Plant resin--exudates

1. RESINS

2. INTRODUCTION
 Definition: Solid or semisolid, amorphous products derived
from living natural sources and most are plants products,
with the exception of shellac, an insect secretion.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
• On heating, they soften and finally melt.
• Insoluble in water and usually insoluble in petroleum spirit,
but dissolve more or less completely in alcohol, chloroform
and ether.
• Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin acids,
resin alcohols (resinol), resin phenols (resinotannols),
esters and chemically inert compounds known as resenes.

3. OCCURENCE
 entirely resin e.g. benzoin
 oleo-resin e.g. turpentine oil
 gum-resin e.g. copaiba resin
 oleo-gum-resin e.g. myrrh
 balsam (benzoic+ cinnamic acid): benzoin, tolu balsam,
peru balsam, storax
 gluco-resin e.g. Convolvulaceae family drugs

4. FORMATION
 formed in special passages or tubes called resin ducts.
 Ducts-anastomose-so- a single incision can drain the resin
from considerable area of the plant.
 turpentine are naturally produced but some are produced
only when cambium is injured.
 Such resins formed by the injury of cambium and the
formation of secondary wood are called pathologically
produced resin.
 While resins are usually produced in ducts or cavities, that
may be found in other positions-for example, in the resin
cells of bloodroot, in the elements of the heartwood of
guaiacum, in the external glands of Indian hemp, in the
internal glands of male fern or in the glands on the surface

5. CLASSIFICATION
 Resin acid: carboxylic acid group containing resinous substances
e.g. abietic acid (colophony) & commiphoric acid (myrrh)
 Resin ester: esters of resin acids or the other aromatic acids like
benzoic, cinnamic, salicylic acid etc. e.g. dragon’ blood and
benzoin
 Resin alcohol (resinol): alcoholic compound with high mol. wt.
e.g. benzoresinol in benzoin & storesinol in storax.
 Resin phenol (resino tannols): contains phenol group e.g. peru-
resinotannol in peru balsam & tolu-resinotannol in tolu balsam &
siaresinotannol in benzoin
 Gluco resins: resins when get combined with sugars by
glycosylation e.g. Convolvulaceae family drugs

6. CLASSIFICATION
 Resene: stable, neutral, unaffected by most chemical reagents or
by exposure to moisture produced a hard film. e.g. asafetida
 Oleo resin: resin+ volatile oil e.g. turpentine, ginger, copaiba,
Canada
 Gum resin: resin+ gum e.g. ammoniacum
 Oleogum resin: resin+volatile oil+gum e.g. myrrh, asafetida,
gamboges
 Balsam: contains aromatic acids like benzoin & cinnamic e.g.
Tolu balsam, peru balsam, storax

7. CHEMICAL COMPOSTION AND
ISOLATION
 complex mixture of acids, alcohols, phenols, esters,
glycosides or hydrocarbons.
 When associated with volatile oils, contains
monoterpenoids, sesequiterpenoid and diterpenoids.
 gums when associated with resin: acacia gum: oxidase
enzymes.
ISOLATION:
 difficult task due to presence of various combinations.
 Extraction with alcoholic solvents and then the subsequent
precipitation by adding concentrated alcoholic extract to a
large proportion of water.
 Hydro distillation or distillation can be used for separation of
volatile oils from resins. (separation of resin from turpentine)

8. 1. COLOPHONY
• Syn: Rosin, Amber resin, Coloponium, Abietic anhydride
• Source: Solid residue obtained after distillation of volatile
oil (turpentine) from the oleo-gum-resin of various species
of Pinus like P.palustris, P.pinaster, P.halepnsis,
P.carribaceae
• Family: Pinaceae
• GS: North America, North Europe, Pakistan, India
(Himalaya)

9. COLLECTION

10. CHARACTERISTICS
• Occur: Translucent mass
• Color: Yellow or amber color
• Specification:
• Burn at 100 °C
• Produce smoky flame at Temp. above 100°
• NMT 0.1% ash
• Soluble in alcohol, ether, CS2, benzene & Insoluble in
water

11. Chemical Constituents
• 90% Resin acid,
• esters of fatty acid,
• Resene
• 90% α,β, γ-abietic acids, pimaric acid, sapinic acid, hydrocarbon.
• Powder + Acetic anhydride dissolve in a dry test tube conc. HCl
purple color
• Alcoholic solution is acidic to litmus paper.
• Powder + light petroleum  dissolve filtered  filtrate  dilute copper
acetate  petroleum layer shows emerald green color (due to formation
of the copper salt of abietic acid)

