2. Presented by :
Group C4
5th year medical students
Tripoli university
Pediatric
3. Objectives
Definition of cyanosis
Types of cyanosis
Causes of cyanosis
Complications
Management
4. Cyanosis is derived from the colour ‘cyan’, which comes
from ‘kyanous’, the Greek word for blue .
Definition:
It is Bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane
caused by increase concentration of reduced
hemoglobin > 5g/dl
so its not less pronounced if the child is anemic.
6. Peripheral cyanosis (blueness of hands &feet)
Normal systemic arterial oxygen saturation.
The increased extraction of oxygen
results from sluggish movement of blood
through the capillary circulation
Sites
Tip of nose
Ear lobules
Outer aspect of lips,chin,cheek
Tips and nailbeds of fingers,toes
Palms,soles Tongue is spared
8. Central cyanosis
Pathologic condition caused by
reduced arterial oxygen saturation.
due oxygenation defect in lung or admixture of
venous and arterial blood
Involves highly vascularized tissues, through which
blood flow is brisk .
Cardiac output typically is normal, and patients have
warm extremities.
It is evident when O2 saturation falls below 90%
From 90_95% (desaturated)
9. Sites:
Tongue (margins & undersurface)
Inner aspect of lips
Mucous membranes of gums ,soft palate
,cheeks
10.
11. Causes of central cyanosis
1_Respiratory disorders :
upper airway obstruction
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Meconium aspiration(MAS)
Pneumonia (sepsis)
PPHN_Failure of pulm.vascular resistance to fall after
birth
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia(mechanical ventilation)
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Asthma
12. 2_CNS disorders:
ICH
Birth asphyxia
Seizures
Oversedation (direct or through maternal route)
13. 3_Cardiac disorders:
Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (right to left shunt)
5Ts
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Transposition of great vessels(TGA)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Truncus arteriosus
Tricuspid atresia
Note: persistant cyanosis in otherwise well infant is nearly
always a sign of CHD
16. Differential Cyanosis
Hands red (less blue) and feet blue seen in PDA with
reversal of shunt (Differential Cyanosis) Requires
pulmonary vascular resistance elevated to a systemic level
and a patent ductus arteriosus
Left to right sunt pulmonary HT reversed shunt
(Rt Lt shunt)
Desaturated blood from the ductus enters the aorta distal
to the left subclavian artery, sparing the brachiocephalic
circulation.
17. Management
Aim:
* Differentiate physiologic from pathologic
cyanosis
* Differentiate cardiac from non- cardiac cause
of cyanosis
* Find causes which needs urgent treatment or
referral
18. Do :
1_complete maternal and newborn history
2_perform a full physical examination
3_ Investigation
19. Investigation
* Pulse oximetry: (normal O2 sat. ≥ 95%)
* ABGs :
PaO2: to confirm central cyanosis
↑ PaCO2: may indicate pulmonary or CNS disorders.
↓ pH: sepsis, circulatory shock, severe hypoxemia
* Hyperoxia test (Is it due cardiac or pulmonary cause?)
placing the infant in 100% oxygen for 10 minutes. If he
remains cyanotic after this period, the cyanosis is said to
be secondary to cyanotic heart diseases(SaO2 not reach
the normal value).
20. * CBC :
↑ or ↓ WBC : sepsis
Hematocrit > 65% : polycythemia
* Methemoglobinemia : ↓ SaO2, normal PaO2, chocolate-brown
blood , HB-M
* Sepsis screening
* ECG: Dx for Tricusped atresia (Lt axis deviation only is seen)
* Echo: Dx for CHD
* Chest x-ray
21. Treatment
* Warming of the affected area: in peripheral cyanosis
* Oxygenation & adequate ventilation
(PaO2 normalizes completely during artificial ventilation
in infant with CNS disorder)
* IV fluids
Children who have difficulty in feeding due to cyanosis
need fluids to be administrated.
* If sepsis is suspected or another specific cause is not
identified, start on broad spectrum antibiotics then obtain
a full septic screening
22. * Drugs: Prostaglandin E1
For ductal dependent CHD
IV Infusion of PGE1 at a dose of (0.05-
to maintain patency 0.1mcg/kg/min)
S/E- hypoventilation, apnea, edema and low grade fever
* Surgery
Newborn cyanotic at birth when transfer from intrauterine to extrauterine life , so need quick warming &dryness
As : physiological Cyanosis soon after birth-normal transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life
History of convulsion & general depression ,shallow, irregular respirations and periods of apnea strongly suggest CNS problem
Pneumonia/ sepsis-
PROM
Foul smelling liquor
Maternal pyrexia
Maternal GBS
TTN –
Birth by cesarean section with or without labor
Male sex
Family history of asthma (especially in mother)
Macrosomia
Maternal diabetes
Polycythemia-
small-for-gestational age
MAS-
Post maturity
Small for gestational age
Placental dysfunction
Fetal distress
Meconium stained liquor
Pneumothorax-
Aggressive resucitation
IPPV
Meconiun aspiration
HMD
Hypoplastic lung
Staph pneumonia
Hyaline membrane disease-
Premature infant
Infant of diabetic mother
Brain abscess becos. Blood from Rt to Lt without pass to lung which has a phagocytic activity (filter bld) so go to the brain & cause abscess if contain organisms