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MAHATMA GANDHI

     1869-1948
• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born
  on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, a coastal
  town in present-day Gujarat, India. His
  father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885),
  who belonged to the Hindu Modh
  community, was the diwan (Prime
  Minister) of Porbander state, a small
  princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of
  British India.
Social Position
• Gandhi was born into the
  second highest caste in
  Hindu society – the Ruler-
  Warrior Caste.




     Modern Porbandar, India
As a youth (about 15-years-old)
        • He had his schooling in nearby
          Rajkot, where his father served as
          the adviser or prime minister to
          the local ruler. In May 1883, the
          13-year old Mohandas was
          married to 14-year old Kasturbai
          Makhanji in an arranged child
          marriage, as was the custom in
          the region. In 1885, when Gandhi
          was 15, the couple's first child was
          born, but survived only a few
          days;
Later Teen Years
       • On 4 September 1888, less than a
         month shy of his 19th birthday,
         Gandhi traveled to London,
         England, to study law at University
         College London and to train as a
         barrister. His time in London, the
         Imperial capital, was influenced by
         a vow he had made to his mother
         in the presence of the Jain monk
         Becharji, upon leaving India, to
         observe the Hindu precepts of
         abstinence from meat, alcohol, and
         promiscuity.
The London Years 1888-1891
         •   Although Gandhi experimented with adopting
             "English" customs—taking dancing lessons for
             example—he could not stomach the bland
             vegetarian food offered by his landlady and he
             was always hungry until he found one of London's
             few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by Salt's
             book, he joined the Vegetarian Society, was
             elected to its executive committee[10], and started a
             local Bayswater chapter.[4] Some of the
             vegetarians he met were members of the
             Theosophical Society, which had been founded in
             1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which
             was devoted to the study of Buddhist and Hindu
             literature. They encouraged Gandhi to join them
             in reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation
             as well as in the original.[10] Not having shown a
             particular interest in religion before, he became
             interested in religious thought and began to read
             both Hindu as well as Christian scriptures.
Attempting to Establish a
Career in India: 1891-1893
       • His attempts at establishing a law
         practice in Mumbai failed. Later, after
         failing to secure a part-time job as a high
         school teacher, he ended up returning to
         Rajkot to make a modest living drafting
         petitions for litigants, a business he was
         forced to close when he ran afoul of a
         British officer. In his autobiography, he
         refers to this incident as an unsuccessful
         attempt to lobby on behalf of his older
         brother. It was in this climate that, in April
         1893, he accepted a year-long contract
         from Dada Abdulla & Co., an Indian firm,
         to a post in the Colony of Natal, South
         Africa, then part of the British Empire
Gandhi in South Africa: 1893- 1914
Gandhi while serving in   • In South Africa, Gandhi faced
the Ambulance Corps         discrimination directed at Indians. He
during the Boer War.
                            was thrown off a train at
                            Pietermaritzburg after refusing to
                            move from the first class to a third
                            class coach while holding a valid first
                            class ticket. Traveling farther on by
                            stagecoach he was beaten by a
                            driver for refusing to travel on the foot
                            board to make room for a European
                            passenger. These events were a
                            turning point in his life, awakening
                            him to social injustice and influencing
                            his subsequent social activism.
Maturing in South Africa




       Gandhi and his wife Kasturba in South Africa (1902)
The South
Africa Years
Gandhi and his legal colleagues.




                                        Gandhi and his South African friends.

                                   Gandhi served in and lead an
                                   Ambulance Corps Unit in both the
                                   Boer War 1899-1892 and the Zulu War
                                   of 1906. By supporting the British
                                   government, Gandhi hoped to gain full
                                   citizenship for Indians in South Africa,
                                   a goal he did not achieve.
STRUGGLE FOR INDIAN
INDEPENDENCE (1915–1945)
Returning to India in 1915
              • In 1915, Gandhi returned
                from South Africa to live
                in India. He spoke at the
                conventions of the Indian
                National Congress, but
                was primarily introduced
                to Indian issues, politics
                and the Indian people by
                Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a
                respected leader of the
                Congress Party at the
                time.
Gandhi takes a leadership role