12.  Use:
 preparation of Zinc oxide, adhesive plaster, ointment
 much rosin is artificially modified by hydrogenation or
polymerization-products involving printing inks, rubber,
linoleum, thermoplastic floor tiles and surface coating.
 the abietic acids shows antimicrobial, antiulcer and CVS
activity.
 Stimulant and diuretic
 Adulterants: black resin or apic resin (confirmed by
solubility)

13. 2. MYRRH
• Syn: Arabian or Somalian Myrrh
• Source: Oleo gum resin obtained from the
stem of Commiphora molmol, C. abyssinica,
C. schimperi, C. myrrha and other species of
Commiphora
• Family: Burseraceae
• GS: North east Africa, Arabia, Somaliland, Ethiopia &
Abyssinia

14. COLLECTION
Coagulated mass is collected in goat skin by native tribals and sent
to the market

15. CHARACTERS

16. CONSTITUENTS
Oxidase Enzyme

18. CHEMICAL TEST & USES
• Powder + Water  after triturating  yellow emulsion
• Ethereal extract  evaporate to dryness  exposed to
bromine vapor  violet color
• Uses:
• Incense sticks, perfumes, local stimulant,
• antiseptic, astringent to mucous membrane so tincture is
used in mouthwash or gargle
• Adulterants: Arabian & Yemen myrrh (less fragrant and
less aromatic), India: Balsamodendron mukul (Indian
bdellium)

19. 3. SUMATRA (INDONESIA) BENZOIN
• Syn: Gum benjamin
• Source: balsamic resin obtained from the incised stem of
Styrax benzoin, Styrax parallloneurus
• Family: Styracaceae
• GS: Sumatra (western Indonesia), Java, Borneo
• Not grown in India, totally imported from Indonesia.
• Single tree produces 10 kg material.

20. COLLECTION
Cultivation in rice plants-Tapping-Grading

21. Constituents
• Free balsamic acids (benzoic and cinnamic
acids)
• Triterpenoid acid: Summaresinolic acid,
Siaresinolic acid

22. USE AND ALLIED DRUG
• Use: Irritant expectorant, carminative, diuretic
• Externally: antiseptic, protective
• Ingredient: Friar’s balsam, compound tincture of benzoin (Upper
respiratory tract infection)
• Preferred to retard rancidity of fats and oils in the preparation of
benzoate lard
• Industry: fix the odour of incense, soaps, perfume, cosmetics
• Component: Incense
• Allied Drug: Palembang, inferior quality benzoin: lighter in
weight & breaking with an irregular porous fracture & as a source
of natural benzoic acid

23. SIAM (Thailand) BENZOIN
• Source: obtained by incision of the trunk of Styrax
tonkinesis
• Family: Styracaceae
• GS: Thailand, Vietnam, Thai province of Luang prabang,
Northen Laos, Northen Vietnam at altitude of 600-2500 m
• It seems that this height is necessary for resin production;
not all trees are productive

24. METHOD OF PREPARATION
• Similar to Sumatra benzoin
• Resin, being produced at the interface of the bark and
wood layers only after injury.
• Grading of tears: size, color, largest, palest
• Size: few mm to 3cm
• Color: yellowish white to reddish changes to brown due to
oxidation
• Odor: agreeable & vanilla like

25. CONSTITUENTS
• About 76% Coniferyl benzoate, coniferyl cinnamate,
coniferyl alcohol
• 10% benzoic acid, Triterpenoid acid, esters, Vanillin

26. CHEMICAL TEST
• Siam benzoin is expensive & liable to adulteration with
the sumatra benzoin, which can be detected by
BP/EP/TLC
• Alcoholic solution of benzoin with water gives milky white
solution
• Powdered benzoin + KMnO4  warm faint odor of
benzaldehyde (with sumatra benzoin due to oxidation of
cinnamic acid) (NOT OBSERVED WITH SIAM)
• Alc Ext + Alcoholic FeCl3 green color produced (with
SIAM benzoin due to coniferyl benzoate-tannins) (NOT
WITH SUMATRA)

