3. Objective:
Definition
Causes
Symptoms
Types of anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
Folate-deficiency anemia
deficiency Vitamin B12
Pregnancy–related anemia
Risk Factors for Anemia in
Pregnancy
Possible complications of anemia
for the expectant mother
Complications of anemia for baby
Tests for Anemia
Treatment for Anemia
Nursing management
4. Definition
Anemia is a
decrease in the
number of red
blood cells
(RBC's) or
hemoglobin,
resulting in a
lower ability
for the blood to
carry oxygen
to body tissues
5.
6.
7. Types of Anemia
During
Pregnancy
Several types of
anemia can develop
during pregnancy.
These include:
•Iron-deficiency
anemia
•Folate-deficiency
anemia
•Vitamin B12
deficiency
•Pregnancy–related
anemia
8. Iron-deficiency anemia
This type of anemia occurs when
the body doesn't have enough
iron to produce adequate
amounts of hemoglobin. That's a
protein in red blood cells. It
carries oxygen from the lungs to
the rest of the body.
In iron-deficiency anemia, the
blood cannot carry enough
oxygen to tissues throughout the
body.
Iron deficiency is the most
common cause of anemia in
pregnancy.
9. Folate-deficiency anemia.
Folate, also called folic acid,
is a type of B vitamin. The
body needs folate to
produce new cells, including
healthy red blood cells.
During pregnancy, women
need extra folate. But
sometimes they don't get
enough from their diet.
When that happens, the
body can't make enough
normal red blood cells to
transport oxygen to tissues
throughout the body.
10. Folate deficiency can directly
contribute to certain types
of birth defects, such as neural
tube abnormalities (spina bifida)
and low birth weight.
11. Vitamin B12
deficiency.
The body needs vitamin B12 to
form healthy red blood cells.
When a pregnant woman
doesn't get enough vitamin
B12 from her diet, her body
can't produce enough healthy
red blood cells. Women who
don't eat meat, poultry, dairy
products, and eggs have a
greater risk of developing
vitamin B12 deficiency, which
may contribute to birth
defects, such as neural tube
abnormalities, and could lead
to preterm labor.
Blood loss during and after
delivery can also cause anemia.
12. Pregnancy–related anemia
Mild anemia during pregnancy is not
uncommon because the amount of blood
in the body increases by 20 to 30
percent. The body’s iron and vitamin
requirements therefore increase in order
to produce an adequate number of
healthy red blood cells. This type of
anemia can typically be prevented with
proper nutrition and iron intake during
pregnancy. Additionally, a healthcare
provider may prescribe vitamin
supplements to ensure adequate intake
of iron and folic acid.
13. Risk Factors for Anemia in
Pregnancy
All pregnant women are at
risk for becoming anemic.
That's because they need
more iron and folic acid than
usual. But the risk is higher if
you:
Are pregnant with multiples
(more than one child)
Have had two pregnancies
close together
Vomit a lot because of
morning sickness
Are a pregnant teenager
Don't eat enough foods that
are rich in iron
Had anemia before you
became pregnant
14. Risks of Anemia
in Pregnancy
Severe or untreated
iron-deficiency anemia
during pregnancy can
increase your risk of
:having
A preterm or low-birth-weight
baby
A blood transfusion (if
you lose a significant
amount of blood during
)delivery
Postpartum depression
A baby with anemia
A child with
developmental delays
15. Possible complications of anemia for
the expectant mother
Difficulty in breathing, increased
heart palpitations and feeling pain
in the chest.
Disease and severe anemia that
results from severe bleeding after
birth may require a blood
transfusion to the patient, and this
in turn may bring complications for
the mother.
16. Complications of anemia for baby
-Entry in the throes of
early
-Having a baby is small
in size for the stage of
pregnancy or low birth
weight
-Having a baby is
suffering from low levels
of iron
-Infection during
pregnancy
17. Tests for Anemia
During your first prenatal appointment, you'll
get a blood test so your doctor can check
whether you have anemia. Blood tests typically
include:
Hemoglobin test. It measures the amount of
hemoglobin -- an iron-rich protein in red blood
cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to
tissues in the body.
18. Hematocrit test. It measures the percentage of red blood cells in
a sample of blood.
If you have lower than normal levels of hemoglobin or
hematocrit, you may have iron-deficiency anemia. Your doctor
may check other blood tests to determine if you have iron
deficiency or another cause for your anemia.
Even if you don't have anemia at the beginning of your
pregnancy, your doctor will most likely recommend that you get
another blood test to check for anemia in your second or third
trimester.
19. Treatment for Anemia
If you are anemic during your pregnancy, you
may need to start taking an iron supplement
and/or folic acid supplement in addition to your
prenatal vitamins. Your doctor may also
suggest that you add more foods that are high
in iron and folic acid to your diet.
20. In addition, you'll be
asked to return for
another blood test after a
specific period of time so
your doctor can check that
your hemoglobin and
hematocrit levels are
improving.
To treat vitamin B12
deficiency, your doctor
may recommend that you
take a vitamin B12
supplement.
The doctor may also
recommend that you
include more animal foods
in your diet, such as:
meat
eggs
dairy products
21. Foods that are high in vitamin
C can help your body absorb
more iron. These include:
citrus fruits and juices
strawberries
kiwis
tomatoes
bell peppers
23. -Assessment of nutritional intake
and status
-Assess for fatigue, pallor, sore
tongue, anorexia, nausea and
vomiting, stomatitis, some signs of
infection, and severe pain (due to
veno- occlusive crisis
-Observe and monitor hematologic
laboratory results
-Encourage client to eat foods high
in iron and folic acid like green leafy
vegetables, fish, meat, poultry,
.eggs, and legumes
24. -Teach how to prepare food in order to minimize
the loss of iron and folic acid (steaming with small
)amount of water
-Encourage to take foods high in Vitamin C for iron
absorption
-Emphasize diet high in fiber and fluids to avoid
constipation(
