1. Sanitation Problem in India
Jatin,Raghav,Nisarg,Lovin,Abhineet,Munneza

2. Presentation Agenda
Introduction to the problem
Costs associated with poor sanitation
Government Initiatives
Role of private sector & NGOs
Learnings & Opportunities as future managers

3. Indians defecate everywhere. They defecate mostly besides the railway tracks.
But they also defecate on the beaches; they defecate on the hills; they defecate on the river
banks; they defecate on the streets; they never look for cover.”
—V.S. Naipaul, An Area of Darkness, 1964
“There is no use blasting Agni missiles if the sanitation problem is not solved “
“It’s more important than the launch of Agni missiles. If there are no toilets, then Agni is of no
use. The price of just one fighter aircraft is enough to free one thousand villages from open
defecation.”
—Jairam Ramesh
My identity is of a Hindutvawadi, but I say build toilets before you build temples,“
—Narendra Modi
More Temples than Toilets!!!!
More Mobiles than Toilets!!!!

4. India – Next Superpower or
World’s Largest open air Loo
 60% of all open defecations in the world are in India
 64% of Indians defecate in the open
 That amounts to a staggering 626 million people going to relieve themselves in the
open every morning!!!

6. India is all set to miss United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals to double the number of
households with a toilet facility by 2015.

7. A point to ponder – a case of
misplaced priorities???

8. Primary Research
The group visited the village Farmana Khas located about 15 kilometers from the
Rohtak-Hissar highway.
The village was awarded the Nirmal Gram award for achieving 100% sanitation under
the "total sanitation programme.
Success of “No bride without a toilet campaign
in the village”
“The greatest obstacle in improving sanitation
conditions is in changing the mindset of
people. There are families with Corollas
parked in their houses, but the houses have
no toilets.”
-Mr. Sheel Kumar, Chief Sanitary Officer Rohtak District

9. Costs of poor Sanitation

10. Cost of poor Sanitation

12. Public sector Initiatives
Initiative %
Description
Target
Shortcomings
• Make India Open Defecation
free by 2022
• To cover all schools with
toilets by December 2008;
Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan or
Total
Sanitation
Campaign
• Construction of Individual Household
Toilets
• Community Sanitary Complex
• Institutional Toilets - Schools and
Anganwadi
• Solid and Liquid Waste Management
• Maintenance of facilities under NBA
• Participatory Approach–Individual /
Community
• Active involvement of PRIs, CBOs, NGOs
& SHGs
• Households
that
have
benefitted once would not be
eligible for any further
assistance
• No involvement of private
sector
• Issue of local leadership
• Largest incentive scheme launched by
GOI for Panchayati Raj Institutions
• Award given to panchayats which
become free from Open Defecation and
maintain clean environment
• Improving and maintaining
sanitation facilities
• Solid and Liquid Waste
Management and creation of
additional sanitation facilities
• Officials’ vested interests in
clocking higher numbers.
• Quality of sanitation not
assured before awarding the
status
• Improving the quality of life of people
in rural areas
• Provide privacy and dignity to women
• Construction
of sanitary
toilets for households below
poverty line in rural areas
•Inefficiencies
implementation
Nirmal Gram
Puraskar
Central Rural
Sanitation
Program
• Expanded in 1993 to include
personal hygiene and home sanitation
in

13. CHALLENGES
The current system of financing sanitation is fragmented between the
national and state governments which poses several delivery challenges
There is general lack of awareness, especially in the rural areas, about
the importance of proper sanitation
Socio-economic factors like poverty and caste discrimination among the
poor and SCs/STs have led to lower reach of sanitation and clean drinking
water among them.
Lack of proper waste disposal systems