27. CHEMICAL TEST
• When Sumatra benzoin is gradually heated evolves
fumes of benzoic and cinnamic acid  readily condensed
on cool surface as a crystal sublimate
• Petroleum ether solution of benzoin + 2-3 drops of
H2SO4 in a china dish  reddish brown color with
SUMATRA BENZOIN and purple-red color with SIAM
BENZOIN

28. 4. TOLU BALSAM
• Syn: Tolu resin, Thomas balsam, Opobalsam
• Source: Obtained by incision from the trunk of Myroxylon
balsamum var. balsamum
• Family: Leguminosae
• GS: Columbia, collected in caribbean island, cuba.
• Tolu is the name of the place on the north coast of Columbia near
Cartagena, hence the name of the drug
• Collection:
• V-shaped incisions in the bark
• Many such receivers are fixed on each tree, the yield per tree
being 8-10kg.
• Periodically, the balsam is transferred to large containers.

29. CHARACTERS & CT
• Color: yellow on standing brown
• Odor & Taste: aromatic and vanilla like
• Chemical Test:
• When heated and pressed in between two glass slides
and examined under microscope, it exhibits crystals of
cinnamic acid
• Alcoholic solution is acidic to Litmus
• Alcoholic solution + FeCl3  green (resinotannol)
• Powder + Water  decoction  oxidation  KMnO4 
odor of benzaldehyde (due to oxidation of cinnamic acid)

30. CONSTITUENTS
• 80% of resin alcohols combined with cinnamic and
benzoic acids.
• 12-15% of free cinnamic and 8% of free benzoic acid.
• Benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamte & vanillin
• Styrene, eugenol, vanillin, ferulic acid, 1,2-diphenylethane,
mono and sesqui-terpene hydrocarbon and alcohols.
• triterpenoids
• 35-50% of total balsamic acid
• Chiefly ester of Toluresinotannol

31. • Use:
• Genuine tolu balsam is difficult to obtain, now uses tolu
flavor solution containing 5 aromatics for preparation of
tolu syrup.
• Antiseptic, common ingredient of cough mixture
• Preparation of confectionary, chewing gums and
perfumery
• Adulterant: lack of flavor and volatile oil exhausted quality

32. 5. PERU BALSAM
• Syn: China Oil, Black balsam, Peruvian balsam
• Source: Obtained from trunk of the Myroxylum
balsamum var. pereirae (trunk is beaten and scorched)
• Family: Leguminosae
• GS: Central America (San Salvador, Honduras,
Guatemala), naturalized in Sri Lanka and Florida (US)

33. COLLECTION & PREPARATION

34. CHARACTERS
• Color: dark brown
• Odor: aromatic vanilla like
• soluble in chloroform, chloral hydrate, in equal proportion
with 90% alcohol
• sparingly soluble in petroleum ether, glacial acetic acid
and insoluble in water
• Specific gravity: 1.14 to 1.17
• NLT 45% and NMT 70% of esters.

35. CONSTITUENTS & USES
• benzyl cinnamate (cinnamein)
C6H5CH=CHCOOCH2C6H5,
• benzyl benzoate and cinnamyl cinnamate (styracin).
• 28% of resin: peruresinotannol combined with cinnamic
acid, benzoic acids, alcohols (nerolidol, farnesol and
benzyl alcohol) and small quantities of vanillin and free
cinnamic acid.
• Use:
• Topical preparation for scabies, wounds, ulcers and
bedsores
• In feminine hygiene spray soaps, cosmetics
• Flavoring and masking agent

36. 6. GUGGULU
• Syn: Guggulu, Maishaksha
• Source: gum resin obtained from Commiphora mukul,
Commiphora wightii
• Family: Burseraceae
• GS: native to Africa but throughout India (Gujarat,
Rajasthan)
• Characters:
• Viscid brown tears; fragment pieces, balsamic odor &
bitter-acrid taste

37. Collection
• Oleo gum resin is collected from at least 5 years old plant
• Tapped from main stem on which deep circular incisions
are made
• The resin ducts occur only in bark portion near cambial
layer
• Guggul oozes out as yellowish white aromatic latex like
matter
• Dose of 400ml ethephon (2-chloro-ethyl phosphoric acid)
three times a year enhances the secretion
• Thick branches of tree give best grade
• Each plant yield 0.5-1 kg per year

38. Constituents & Uses
• C21-C27 compounds; steroids, diterpenoids, carbohydrates
and aliphatic esters
• Does not contain cinnamic acid, benzoic acid
• Sugar: Pentosan, pentose and furfural
• Terpene: Myrcene, caryophyllene
• Sterone: Z & E- guggulusterone
• Guggulosterol I,II, III
• Gum
• Flavonoids: quercetin, ellagic acid

