it describes the various types of fractures and their management by all different means

1. • Influenced by soft
tissue damage
• Handle without
damaging vascularity
• Stability – reduction-
manipulation,
mechanical traction,
open approach

2.  Holding the fractured ends so that they are motionless
with respect to each other. Internal/ external(coaptation
splint and thomas splint)
 External:
 Ehmer sling: to reduce anterior dorsal coxofemoral
luxation in dogs and cats
 Doesnot immobilize the hip joint – places femoral head
into a position within the acetabulum
 Use: abduction and internal rotation of femur and flexion
of knee
 Application: figure of 8 dressing

3.  First aid measure – long
bones
 Wood , PVC , metal bars
 Padded prior to its
application
 Placed over well padded
and bandaged limb to
prevent sores
 Disadv: Periodically
checked
 Reset;/change
 Sores / abrasions
 Difficult to retain above
knee/ hock

4.  Used with /without
splints
 Plaster cast, fiber
glass cast
 Ideal : easy to apply
 Light in weight
 economical
 Hardens quickly
 Resistant- moisture

5.  Disad: cannot be
used for proximal
fractures
 Pop: inexpensive ,
mouldable, Does
not harden quickly,
not resistant to
moisture (Fiber
glass)

6.  Alone or in
combination with
internal device
 Al or light iron pipe

7.  Ring fit into axillary
or groin areas
 Leg bars straight for
forelimbs
 Contoured to the
angle of stifle and
hock

8.  Rarely fails if applied
properly
 Can be used for femur
and humerus along wit
internal devices
 Disadvan: abrasions
and sores
 Cannot be used alone
in proximal

9.  Failures are due to
faulty technique
 improperly
designed device
 Break in asepsis
 Inadequate poc

10.  Adv: Sound and
economical method
 Suits for long bones
frac
 Axial allignent and
stability
 More than 2 pins
(stack pinning) in
larger medulla

11.  Steinmann pins, K
nail, rush pins ets
 Normograde and
retrograde – chucks

12.  Disav:loosening
 migration
 Corrosion
 Infection
 No rotational
stability

13.  Stabilizes – by filling the marrow cavity and
contacting as much of the cortical surface
as possible due to a V or clover leaf shape
 Adv: use of v. heavy intramedullary pin in
large animals can be avoided
 Disadvan: should not be used where there
are longitudinal or cortical cracks

14. A pair of pin is used
to immobilize bone
 Elastic bending
nature – produces –
spring like action to
provide a rigid
fixation

15.  Generally inserted
from distal end of
bone
 Fractures of distal
femur, tibia,
humerus etc, ie,
supracondylar and
also diaphyseal
fractures of tibia

16.  Length- 2/3rd to 3/4th
of the length of
diaphysis of bone
 Disadvantage;
Contraindicated in
young animals
because of soft
cortex and epiphyseal
region damage

17.  Circlage- oblique
fractures/
longitudinal splits of
bone – with IMP
 Full circlage/
hemicirclage

18.  Frac. Of radial and
tibial shafts
 2 or more IMP –
inserted transversely-
proximal and distal
fractured fragment
 Protruding ends –
maintained in
position- connecting
external bars/ plaster
cast.

19.  Adv:
 Good rotational stability
 Easily goes with soft tissue
injury
 Suits young animals – where
bone is thin and soft for plate
and screw
 Contact with surface of bone is
min. so no hinderance in
bl.supply

20.  Disadv:
 Soft tissue infection
 Bone necrosis- due to
gen. of heat while
passing pins through
power drills-
loosening.
 Fatigue/ pathological
fractures at point of
insertion

21.  Principle that proximal
and distal joints- should
be included in the cast–
not uniformly
applicable – anatomical
disposition of some
bones
 Fracture of Prximal
radius and tibia

22.  Instead of using pins in both
fragment , only one pin
inserted transversely in
proximal and distal part is
immobilized with a cast
anchoring the proximal
transverse pin
 Disadv: Cannot prevent
overriding

23.  Maximum rigidity at fractured site
is provided
 Early ambulation
 Adv: axial compression
 Counteract rotational force
 Donot occlude intramedullary
cavity to compromise
intraosseous circulation
 Rigid stability so even in
presence of inf. – bone heals with
min. callus

24.  Deminerilization of
bone- left insitu
 Expensive and
requires lot of
experience
 Requires complete
exposure of site-
disrupts soft tissue
attachment and
blood supply

25. 2 or more circular rings –
2 proximal and 2 distal
(or one)
 2 pins are first
perpendicularly passed
at 2 sites proximally and
2 sites distally to
fractured site- fixed from
outside to external
circular rings assembly

26.  ADV; v. stable fixation – radius
and tibia in LA
 Helpful in compound fractures
also
 No bandaging required so no
pressure atrophy– facilitates
daily dressing
 Disadv:
 Cannot be used in proximal
bone due to heavy assembly
 Pin tract sepsis, implant failure,
osteomyelitis

27.  Indicatedfor
avulsion frac.-
olecranon, treater
trochanter, os-calcis
etc

28. 2 K wires- fix
avulsed fragment
back to the shaft-
wiring is done in
figure of 8 fashion