14. NGOs & Private Sector
Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation
• Started Water, Sanitation and hygiene program
• To create the next generation of sanitation technologies.
• Investments in sanitation tools and technologies—
including toilet design, pit emptying, sludge treatment, and
the disposal or reuse of waste
Sulabh
International Social
Service
Organization
• Notable success in field of cost-effective sanitation and
liberation of scavengers
• 1.2 million Sulabh Household toilets constructed and 54 million
government toilets constructed based on Sulabh design
• 8000+ Sulabh community toilet blocks constructed
Private Sector
• Public Private Partnerships- Finance, Skill, Expertise
• CSR Initiatives by companies

15. Media Campaigns

16. Recommendations

17. Recommendations

18. Recommendations

19. Objectives
Enable all households to have access to and use toilets
Ensure all government schools and anganwadis have
functional toilets, urinals and access to safe drinking water
Ensure sustainability of Drinking water sources and systems
Enable rural communities to monitor and keep surveillance n
their drinking water resources

20. Framework for sanitation in slums
Local Government: Provide and maintain drainage and toilet
Local Govt.
Technology
Partner
MR
Sustainable
Ecosystem
of USE
Facilitator
Slum
Community
organizatio
ns/NGO
Active
Government
Participation
Community
based
finances
facilities, subsidize toilet infrastructure and specialized
awareness campaigns, legal environment, regulator, maintains
trunk infrastructure and approves individual household levels
Micro Financial Institutions: Link funds to projects and
infrastructure
Slum Household Support: Sense of ownership among
households-chit fund concept, improved maintenance, target
must be willing for initial contribution
Community based Organizations: Acts as link between
government/MFIs and households, motivates the slums and
attracts the government, guides families to connections, attracts
entrepreneurs for opportunity at the bottom of the pyramid and
guides and trains facilitators in motivating individual households
Facilitator: motivates households , people’s representative
involved in decision making
Technology partner: Start ups gaining credibility by being in
government projects, cheap technology providers and advisors
Community
Mobilization
Technology &
Infrastructure
Support

21. 4 I Framework to help improve
sanitation condition
Role of
Institutions
• NGO’s to be involved only in initial period following which community takes
over.
• Involvement from corporations help sourcing of funds
• Large FMCG groups can provide toilet cleaning agents and soaps as a part of
CSR e.g. Sustainable living Programme by Unilever
Incentives
• Electricity generated for the village
• Permanent Employment for villagers
• Revenue from power generation can be used t further scale up and provide
better solutions
Information
• Use social donors to keep donors and stakeholders updated about progress
• Progress made in a particular community can be used as a model for their
villages
Inclination
• During the initial phase NGO’s will be involved in educating the villagers
about sanitation and only once there this complete buy in, they should go
ahead setting up the infrastructure

22. Promoting Individual Behaviour
Change
Knowledge
CHANGE
Focus on change at
different levels
Multiple dimensions
influence individual
behaviour as depicted in
the figure below
Interpersonal
factors, socio- cultural
and policy
environments all
influence sanitation and
hygiene behaviours

23. STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT
Infrastructure, economic barriers
PUBLIC POLICY
National, state, local laws
INSTITUTIONAL
Staff capacities, resources, mandate
SOCIO-CULTURAL
Community norms and social networks
INTERPERSONAL
Family & friends
INDIVIDUAL
Knowledge,
attitudes, skills,
practices
C4D - ICO

24. How do new ideas spread ?
Innovators
2%
Early
Adopters
14%
Early Majority
34%
Late Majority
34%
Late
Adopters
10%
Resistors
6%
Individuals and peers groups can effectively influence
others groups and draw them in to be more open to new
ideas, as their peers have already modeled before them.

26. Reinventing The Toilet
Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundations “Reinvent
the toilet- challenge”
launched in India
BIO-DIGESTER
technology to be
installed in Konkan
Railway
But Marketing and Communication
is a problem for ERAM
&
also
Lack of Knowledge of private
companies and NGO
Eram’s “She Toilet”
and “Ceti Projects”
implemeted in Kerela
has bagged innovation
award

27. Learning as Managers
680 billion
sanitation
market by 2020

28. “
Sanitation is more important than freedom.
”