39. • Chemical Test:
• Ethyl acetate ext + Acetic anhydride  boil, cool and 2 ml of
H2SO4, green color develops at the junction due to presence
of sterols
• Use:
• Lowers serum triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, Raises
HDL so Hypolipidemic, Hypocholesteremic
• Inhibit platelet aggregation, increase thermo genesis,
astringent, anti-rheumatic, antiseptic, expectorant, aphrodisiac,
demulcent, gargle, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, ulcers
• Adulterants: Commiphora species like C. abyssinica, C.
roxburghii, C. molmol and Boswellia serrata

40. 7. ASAFOETIDA
• Syn: Hing, Devil’s dung, Asant, Asafoda
• Source: Oleogum resin obtained from the incision of
rhizome and root of Ferula foetida, F.rubricaulis,
F.asafoetida & other species of Ferula
• Family: Umbelliferae
• GS: Central Asia especially Iran, Afghanistan, India
(Kashmir)

41. Collection
• Resin is obtained from carrot shaped massive roots and rhizomes of
the plants which are about 4-5 years of age
• March-April, just before the flowering season of the plant, the upper
part of the roots, very close to crown is cut off
• The milky juice oozes out of the cut surface and starts coagulating
• The cut surface is covered by dome shaped device made up of
leaves and branches to avoid the contamination with sand and
foreign matter
• After few days, coagulated matter is scrapped off and the fresh cuts
are given to collect more exudate
• This continued for about 3 months until the plants cease to produce
latex
• Plant yield 1 kg oleo resin
• After collection, dried thoroughly and packed in suitable containers.

42. COLLECTION

43. CHARACTERS
• Forms: 2 Types: Tears & Masses
• Color: golden yellowish brown
• Odor: strong
• Taste: bitter & acrid
• Specification:
• NMT 15% ash
• NMT 50% matter which is insoluble in 90% alcohol

44. CONSTITUENTS
Flavour: R-2-butyl-1-propenyl disulphide
20-25%
40-65% 4-20%
Asaresinotannol
Butyl propanyl disulphide

45. • Resin: 40-65%
• Gum: 20-25%
• Volatile oil: 4-20%
• Chief: asaresinotannol, ferulic acid, umbelic acid
• Butyl propanyl disulphide

46. CT & USE
1. Powder + water  trituration milky white emulsion
2. Combined umbelliferone Test: Powder+ HCl
boilfilter filtrate + NH3 blue fluorescence
3. Fractured surface+H2SO4 red color production, which
changes to violet on washing with water
4. Fractured surface+HNO3green color
5. USE
6. Carminative, expectorant, flavoring curry, sauce and
pickles,
7. nerve stimulant, intestinal flatulence

47. ALLIED SPP. & ADULTERANTS
• Allied spp:
• Galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua and
• Ammoniacum (Dorema ammoniacum)
• Adulterant:
• Red clay, gypsum, chalk, potato slices

48. 8. CANNABIS
• Syn: Indian Hemp, Cannabis, Hashish, Bhang, Ganja,
Charas, Marihuana
• Source: dried flowering tops of cultivated female plants
of Cannabis sativa
• Family: Cannabinaceae
• GS: Mexico, Africa, India (MH, WB, MP)

49. Cultivation
• Cultivation only by license from Govt.
• Soil: light loamy or sandy
• Climate: Humid, tropical
• Propagation: Seed
• Kharif crop, cultivation : June-July
• Distance: 1 meter between 2 rows
• Requirement: 6-9 kg seeds per hectre
• Flowering season: Dec-Jan
• Average ganja yield: 275 kg

50. Morphology
• Color: dull green
• Odor: Strong, characteristic and narcotic
• Taste: acrid and pungent
• Narcotic production: Only female plants are selected
because the resinous material is only found in the same

52. Ganja
• It consists of dried flowering or fruiting tops of the female
plants from which no resin has been removed
• It is collected only from cultivated plants
• Plants are collected when the lower leaves fall on the
ground and flower stalks begin to turn yellow.
• The floral shoots are cut off and are spread out in ridges
and furrows.
• The ridges are levelled down and crushed to press the
floral shoots into compact sheaves
• The turning of the material is done at regular intervals.
• After that, material is collected and arranged in flat
heaps.

