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Endocrinology Physiology
General Characteristics
• Cell communication using hormones
• Endocrine glands regulate body metabolism
• Endocrine glands
o Lack ducts
o Secrete products into the interstitial fluid
Function
• Maintain Internal Homeostasis
• Support Cell Growth
• Coordinate Development
• Coordinate Reproduction
• Facilitate Responses to External Stimuli
Elements
• Sender = Sending Cell
• Signal = Hormone
• Nondestructive Medium = Serum & Hormone
Binders
• Selective Receiver = Receptor Protein
• Transducer = Transducer Proteins & Messengers
• Amplifier = Transducer/Effector Enzymes
• Effector = Effector Proteins
• Response = Cellular Response
Hormones
Chemicals that are broadcast
throughout the body which induce
physiological changes in specific
target cells.
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrinology Physiology
Types of Receptors
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrine Glands
Endocrinology Physiology
• Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus control
the secretions of the anterior pituitary.
• The releasing hormones are carried in the
bloodstream directly to the anterior pituitary by
hypophyseal portal veins.
Endocrinology Physiology
16
Mechanisms of
hormone release
(a) Humoral: in response to changing
levels of ions or nutrients in the blood
(b) Neural: stimulation by nerves
(c) Hormonal: stimulation received from
other hormones
Thyroid Gland
• Produces two groups
of hormones
o Thyroid hormones
Thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3) -
Increase metabolic rate
and body heat production
o Calcitonin
o increases bone matrix
formation and Ca2+
secretion from kidneys
• reduces blood Ca2+
levels
Endocrinology Physiology
Some Effects of Thyroid Hormone
• Increases the basal metabolic rate
o The rate at which the body uses oxygen to
transform nutrients (carbohydrates, fats and
proteins) into energy
• Affects many target cells throughout the
body; some effects are
o Protein synthesis
o Bone growth
o Neuronal maturation
o Cell differentiation
The Effects of Calcitonin
• Secreted from thyroid parafollicular (C) cells when
blood calcium levels are high
• Calcitonin lowers Ca++ by slowing the calcium-
releasing activity of osteoclasts in bone and
increasing calcium secretion by the kidney
• Acts mostly during childhood
Endocrinology Physiology
22
The Parathyroid
Glands
• Most people have four
• On posterior surface of thyroid
gland
(sometimes embedded)
23
Parathyroids
(two types of cells)
• Rare chief cells
• Abundant oxyphil cells
• Chief cells produce PTH
o Parathyroid hormone, or
parathormone
o A small protein hormone
24
Function of PTH
• Increases blood Ca++ (calcium)
concentration when it gets too low
• Mechanism of raising blood calcium
1. Stimulates osteoclasts to release more Ca++
from bone
2. Decreases secretion of Ca++ by kidney
3. Activates Vitamin D, which stimulates the
uptake of Ca++ from the intestine
Adrenal Gland
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrinology Physiology
The Pineal Gland
• At the end of a short stalk on the roof of the
diencephalon
• Pinealocytes with dense calcium particles
• Can be seen on x-ray (because of Ca++)
• Melatonin helps regulate the circadium rhythm
o The biological clock of the diurnal (night/day) rhythm
o Complicated feedback via retina’s visual input
The Pancreas
Exocrine and endocrine cells
• Acinar cells (forming most of the pancreas)
o Exocrine function
o Secrete digestive enzymes
• Islet cells (of Langerhans)
o Endocrine function
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrinology Physiology
Different Types of Insulin Duration
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrinology Physiology
The Gonads (testes and ovaries)
main source of the steroid sex hormones
• Testes
o Interstitial cells secrete androgens
o Primary androgen is testosterone
• Maintains secondary sex characteristics
• Helps promote sperm formation
• Ovaries
o Androgens secreted by thecal folliculi
• Directly converted to estrogens by follicular granulosa cells
o Granulosa cells also produce progesterone
o Corpus luteum also secretes estrogen and
progesterone
Endocrinology Physiology
Endocrinology Physiology
© Kenneth L. Campbell, 1997. All rights reserved.