  Gandhi preaching a group
  of people



                             Gandhi in a train interacting with
                             his followers
Role in World War I
 • In April 1918, during the latter part of World
   War I, Gandhi was invited by the Viceroy to a
   War Conference in Delhi. Perhaps to show
   his support for the Empire and help his case
   for India's independence, Gandhi agreed to
   actively recruit Indians for the war effort. In
   contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the
   outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he
   recruited volunteers for the Ambulance
   Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit
   combatants.
Between the Wars
                    • In 1918, in Champaran, a district in state of
                      Bihar, tens of thousands of landless serfs,
                      indentured laborers and poor farmers were
                      forced to grow indigo and other cash crops
                      instead of the food crops necessary for their
                      survival. Gandhi proposed satyagraha - non-
                      violence, mass civil disobedience. While it was
                      strictly non-violent, Gandhi was proposing real
Gandhi in 1918,       action, a real revolt that the oppressed peoples
when he led the       of India were dying to undertake. His main
Kheda Satyagraha.     assault came as he was arrested by police on
                      the charge of creating unrest and was ordered
                      to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of
                      people protested and rallied outside the jail,
                      police stations and courts demanding his
                      release, which the court unwillingly did.
Gandhi’s Tactics
                             • Gandhi employed non-cooperation,
                               non-violence and peaceful
                               resistance as his "weapons" in the
                               struggle against British. In Punjab,
                               the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of
Gandhi on the Salt March.      civilians by British troops (also
                               known as the Amritsar Massacre)
                               caused deep trauma to the nation,
                               leading to increased public anger
                               and acts of violence. Gandhi
                               criticized both the actions of the
                               British Raj and the retaliatory
                               violence of Indians. When he was
                               arrested, he continued his non-
             Gandhi on Dandi   violent protest through hunger
             March             strikes.
Gandhi is called to London for “talks.”
                                  • Gandhi became
At the Prime Minister’s Home on     internationally known, so the
Downing Street , London , UK
                                    British government could not
                                    afford to have him harmed or
                                    have him die while under
                                    arrest (this included dying
                                    from a self-imposed hunger
                                    strike too). He became a
                                    respected world figure
                                    without ever doing anything
                                    violent. The British couldn’t
                                    ignore him; they had to talk
                                    with him.
Imprisonment
                    • Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried
                      for sedition, and sentenced to six years'
                      imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18
                      March 1922. He was released in February 1924
                      for an appendicitis operation, having served
                      only 2 years. Without Gandhi's uniting
                      personality, the Indian National Congress
Gandhi on a “fast.”   began to splinter during his years in prison,
                      splitting into two factions. Furthermore,
                      cooperation among Hindus and Muslims, which
                      had been strong at the height of the non-
                      violence campaign, was breaking down. Gandhi
                      attempted to bridge these differences through
                      many means, including a three-week fast in the
                      autumn of 1924, but with limited success.
World War II interrupted the independence
process.
                           • After long deliberations, Gandhi
                             declared that India could not be
                             party to a war ostensibly being
                             fought for democratic freedom,
                             while that freedom was denied to
Jawaharlal Nehru sitting     India itself. As the war progressed,
next to Gandhi at the AICC
General Session, 1942.       Gandhi intensified his demand for
                             independence, drafting a resolution
                             calling for the British to Quit India.
                             This was Gandhi's and the
                             Congress Party's most definitive
                             revolt aimed at securing the British
                             exit from India.
Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru work to
prepare for independence.




 Gandhi-Nehru in a happy mood   Gandhiji and Nehruji on serious
                                discussions for attaining
                                independence to India
Gandhiji with Jinnah, leader of
                                  Gandhiji addressing a huge gathering
the Muslim faction in 1944
Gandhi led a very simple life




