1. Mansoura University , Faculty of Engineering
Department of Architecture
December 2013
SUSTAINABLE FEATURES OF IRANIAN
VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE
Presented by/
Safa Mohamed
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3. 3
Abstract
Table Of Contents
List Of Figures
List Of Tables
1 Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1: Background
1.3: Sustainability Of Vernacular Architecture
1.4 : Features Of Vernacular Iranian Architecture
2 Chapter 2 : Case Study Shushtar old City
2.1 : Location
2.2: Morphology And Urban Texture
2.3: The Effect Of The Climate On Building Form
2.3. 1 Flat And Convex Roofs
2.3. 2 Central Courtyard
2.3. 3 Inward-outward Oriented Buildings
2.3. 4 Deep Basement , Mostofi House
2.3. 5 Shushtar Kats , Marashi House
2.4 Materials
3 Chapter 3: Case Study Shushtar New Town
3.1: Design Feature
3.2: Structural , Material, Technology
4 CONCLUSIONS
References
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4. List of Figures
Figure 1:social, economic, and environmental activities ............................................ 5
Figure 2: Arial view of the old quarter of the city of Shushtar, which is located on the
north part of the Khuzestan plain (Ghobadian.V, 2009)..............................................8
Figure 3: Mostofi house plan floor.......................................……………………………….…..10
Figure 4 : Mostofi house deep basement...................................................................11
Figure 5 : Mostofi house has a lot of opening to the central courtyard.....................11
Figure 6: Kat structure.................................................................................................12
Figure 7: Stairway access to Kat. ............................................................................... 12
Figure 8: The Kats........................................................................................................12
Figure 9: Air Flow In Kat..............................................................................................13
Figure 10: Ground floor of Marashi home plan in Shushtar.......................................14
Figure 11: Section B-B: Air_flow from Shavadun and Sahn to home and yard. .........14
Figure 12. Section C-C: Air_flow from Shavadun to home and yard...........................14
Figure 13 : The entrance faced of the building of the Rashidian house in Dezful. In
this city most of the buildings have beautiful patterned brick work on both external
and internal facade(Ghobadian.V,2009).....................................................................15
Figure 14: Ground floor of Shushtar Plaza .................................................................21
Figure 15: Second Floor of Shushtar Plaza..................................................................21
Figure 16: First floor of Shushtar Plaza.......................................................................21
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5. List of Table
Table 1: Comparing the diverse characteristic of vernacular Iranian building in
different climates
Table 2: Five diffident climates in Iran............................................................................2
Table 3: Kat differences in temperature and humidity with the outside in selected
samples.........................................................................................................................13
Table 4: Primary principles of the vernacular Iranian architecture in hot-dry
region............................................................................................................................16
Table 5 : The primary principles of the vernacular architecture in Shushtar new town
urbanism planning .......................................................................................................22
Table 6 : The passive system of the vernacular architecture in Shushtar new town
buildings .......................................................................................................................23
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NONOYESYESYES
Central
courtyard
NONO
YESYESYES
Basement
foundationfoundation
On the
ground
On the
ground
On the
ground
Connection
of building
to ground
Thin wallThin wall
Thick
wall
Thick
wall
Thick
wall
Wall
thickness
Low to highhighlowlowhigh
Natural
ventilation
lightfreedarklightlightColor
low
thermal
capacity
low
thermal
capacity
High
thermal
capacity
High
thermal
capacity
low
thermal
capacity
Material
mediummanyfewfewmanyWindows
Introvert-
extrovert
introvertintrovertintrovert
Introvert-
extrovert
Configurati
on of the
building
normalnormallowhighnormal
Height of
the building
South to
south east
East to west
South to
south east
South to
south east
South to
south east
Direction
Four sidesNoNoFour sides
One or
two sides
Wind tower
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مراشي منزل:Marashi House
تصميم يرجعShawadanشوشتر منازل في
عاليه هضبة على تقع المدينة أن الى,و
في الجوفيه المياه مستويات انخفاض كذلك
المدينة,ساعدت التي هي التربة وخصائص
بشبكة المنازل وربط األرض تحت البناء على
بالنهر الممرات من.
تصميم نوضح التالي المثال فيShawadan
Katsو الرئيسية وفراغاته واتصالهابالمنزل
للمنزل الفناءالمركزي السيما.
Figure 10. Ground floor of Marashi
home plan in Shushtar
Figure 12. Section C-C: Air_flow from
Shavadun to home and yard.
Figure 11. Section B-B: Air_flow from
Shavadun and Sahn to home and yard.
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4.2البناء مواد:
الطوب من المبنية األقبية أو القباب من المنازل معظم الحار المناخ هذا في،
الطين من المصنوع الطوب أيضا واستخدمadobeاألسطح تشطيب,أماالحصى
الصخرية التالل على تقع شوشتر ألن وذلك الجدران بناء في استخدم.