Endocrine cells in various organs
• The heart: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
o Stimulates kidney to secrete more sodium
o Thereby decreases excess blood volume, high BP and high blood
sodium concentration
• GI tract & derivatives: Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)
• The placenta secretes steroid and protein hormones
o Estrogens, progesterone
o CRH
o HCG
• The kidneys
o Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
• Renin indirectly signals adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
o Erythropoietin: signals bone marrow to increase RBC production
• The skin
o Modified cholesterol with uv exposure becomes Vitamin D precursor
o Vitamin D necessary for calcium metabolism: signals intestine to
absorb CA++

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Endocrinology Physiology

  • 2. General Characteristics • Cell communication using hormones • Endocrine glands regulate body metabolism • Endocrine glands o Lack ducts o Secrete products into the interstitial fluid
  • 3. Function • Maintain Internal Homeostasis • Support Cell Growth • Coordinate Development • Coordinate Reproduction • Facilitate Responses to External Stimuli
  • 4. Elements • Sender = Sending Cell • Signal = Hormone • Nondestructive Medium = Serum & Hormone Binders • Selective Receiver = Receptor Protein • Transducer = Transducer Proteins & Messengers • Amplifier = Transducer/Effector Enzymes • Effector = Effector Proteins • Response = Cellular Response
  • 5. Hormones Chemicals that are broadcast throughout the body which induce physiological changes in specific target cells.
  • 14. • Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus control the secretions of the anterior pituitary. • The releasing hormones are carried in the bloodstream directly to the anterior pituitary by hypophyseal portal veins.
  • 16. 16 Mechanisms of hormone release (a) Humoral: in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood (b) Neural: stimulation by nerves (c) Hormonal: stimulation received from other hormones
  • 17. Thyroid Gland • Produces two groups of hormones o Thyroid hormones Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) - Increase metabolic rate and body heat production o Calcitonin o increases bone matrix formation and Ca2+ secretion from kidneys • reduces blood Ca2+ levels
  • 19. Some Effects of Thyroid Hormone • Increases the basal metabolic rate o The rate at which the body uses oxygen to transform nutrients (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) into energy • Affects many target cells throughout the body; some effects are o Protein synthesis o Bone growth o Neuronal maturation o Cell differentiation
  • 20. The Effects of Calcitonin • Secreted from thyroid parafollicular (C) cells when blood calcium levels are high • Calcitonin lowers Ca++ by slowing the calcium- releasing activity of osteoclasts in bone and increasing calcium secretion by the kidney • Acts mostly during childhood
  • 22. 22 The Parathyroid Glands • Most people have four • On posterior surface of thyroid gland (sometimes embedded)
  • 23. 23 Parathyroids (two types of cells) • Rare chief cells • Abundant oxyphil cells • Chief cells produce PTH o Parathyroid hormone, or parathormone o A small protein hormone
  • 24. 24 Function of PTH • Increases blood Ca++ (calcium) concentration when it gets too low • Mechanism of raising blood calcium 1. Stimulates osteoclasts to release more Ca++ from bone 2. Decreases secretion of Ca++ by kidney 3. Activates Vitamin D, which stimulates the uptake of Ca++ from the intestine
  • 28. The Pineal Gland • At the end of a short stalk on the roof of the diencephalon • Pinealocytes with dense calcium particles • Can be seen on x-ray (because of Ca++) • Melatonin helps regulate the circadium rhythm o The biological clock of the diurnal (night/day) rhythm o Complicated feedback via retina’s visual input
  • 29. The Pancreas Exocrine and endocrine cells • Acinar cells (forming most of the pancreas) o Exocrine function o Secrete digestive enzymes • Islet cells (of Langerhans) o Endocrine function
  • 33. Different Types of Insulin Duration
  • 36. The Gonads (testes and ovaries) main source of the steroid sex hormones • Testes o Interstitial cells secrete androgens o Primary androgen is testosterone • Maintains secondary sex characteristics • Helps promote sperm formation • Ovaries o Androgens secreted by thecal folliculi • Directly converted to estrogens by follicular granulosa cells o Granulosa cells also produce progesterone o Corpus luteum also secretes estrogen and progesterone
  • 39. © Kenneth L. Campbell, 1997. All rights reserved.
  • 40. Endocrine cells in various organs • The heart: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) o Stimulates kidney to secrete more sodium o Thereby decreases excess blood volume, high BP and high blood sodium concentration • GI tract & derivatives: Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) • The placenta secretes steroid and protein hormones o Estrogens, progesterone o CRH o HCG • The kidneys o Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin • Renin indirectly signals adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone o Erythropoietin: signals bone marrow to increase RBC production • The skin o Modified cholesterol with uv exposure becomes Vitamin D precursor o Vitamin D necessary for calcium metabolism: signals intestine to absorb CA++