54. Ganja
• It is then subjected to pressure under the press
• The heaps are turned over and broken up, so as to form
thick layers
• After 3-4 days, ganja is ready for storage
• Two types of ganja are available in the market
• The flat ganja, the individual pieces of the plants are
pressed by thresing, wherein the resinous material of the
flowering tops sticks together to form the flat mass.
• The flat ganja coming from Ahmednagar district
Maharashtra is well known in commerce.
• Round ganja is regarded as better quality where the resin
free parts of the plant are removed and every piece
(flowering top) is rolled individually, so as to form
cylindrical mass. It is prepared in bengal.

55. Bhang or Siddhi
• Cutting the leaves and flowering tops of the plant,
exposing them to sun and dew, drying and pressing the
drug
• The product is stored in earthenware vessels.
• The resinous matter present in glandular trichomes
containing hallucinogenic matter
• Unfit for medicinal use owing to deficiency of resin
• Taken in form of an electuary made by digestion with
melted butter
• (medicine composed of powders, or other ingredients,
incorporated with some conserve, honey, or syrup)

56. Charas
• It is resinous exudation collected from the leaves of the
hemp plants.
• The resinous secretion, appearing just before flowering of
the plant, is collected by rubbing the fresh tops between
hands or by beating them on cloth or carpet.
• The adhering material is scrapped off to yield, charas of
thee market.
• It is collected even by walking through the cultivated plants
after wearing the leather aprons.
• The resinous secretion, which sticks to the leather apron is
scrapped off and collected.

57. Constituents & Test
 15-20% Resin (present in glandular trichomes)
 Major constituent: 1-3-4 trans tetra-hydrocannabinol (THC)
 Volatile oil, trigonelline, choline, Seeds-20% fixed oil
 Resin: Cannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid,
cannabichromene, cannabigerol
 Identification: 0.1 g drug + 5ml light petroleum (60-80 degree
C) shake and filer. To the filtrate + 2ml 15% solution of HCl
in Ethyl alcohol. At the junction of 2 liquids, a red coloration
appears. After shaking, upper layer becomes colorless and
lower layers acquires pink color which disappears on addition
of water.

58. Constituents & Test
 Narcotic, Sedative, Analgesic
 Psychotropic properties  THC
 At present, very little used as a drug
 Cause intoxication, euphoria and later mental
disturbances.
 Should be stored in well closed container after thorough
drying.

61. 9. TURMERIC
• Syn: Haldi, Haridra, Indian saffron, Curcuma
• Source: dried as well as fresh rhizome of Curcuma
longa, C. domestica
• Family: Zingiberaceae
• GS: Temperate regions: southern Asia: India (TN, AP,
KL), China, East indies, Pakistan, Malaya

62. Cultivation & Preparation
 Perennial herb, 60-90cm high, short stem and tufted leaves
 Hot-moist climate
 Liberal water supply and well-drained soil
 Soil should be loose & friable
 Field prepared: well ploughing, 30cm depth, manured with
farmyard and green manures
 Buds are planted 7 cm deep, 30-37 cm apart and in April-
August
 Harvesting: after 9 months when lower leaves turn yellow
 Rhizome: carefully dug up with hard picks, washed & dried

63. Cultivation & Preparation
 Curing: cooking with few leaves in water until they become
soft
 Cooked rhizome: cooled, dried in open air with intermittent
turning over and rubbed on rough surface

64. Characteristics
 Shape: ovate, pear shaped, oblong, pyriform or cylindrical
 4-7 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, called as finger
 Color: deep yellow to orange
 Taste: aromatic, pungent, bitter
 Odor: indistinct

65. Microscopy

66. Constituents
cholerectic action:β-tolymethyl carbinol
• Coloring matter as 5% curcuminoids, 6% volatile oil
• Chief: Curcumin-I, Curcumin-II & Curcumin-III,
dihydrocurcumin
• Color: demethoxy curcumin & Bisdemethoxy curcumin
• Volatile Oil: mono & sesqui terpene: 25% zingiberene,
sabinene, turmeron, arturmeron, borneol, cineole,
camphene, limonene, terpinene, terpinolene,
caryophyllene, linalool, isoberneol,camphor, eugenol,
curdione, curzerenone, curlone, α-phellandrene, β, γ-
curcumene

