Position – Fixed for each machine from the manufacturer. – Not changeable.
  • 31. Cutter Path Generation Cutter path is generated by moving the tool from point to point. The points are previously defined from the part drawing dimensions. Each line of code will show the destination point of where the tool will go to.
  • 32. Interpolation Method of determining intermediate points along a cutting path. Two methods: • Linear interpolation – cut a path along a specified angle at a specified feed rate. • Circular interpolation – cut a path along an arc or circle at a specified feed rate.
  • 33. Axis movements: Caution! Multiple axis movements are possible. “Best Practice” is NOT to make a 3-axis movement using one line of code. Move to position using two axes, X,Y; then move the Z with an additional line of code.
  • 34. Example 1: NC Block
  • 35. Top View NC Block .125 GRID SPACES Origin (0,0)
  • 36. Download Worksheet Click here to open Practice Exercises
  • 37. Worksheet Problem 1 .125 GRID SPACES Origin (0,0) E( , ) B( , ) D( , ) C( , ) A( , ) F( , ) I( , ) J( , ) H( , ) G( , ) K( , ) L( , )
  • 39. Example 1: Program NC N01 G90 G80 T00 N02 G00 X0 Y3.000 Z1.000 N03 M03 S1000
  • 40. Example 1: Program NC N01 G90 G80 T00 N02 G00 X0 Y3.000 Z1.000 N03 M03 S1000 N04 X.375 Y.250 Z1.000 N05 Z.100 N06 G01 Z-.100 F5.00 N07 Y1.750
  • 41. Example 1: Program cont’d N08 X1.250 Y.250 N09 Y1.750 N10 G00 Z.100 N11 X2.625 Y.500 N12 GO1 Z-.100 N13 X2.375 Y2.50 N14 X2.000
  • 42. Example 1: Program cont’d N15 X1.750 Y.500 N16 Y1.500 N17 X2.000 Y1.750 N18 X2.375 N19 X2.625 Y1.500
  • 43. Example 1, con., N20 G00 Z1.000 N21 X0 Y3.000 N22 M05 N23 M30
  • 45. Worksheet Problem 2 Origin .250 GRID SPACE
  • 46. Example 2: Top View E( , ) A( , ) Origin D( , ) C( , ) B( , ) J( , ) I( , ) ) H( , ) G( , ) F( , ) L( , ) K( , .250 Grid Space O( , ) P( , ) N( , ) M( , ) Q( , )
  • 48. Example 2: PLTW N01 G90 G80 T01 N02 G00 X0 Y0 Z1.000 N03 M03 S1000 N04 X.750 Y.500 Z1.000 N05 Z.100 N06 G01 Z-.250 F5.00 N07 Y2.500
  • 49. Example 2: PLTW cont’d N08 X1.250 N09 G02 X1.250 Y1.500 I1.250 J2.000 N10 G01 X.750 N11 G00 Z.100 N12 X2.250 Y2.500 N13 G01 Z-.250 N14 Y.500
  • 50. Example 2: Program cont’d N15 X3.250 N16 G00 Z.100 N17 X4.000 N18 G01 Z-.250 N19 Y2.500 N20 X3.500 N21 X4.500
  • 51. Example 2: PLTW cont’d N22 G00 Z.100 N23 X5.000 Y2.500 N24 G01 Z-.250 N25 X5.500 Y.500 N26 X5.750 Y1.500 N27 X6.000 Y.500 N28 X6.500 Y2.500
  • 52. Example 2: PLTW cont’d N29 G00 Z1.000 N30 X0 Y0 N31 M05 N32 M30
  • 53. Curriculum Alignment: Unit 2: CNC Machining Section 2.3 – CNC Machining PowerPoint – Introduction to CNC PowerPoint – CNC Programming
  • 54. References: Oberg, E. & Jones F. D. & Horton, H. L. & Ryffell, H. H. (2000). Machinery’s Handbook, 26th ed., New York, NY: Industrial Press Inc. Valentino, J.V. & Goldenberg, J. (2003). Introduction to Computer Numerical Control (CNC), 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
  • 55. Credits: Writer: Bob Arrendondo Content Editor: Donna E. Scribner Narration: Donna E. Scribner PLTW Editor: Ed Hughes Production: CJ Amarosa Video Production: CJ Amarosa Audio: CJ Amarosa Project Manager: Donna E. Scribner