Figure13 : The entrance faced of the building of the Rashidian house in
Dezful. In this city most of the buildings have beautiful patterned brick
work on both external and internal facade (Ghobadian.V,2009)
21. Table 4: Primary principles of the vernacular Iranian architecture in hot-dry region:
OVERAL FORM OF THE BUIDLING IN HOT-DRY REGIONNo
Semi-open urban spaces1
Semi-detached buildings2
Flat and convex roofs
,Thick walls
3
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22. Deep basement4
Inward-outward oriented
buildings
5
Central courtyard6
Construction materials: rubble,
brick , adobe
Low thermal capacity
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Table 4: Primary principles of the vernacular Iranian architecture in hot-dry region
(continues)
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23. The site is located to the
north of Shushtar . It is
divided from the old city by
the Shatit river.
Architects:
DAZ Architects, Planners,
and Engineers - Kamran Diba
Tehran, Iran
Completed: 1977
Award: 1986
Shushtar New Town
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3.الجديدةشوشتر مدينة
1.3الموقع:
مدينة تقعالجديدة شوشتربعد على2مركز من كم
شماال القديمة شوشتر مدينة,نه بينها يفصلر
شاتيت,نهرRarounإلى الشمال من يتدفق الذي
للموقع الجنوبية الحدود يشكل الجنوب.شيدمدينة ت
سك عدد يبلغ سكني كمجتمع الجديدة شوشترمن انه
25000الى30000نسمة,مدارس من فيها بما
ومدارس تجارية ومراكز ومستشفيات...الخ,
الصن مجمع لعمال خصيصا المدينة هذه وبنيتاعات
شوشتر في الزراعية.
Shushtar New Town
Shushtar Old city
Shatit River
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المدينة مركز في السوق هي الشوارع هذه التقاء ونقطة,الس أو المركز بهذا ويحيطاحة
من مكونه مباني3-4تجارية ومحالت وكاتب فنادق عن عبارة طوابق.
Table 5 : The primary principles of the vernacular architecture in Shushtar new
town urbanism planning :
OVERAL FORM OF URBANISM DESIGNNo
The Planning Concept Is One
Of A Close-textured City So
That The Buildings Will
Themselves Shade
1
Streets, Paved In Insulating
Bricks Are Deep And Narrow.
2
The Top Floor Of The
Apartment Houses Is Built
Along The Street Front To
Maximize Shading.
3
Buildings Around The
Shopping Center Were
Designed With Deep Arcaded
Public Passageway.
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26. OVERAL FORM OF THE BUIDLING DESIGNNo
Thick walls, small windows on
the shady side of the house ,
usually facing Small inner
courtyard .
1
Entry from the street is
usually through a small
protected space, between the
street and the entry door ,
which provides a cool space
for people walking down the
street to meet and talk
2
The flat roof tops are
accessible by steps evening
sleep.
3
Table 6 : The passive system of the vernacular architecture in Shushtar new town
buildings :
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27. The parapet walls
surrounding the roof are
often perforated for
ventilation using brick
grilles, high enough to
provide
4
Deep Basement and Wind
Catcher
5
Central Courtyard6
Construction Materials:
Concrete Block, Brick ,
Cement, Plaster
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Table 6 : The passive system of the vernacular architecture in Shushtar new town
buildings (continues) :
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30. In the absence of modern technologies and with very limited resources, the
traditional builders of Iran had advanced techniques for controlling the climate. They
provided comfort conditions by using only the natural materials .
However, architects of today provide the comfortable conditions by means of
expensive and polluting mechanical equipments.
The present methods for constructing are based on the maximum consumption of
resources and maximum production of waste.
This research aims at analysis the traditional architecture elements of Shushtar old
city which has a hot-dry climate and illustrate how the Iranian architect employed
the old building principles and techniques in the design of Shushtar new town.
The design take of consideration the closed textured city so the buildings will
themselves shade . streets are deep and narrow for maximum shaded .
On the other hand building design included central courtyard which can work as a
perfect and efficient thermal mechanism. Central courtyard at the same time
provides protection from sand storms.
Deep basement or Shuwadan was constructed about six to seven meters below the
central courtyard. For the reason that, the thermal mass of the earth above and
around this space cause, the minimum fluctuations of the temperature in the
Shuawdan.
In some houses “shuawdan” was linked with the river by narrow paths which called
“kats” in order to provide houses with cool fresh air at summer.
Finally, this research concludes that it would be better if architects, Scientists, and
engineers of today should try to use renewable sources such as solar, wind,
geothermal, and hydro energies. So they can keep the environment cleaner and
free from pollution and noise.
4.Conclusions
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