68. Chemical Test
1. powder+Conc. H2SO4 crimson red color
2. powder+alkali solutionred-violet color
3. Powder+acetic anhydride+conc. H2SO4violet color,
intense red fluorescence under UV light
4. Paper containing turmeric extract  green color with
borax solution, reddish brown color with boric acid 
addition of alkali greenish blue
5. Filter paperimpregnated with an alcohol extract, dried
moistened with boric acid acidified with
HClredriedpink or brownish-red color is developed
deep blue on addition of alkali

69. USES
 Aromatic, anti-inflammatory, stomachic, uretic, anodyne
for biliary calculus, stimulant, tonic, carminative, blood
purifier, antiperiodic, alterative, spice, coloring agent for
ointment and common household remedy for cough and
cold
 Liver diseases
 Ar-turmeron antisnake venom activity
 Curcuminoids isolated from ethyl acetate extract of
turmeric have shown modest HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease
activity.

70. 10. Ginger
• Syn: Adarak, Zingiber
• Source: scraped or unscraped rhizomes of
Zingiber officinale
• Family: Zingiberaceae
• GS: South east Asia, Jamaica, China, India, Africa
• Specification:
• 7-15 cm long; 1-1.5 cm broad
• Color: buff
• Odor: agreeable
• Taste: pungent

71. Cultivation
 Climate: Warm, Humid
 Soil: Sandy, clay or red loamy, heavy rain fall with fertilizers
 Propagation: cut rhizomes
 Selected piece of rhizome: sown during March or April,
preferably in well-drained clay loam
 Procedure resemble potato cultivation
 Mulching or manuring is necessary as plant exhausts the
soil nutrients
 Stem wither: December-January: rhizome ready for
collection
 Ginger is again moistened & dried for further 2 days

72. Collection
 Harvesting: by digging
 Washed properly and dried to improve the color and
prevent further growth
 For scrapped drug: after removal of soil, the rhizomes are
killed by boiling water
 Carefully peeled, thoroughly washed and then dried in sun
on mats
 During drying, turned from time to time and protected
during damp weather
 First drying: 5-6 days
 To get whiter product: ginger is washed

73. Microscopy

74. Constituents
• Volatile oil, starch up to 50%, fat up to 10%, inorganic
material, residual moisture, fiber, resinous matter up to 8%
• Mono, sequi terpene hydrocarbon, phenyl propanoids
• Sequiterpene hydrocarbon: alpha zingiberene, beta
bisabolene, alpha farnesene, beta sesquiphellandrene and
alpha curcumene
• Phenolic ketones gingerols: shagol, zingerone, paradol,
gingediols
• Aroma: volatile oil
• Flavour, pungency and pharmacologic action: phenolic
ketone of oleo resin
• Zingeronesweet odor
• Pungencydue to gingerol
• Pungency destroyed by 5%NaOH

76. Varieties
Nigerian Cochin Chinese African
Southern India
Darker color Coated &
scraped form
Peeled &
scraped variety
Smaller & darker
than cochin
Smaller size Reddish grey
cork
Brown cork
More pungent More starchy;
easily breaks
Same like
bombay ginger
Less aroma Less aromatic
Volatile Oil
(0.7-1%)
Darker color
Calicut is better

77. Use-Adulterant-Allied spp.
USE ALLIED SPP ADULTERANT
Carminative
Alpinia galanga
Alpinia officinalis
Zingiber mioga
Exhausted ginger
(by adding
capsicum/grain to
increase the
pungency
Stimulant
Anti-emetic
CNS, CVS
Anti-inflammatory
Antibacterial
Motion sickness

79. 11. Capsicum
• Syn: chillies, cayenne, pepper, red pepper, mirch
• Source: dried, ripe fruits of the Capsicum minimum and
C.annum
• Family: Solanaceae
• GS: native of america, Tropical countries, Africa, India
• Characters:
• 5-12 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, globular, ovoid or oblong in
shape
• Pericarp is shrievelled; orange-red in color; pedicel is
prominent
• Characteristic odor, intense pungent taste

80. Collection
• Rainfed crop, Cold weather crop
• Good drainage is essential
• Seedlings are first raised in a nursery
• Seeds + pods broadcasting
• Germination in a week
• Flowering starts when 2.5-3.5 months old
• Harvesting: after 6 months
• Fruits pick up when fully ripe
• Quality determined by its color
• Dried in sun, graded by color and occasionally oil is rubbed
on the fruits to give glossiness to the pericarp
• Calyx-pedicel removed