Gandhi spinning thread           Gandhi reading a newspaper




                    Mahatma Gandhi's room at Sabarmati Ashram
Much older, but still together
Independence
               • When the moment of
                 freedom came, on 15
                 August 1947, Gandhi
                 was nowhere to be seen
                 in the capital, though
                 Nehru and the entire
                 Constituent Assembly
                 were to salute him as
                 the architect of Indian
                 independence, as the
                 'father of the nation'.
Partitioning India into India &
Pakistan.
   • Hindu and Sikh refugees had streamed into the capital
     from what had become Pakistan, and there was much
     resentment, which easily translated into violence, against
     Muslims. It was partly in an attempt to put an end to the
     killings in Delhi, and more generally to the bloodshed
     following the partition, which may have taken the lives of
     as many as 1 million people, besides causing the
     dislocation of no fewer than 11 million, that Gandhi was
     to commence the last fast unto death of his life. The fast
     was terminated when representatives of all the
     communities signed a statement that they were prepared
     to live in "perfect amity", and that the lives, property, and
     faith of the Muslims would be safeguarded.
Gandhi’s response to threats
• Gandhi, quite characteristically, refused additional
  security, and no one could defy his wish to be allowed to
  move around unhindered. In the early evening hours of
  30 January 1948, Gandhi met with India's Deputy Prime
  Minister and his close associate in the freedom struggle,
  Vallabhai Patel, and then proceeded to his prayers.
  Gandhi commenced his walk towards the garden where
  the prayer meeting was held. As he was about to mount
  the steps of the podium, Gandhi folded his hands and
  greeted his audience with a namaskar; at that moment, a
  young man came up to him and roughly pushed aside
  Manu. Nathuram Godse (a Brahmin Hindu) bent down in
  the gesture of an obeisance, took a revolver out of his
  pocket, and shot Gandhi three times in his chest.
Mahatma Gandhi – The Father of India (1869-1948)

