equine colic, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention . antibiotics, analgesic and laxatives in colic treatment. colic in horses.types of colic

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2. Presented by: Salam Elayh; DVM
Urmia University
College of veterinary medicine
2014.5.5
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 Not a disease
 General term
indicating abdominal pain
 Every case should be
taken seriously

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Stomach
Small intestine
Cecum
Colon
Small colon
Rectum

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Several classification systems of equine colic have been
described including a disease-based system classifying the
cause of colic as:
 Obstructive
 Obstructive and strangulating
 Non strangulating infarctive
 Inflammatory (peritonitis, enteritis)

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1-luminal → sand colic
2-mural blackage→ neoplasia
3-extra mural blackage →large colon displasmen
4-functional→ paralytic ileus

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Infarction→ thromboembolic colic

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infection(salmonella , actinobacillus) → peritoneitis
and enteritis

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Torsion
Intussusception
Diaphragmatic and
Inguinal hernia

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Colic cases can also be classified on the basis of the
duration of the disease: acute « 24-36 h), chronic (> 24-
36 h) and recurrent (multiple episodes separated by
periods of > 2 days of .normality)

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 Equine colic accurs world wide.
 The incidence rate: 3.5-10.6 percent
 Mortality: 2.5 percent
 The case fatality rate:
 6-13 percent

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1) intrinsic horse characteristics
2) Management
those associated with feeding practices
medical history
parasite control

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Age
Horses 2-10 years of age are 2.8 times more
likely to develop colic that horses less than 2
year.

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Breed
There is a consistent
finding that Arabian
horses are at increased
risk of colic, but the
reason for this apparently
greater risk has not been
determined.

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Environmental or
feeding change
Watering
Housing
change in the
amount of
physical activity

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Horses with a history of colic are 6
times more likely to have colic again
Previous abdominal surgery are 5
times as likely

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Inadequate parasite control programs have been estimated to put
horses at 2-9 times greater risk of developing colic.

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The features common to severe colic, and often
present to a lesser degree in milder colics, are pain,
gastrointestinal dysfunction, intestinal ischemia,
endotoxemia and compromised cardiovascular
function (shock )

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Distension of the gastrointestinal tract stimulation
of stretch receptors and pain → inhibits normal gut
motility and function → accumulation of ingesta
and fluid further destination and pain

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Alterations to motility or absorptive function
Examples
spasmodic colic→ severe contraction of intestine
Impaction → blockage of the intestine

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Ultimately → most forms of lethal colic involve some degree of ischemia
of the intestine because of loss of barrier function

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► because of restricted respiration by pressure on the diaphragm and reduced venous return to
the heart because of pressure on the caudal vena cava
► endotoxemia and hypovolemia

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 stamping or kicking at the belly
 looking or nipping at the flank

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 pacing in small circles and repeatedly getting up and
lying down

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 rolling, and lying on the back

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 Vomiting
 Sweating is common
 Abdominal destination

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 ↑pulse rate with ↓pulse amplitude
 Endotoxemia → bright red mucous Membranes
 Terminal stages of disease→ cold, purple, dry
mucous with CTR of more than 3 seconds and toxic
line

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 Patient history and signalment
 Physical exam
 Rectal palpation
 Naso-gastric intubation
 Ultrasonography
 Radiology
 CBC, biochemistry
 Exploratory surgery


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 Patient history and signalment
 Physical exam
 Rectal palpation
 Naso-gastric intubation
 Ultrasonography
 Radiology
 CBC, biochemistry
 Exploratory surgery


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 All four quadrants of the abdomen should be
 examined for at least 1 minute at each site.
 Continuous, loud borborygmi→ intestinal
hypermotility
 Absence of sounds→ ileus

37. 'pinging‘ sound → the tightly gas-distended bowel near
body wall
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Normal anatomy

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 All four quadrants of the abdomen should be
 examined for at least 1 minute at each site.
 Continuous, loud borborygmi→ intestinal hypermotility
 Absence of sounds→ ileus

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 The structure is often compressible, akin to
 squeezing a fluid-filled tubular balloon, and slightly
moveable. is suggestive of a small-intestinal obstructive lesion
or anterior enteritis

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 Gas and fluid distension of the large colon is evident as large
(> 20 cm) taut structures often extending into pelvic canal.
Tenial bands are often not palpable.
 Impaction is evident as columns of firm ingesta. The most
common site is the pelvic flexure

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1-Ultrasonography
2-radiology
3-Course of the disease
Spasmodic and gas colic: usually resolves within hours of onset.
Horses with strangulating lesions have severe clinical signs and
usually die within 24 hours of the onset of signs.
Horses with non strangulating obstructive lesions : have longer
courses, often 48 hours to 1 week

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 Hematocrit and plasma total protein
 blood leukocyte:
 Combination of leukopenia and a left shift are
consistent with the endotoxemia
 Hyperkalemia → in horses with severe acidosis

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Hypokalemia → in horses with more long-
standing colic
 Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia →severe
colic
 (GGT)→its activity is elevated in 50% of
horses with right dorsal displacement of the
colon (compression of bile duct).

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Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine Prerenal azotemia is common
in horses Acid-base status: Most horses with severe colic have
metabolic acidosis

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 Abdominocentesis
 The presence of intracellular bacteria, plant
material and degenerate neutrophils is
indicative of Gastrointestinal rupture

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 Arterial systolic blood pressure →90 mmHg (12 kPa) having
a 50% chance
 below 80 mmHg→ fewer than 20%
 Capillary refill time: 3 seconds or more→30%
 HR: 8O/min →50% chance of survival
 50/min → has a 90% chance

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 The nature of the necropsy findings depends
on the underlying disease

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1-Provision of analgesia
2-Correction of fluid, electrolyte and Acid-
base abnormalities
3- Gastrointestinal lubrication or
administration of fecal softeners
4-Treatment of underlying disease

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 A suitable regimen includes anaminoglycoside
and a penicillin, possibly with metronidazole

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 Preferably a balanced,
 isotonic, polyionic
 Fluid such as lactated
 Ringer's solution.

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 adequate parasite control
 Feeding large quantities of forage
 minimizing the amount of concentrate fed
 providing dental care