81. Constituents
• Volatile oil (up to 1%), Fixed oil (up to 15%)
• Oleoresin, carotenoids, capsacutin, capsico (a volatile
alkaloid), thiamine
• Pungent principle:Capsaicin
• Pigment: capsanthin, alpha-beta carotene (color)
• Thiamine, ascorbic acid
• Pungency is destroyed by oxidizing agents like KMnO4

82. Capsaicin
Capsanthin

83. Uses, Allied species
• Internally: Carminative, Stomachic, Stimulant,
• Externally: Counter irritant, Rubefacient (Rheumatism,
Lumbago and Neuralgia)
• Sore throat, Scarlet fever (streptococcus bacteria)
• Hoarseness
• Yellow fever
• Dyspepsia, Flatulence
• Allied Species:
• Japanese chillies, (C.frutescens)
• Bombay capsicum (C.annum)

85. 12. SHELLAC
resemble cochineal insect in structure and life history
• Syn: Lac
• Source: resinous substance prepared from a secretion that
encrusts the bodies of a scale insect Kerria Lacca
(Laccifer lacca), order Hemiptera
• GS: India, Thailand, China (5% of world’s production)
• India: Leguminosae (Acacia spp., Butea frondosa),
Euphorbiaceae (Aleuritis laccifera), Moraceae (Ficus spp.),
Dipterocarpaceae (Cajanus indivus, Shorea talura),
Rhamnaceae (Ziziphus jujuba)
• China: species of Ficus and Dalbergia (Leguminosae)

86. Preparation
 Lac is found on smaller branches & twigs
 The minute red color larvae of the insect settle on the young fleshy
shoots of the host plant and with their long proboscis suck nutrient from
the sap
 The insect secret thick resinous fluid which envelopes their bodies and
the secretions from individual insect coalesce and form a hard
continuous envelope over the twigs.
 The twigs are harvested and the encrustations broken off and scraped
from twigs by means of curved knives
 Usually ground in India & coloring matter is extracted with water or dilute
soda solution.
 Solution evaporates to dryness constitute lac dye and exhausted lac
when dried seed lac

87. Types of Shellac

88. Characters, Constituents
 70-80% resin, sugar, protein, coloring matter, wax and
volatile oil
 Resin: Hard & Soft (hydroxy fatty acid + sesqui terpene)
 Main constituent: Hard Resin: about 36% aleuritic acid
(9,10,16-trihydroxypalmitic acid)
 Shelloic acid, kerrolic acid, butolic acid (small extent)
 Soft resin: cedrene type sesquiterpene acid, water
insoluble yellow pigment –erythrolaccin (tetrahydroxy-4-
methylanthraquinone
 Coloring matter: Laccaic acid

90. Characters, Constituents
 Identification:
 50 mg shellac + ammonium molybdate + H2SO4 
green color produced, it becomes lilac (pinkish-purple) on
standing for five minutes
 Uses:
 Manufacturing of sustained release medication
 Industry: phonographic records, varnishes, ink

91. Turpentine
• Source: obtained from Pinus spp. Like P. pinaster-
maritime pine, P. palustris-long leaf pine (France),
P. elliottii-slash pine, P. sylvestris, P. nigra (North
america), P. halepensis(Europe)
• Family Pinaceae
• GS: Northen hemisphere (oleoresin in secretory canals)
• Recent update: portugal type turpentin obtained by steam
distillation, at a temp. <80°C, of the oleoresin collected by
tapping the maritime pine, P. pinaster and chiefly
produced in Portugal and Spain

92. Preparation-1
• Traditional method:
• consists of tapping, in other words cutting a blaze or
groove into the pine trunk with a special tool, then
collecting the flow of oleoresin into cups.
• The flow can be increased by applying dilute H2SO4.
• Steam distillation of the crude oleoresin produces gum
turpentine and gum rosin.

93. Preparation-2
• Makes use of the waste from the wood industry,
particularly the stumps left after the trees have been cut
down.
• These are washed & chopped, then extracted with an
organic solvent.
• The residual wood chips are burned to generate some of
the heat needed by the distillery.
• Distillation of the crude extraction product produces
dipentene, pine oil, wood turpentine and wood rosin or
colophony.