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Mahatma gandhi

  • 1. MAHATMA GANDHI 1869-1948
  • 2. • Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, a coastal town in present-day Gujarat, India. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), who belonged to the Hindu Modh community, was the diwan (Prime Minister) of Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India.
  • 3. Social Position • Gandhi was born into the second highest caste in Hindu society – the Ruler- Warrior Caste. Modern Porbandar, India
  • 4. As a youth (about 15-years-old) • He had his schooling in nearby Rajkot, where his father served as the adviser or prime minister to the local ruler. In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makhanji in an arranged child marriage, as was the custom in the region. In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days;
  • 5. Later Teen Years • On 4 September 1888, less than a month shy of his 19th birthday, Gandhi traveled to London, England, to study law at University College London and to train as a barrister. His time in London, the Imperial capital, was influenced by a vow he had made to his mother in the presence of the Jain monk Becharji, upon leaving India, to observe the Hindu precepts of abstinence from meat, alcohol, and promiscuity.
  • 6. The London Years 1888-1891 • Although Gandhi experimented with adopting "English" customs—taking dancing lessons for example—he could not stomach the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and he was always hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by Salt's book, he joined the Vegetarian Society, was elected to its executive committee[10], and started a local Bayswater chapter.[4] Some of the vegetarians he met were members of the Theosophical Society, which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of Buddhist and Hindu literature. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation as well as in the original.[10] Not having shown a particular interest in religion before, he became interested in religious thought and began to read both Hindu as well as Christian scriptures.
  • 7. Attempting to Establish a Career in India: 1891-1893 • His attempts at establishing a law practice in Mumbai failed. Later, after failing to secure a part-time job as a high school teacher, he ended up returning to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, a business he was forced to close when he ran afoul of a British officer. In his autobiography, he refers to this incident as an unsuccessful attempt to lobby on behalf of his older brother. It was in this climate that, in April 1893, he accepted a year-long contract from Dada Abdulla & Co., an Indian firm, to a post in the Colony of Natal, South Africa, then part of the British Empire
  • 8. Gandhi in South Africa: 1893- 1914 Gandhi while serving in • In South Africa, Gandhi faced the Ambulance Corps discrimination directed at Indians. He during the Boer War. was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to move from the first class to a third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket. Traveling farther on by stagecoach he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the foot board to make room for a European passenger. These events were a turning point in his life, awakening him to social injustice and influencing his subsequent social activism.
  • 9. Maturing in South Africa Gandhi and his wife Kasturba in South Africa (1902)
  • 10. The South Africa Years Gandhi and his legal colleagues. Gandhi and his South African friends. Gandhi served in and lead an Ambulance Corps Unit in both the Boer War 1899-1892 and the Zulu War of 1906. By supporting the British government, Gandhi hoped to gain full citizenship for Indians in South Africa, a goal he did not achieve.
  • 12. Returning to India in 1915 • In 1915, Gandhi returned from South Africa to live in India. He spoke at the conventions of the Indian National Congress, but was primarily introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a respected leader of the Congress Party at the time.
  • 13. Gandhi takes a leadership role Gandhi preaching a group of people Gandhi in a train interacting with his followers
  • 14. Role in World War I • In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, Gandhi was invited by the Viceroy to a War Conference in Delhi. Perhaps to show his support for the Empire and help his case for India's independence, Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort. In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants.
  • 15. Between the Wars • In 1918, in Champaran, a district in state of Bihar, tens of thousands of landless serfs, indentured laborers and poor farmers were forced to grow indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops necessary for their survival. Gandhi proposed satyagraha - non- violence, mass civil disobedience. While it was strictly non-violent, Gandhi was proposing real Gandhi in 1918, action, a real revolt that the oppressed peoples when he led the of India were dying to undertake. His main Kheda Satyagraha. assault came as he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court unwillingly did.
  • 16. Gandhi’s Tactics • Gandhi employed non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance as his "weapons" in the struggle against British. In Punjab, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of Gandhi on the Salt March. civilians by British troops (also known as the Amritsar Massacre) caused deep trauma to the nation, leading to increased public anger and acts of violence. Gandhi criticized both the actions of the British Raj and the retaliatory violence of Indians. When he was arrested, he continued his non- Gandhi on Dandi violent protest through hunger March strikes.
  • 17. Gandhi is called to London for “talks.” • Gandhi became At the Prime Minister’s Home on internationally known, so the Downing Street , London , UK British government could not afford to have him harmed or have him die while under arrest (this included dying from a self-imposed hunger strike too). He became a respected world figure without ever doing anything violent. The British couldn’t ignore him; they had to talk with him.
  • 18. Imprisonment • Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March 1922. He was released in February 1924 for an appendicitis operation, having served only 2 years. Without Gandhi's uniting personality, the Indian National Congress Gandhi on a “fast.” began to splinter during his years in prison, splitting into two factions. Furthermore, cooperation among Hindus and Muslims, which had been strong at the height of the non- violence campaign, was breaking down. Gandhi attempted to bridge these differences through many means, including a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924, but with limited success.
  • 19. World War II interrupted the independence process. • After long deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom, while that freedom was denied to Jawaharlal Nehru sitting India itself. As the war progressed, next to Gandhi at the AICC General Session, 1942. Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, drafting a resolution calling for the British to Quit India. This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from India.
  • 20. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru work to prepare for independence. Gandhi-Nehru in a happy mood Gandhiji and Nehruji on serious discussions for attaining independence to India
  • 21. Gandhiji with Jinnah, leader of Gandhiji addressing a huge gathering the Muslim faction in 1944
  • 22. Gandhi led a very simple life Gandhi spinning thread Gandhi reading a newspaper Mahatma Gandhi's room at Sabarmati Ashram
  • 23. Much older, but still together
  • 24. Independence • When the moment of freedom came, on 15 August 1947, Gandhi was nowhere to be seen in the capital, though Nehru and the entire Constituent Assembly were to salute him as the architect of Indian independence, as the 'father of the nation'.
  • 25. Partitioning India into India & Pakistan. • Hindu and Sikh refugees had streamed into the capital from what had become Pakistan, and there was much resentment, which easily translated into violence, against Muslims. It was partly in an attempt to put an end to the killings in Delhi, and more generally to the bloodshed following the partition, which may have taken the lives of as many as 1 million people, besides causing the dislocation of no fewer than 11 million, that Gandhi was to commence the last fast unto death of his life. The fast was terminated when representatives of all the communities signed a statement that they were prepared to live in "perfect amity", and that the lives, property, and faith of the Muslims would be safeguarded.
  • 26. Gandhi’s response to threats • Gandhi, quite characteristically, refused additional security, and no one could defy his wish to be allowed to move around unhindered. In the early evening hours of 30 January 1948, Gandhi met with India's Deputy Prime Minister and his close associate in the freedom struggle, Vallabhai Patel, and then proceeded to his prayers. Gandhi commenced his walk towards the garden where the prayer meeting was held. As he was about to mount the steps of the podium, Gandhi folded his hands and greeted his audience with a namaskar; at that moment, a young man came up to him and roughly pushed aside Manu. Nathuram Godse (a Brahmin Hindu) bent down in the gesture of an obeisance, took a revolver out of his pocket, and shot Gandhi three times in his chest.
  • 27. Mahatma Gandhi – The Father of India (1869-1948)