11. NAD+
/ NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
N+
R
H
CNH2
O
N
R
H
CNH2
O
H
+ H+
الكسدة حالة في
NAD+
الختزال حالة في
NADH
+ 2 e-
للطاقة خامزنة
49. NADH
+ H+
NAD+
H
+
H
+
H
+
2 H+ + ½ O2 H20
H
+H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+ H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
ADP + P ATP
التأكسدية :الفسفرة الثالثة المرحلة
57. NADHNADH
NADH NADH FADH2
Cytoplasm
Electron shuttle
across membrane Mitochondrion
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose Pyruvate
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
by oxidative
phosphorylation
2 Acetyl
CoA
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
+ 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 34 ATP
About
38 ATP
2
2 6 2
2 2
(or 2 FADH2)
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
(Electron Transport
and Chemiosmosis)
Maximum per glucose: ~38
ATP
Each
NADH:
3 ATP
10x3=30
Each
FADH2:
2 ATP
2x2=4
30+4=34
+4
=38
الخلوي للتنفس الطاقية الحصيلة
97. • Many elongated myosin molecules
shaped like golf clubs.
• Single filament contains roughly 300
myosin molecules
• Molecule consists of two heavy myosin
molecules wound together to form a rod
portion lying parallel to the myosin
myofilament and two heads that extend
laterally.
• Myosin heads
1. Can bind to active sites on the actin
molecules to form cross-bridges.
(Actin binding site)
2. Attached to the rod portion by a
hinge region that can bend and
straighten during contraction.
3. Have ATPase activity: activity that
breaks down adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), releasing energy. Part of the
energy is used to bend the hinge
region of the myosin molecule during
contraction
الميوزين لخييط الجزيئية البنية
98. • Thin Filament: composed of 3 major
proteins
1. F (fibrous) actin
2. Tropomyosin
3. Troponin
• Two strands of fibrous (F) actin form a
double helix ed at either end at
sarcomere.
– Composed of G actin monomers
each of which has a myosin-binding
site (see yellow dot)
– Actin site can bind myosin during
muscle contraction.
• Tropomyosin: an elongated protein
winds along the groove of the F actin
double helix.
• Troponin is composed of three
subunits:
– Tn-A : binds to actin
– Tn-T :binds to tropomyosin,
الكتين لخييط الجزيئية البنية
106. الكلسيوم وتدفق التنبيه امستمرار حالة في
:ذلك عن ينتج دوري بشكل السابقة المراحل تتكرر
3-5 x 10-12 N est un glissement de 10 nm des
filaments d’actine le long des filaments de myosine
La force de contraction est liée à l’augmentation
de la concentration cytoplasmique en Ca++
.
109. 2 litres de réserve d’oxygène =
0.5 l dans le gaz pulmonaire +
0.25 l dissous dans les liquides de
l’organisme +
1 l combiné à l’hémoglobine sanguine +
0.3 l stocké dans les fibres musculaires
elles-mêmes combiné à la myoglobine par
une liaison analogue à celle de l’oxygène à
l’hémoglobine
يتم التمرين من الولى الدقيقة في
الكسيجين من المدخرات كل .امستعمال