94. Preparation-3
• Recovers the terpenoid constituents contained in pine
woods at the time of their transformation in wood pulp.
• The pulp used in paper industry is most often obtained
by cooking the wood pulp (Kraft or sulphate process:
cooking in the presence of sulphate)
• The cooking vapors are condensed to provide sulfate
turpentine.
• In addition, the liquid wastes yield tall oil, itself the source
of fatty acids, sitosterol an tall oil rosin.

95. Overall production
• World production of turpentine lies somewhere between
240-260000 metric tons/year with about 50% obtained by
tree tapping (by China, countries of former USSR,
Portugal, India, Mexico)
• US and canada produce about 100,000 metric tons of
sulfate turpentine.
• Quality of the product varies as a function of numerous
criteria: nature of the starting material (resin versus
stumps), plant species, GS and more.

96. Constituents
Monoterpenoid-Hydrocarbon
• α,β-pinene,
• camphene,
• 10-24% α-phellandrene,
• carene
• 45-72% Limonene
• 3-8% Sabinene
• 0.5-8% Elemicin
• 1-15% Elemol
• 0.4-2% α-Terpineol

98. Colocynth
• Syn: bitter apple, kadu, Intravani, bitter cucumber
• Source: dried pithy pulp of the ripe fruits of
Citrullus colocynthis
• Family: Curcurbitaceae
• GS: asia, africa, south europe; mainly in egypt, cyprus;
India (GJ,PB,TN)
• 5-8 cm diameter, subspherical berry, almost white

99. Constituents
• Alkaloid
• Resin:
• Citrullol
• Glycoside: alpha-elaterin, cucurbitacin E, elatericin B
or cucurbitacin, dihydroelatericin B, cucurbitacin L,
fixed oil and starch

101. Collection & Use
• Perennial prostate herb
• Rarely cultivate
• Fleshy fruits
• Collected in autumn when they are ripe
• Fruit: yellow
• Fruits; peeled using a knife and dried under the sun or
artificially
• Uses: Hydrogogue purgative
• Stimulates or irritates the GIT
• Carminative
• Insecticidal

102. Guaiacum
• Syn: Lignum vitae, Pockwood
• Source: heartwood of Guaiacum officinale G.
sanctum
• Family: Zygophyllaceae
• GS: coastal region of tropical america
• G.officinale: venezuela, colombia, west indies
• G. sanctum: cuba, haiti,florida

103. Characters & CT
• Large block or rounded tears
• 2-3 cm in diameter
• Color: brown & glassyexposuregreen
• Taste: acrid
• Odor: when warmed aromatic
• Solubility: alcohol, chloroform, alkali
• CT:
1. Alcoholic solution + FeCl3oxidationdeep blue
colorreductioncolor reduced
2. If adulterated with colophonydetected by copper acetate
test

104. Constituents, Use
• Lignan: alpha-guaiaconic acid, guaiaretic
acid 10% of guaiacum resindiaryl butane
• Triterpenoid, norterpenoid
• Resin extracted by alcohol most sensitive
• Alcoholic solutiondetection of stains,
cyanogenetic glycosides, oxidase-
peroxidase enzyme
• Use
• Chronic rheumatic condition
• Food additive

105. HOPS
• Syn: Kanphuti, Kanphuta
• Source: dried strobiles of Humulus lupulus
• (Strobile: A conelike structure, such as a pine cone, the
fruit of the hop, or a cone of a club moss, that consists of
overlapping sporophylls spirally arranged along a central
axis)
• Family: Cannabinaceae
• GS: England, Germany, Belgium, France, Russia,
California, Asia

106. Preparation
 Strobiles are collected
 Dried in klins (thermally insulated chamber or oven)
 Pressed into bales known as pockets
 Exposed to the fumes of burning sulphur which modifies
the sulphur components already in the hops but which is
said to stabilize the aroma and color

107. Constituents
 Tannin, lupulin gland
 0.3-1.0% terpenes, sesqui
terpenes including humulene
 2-methyl-but-3-ene-2-ol and 3-
methylbutanoic acid
 Humulone (α-acids), lupulone
( β-acids)
 10% resin
 2,3,4-Trithiapentane, S-methylthio-
2-methylbutanone, S-methylthio-4-
methyl-pentoate, 4,5-epithiocaryop

108. USE
 Xanthohumol: cytotoxic effects on human cancer cell lines,
antiproliferative, antioxidant, estrogenic
 Mild sedative
 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol : aromatic bitter & beer preparation