Life cycle of plasmodium
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Life cycle of plasmodium
- 1. CLASSIFICATION & LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
- 2. Plasmodium • Plasmodium is a parasitic protozoa • Causes malaria. • Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells in mammals (including humans), birds, and reptiles, occurs worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate zones.
- 3. Taxonomic classification • Kingdom: Protista • Subkingdom: Protozoa • Phylum: Apicomplexa • Class: Sporozoa. • Order: Eucoccidiida. • Family: Plasmodiidae • Genus: Plasmodium
- 4. Species infecting human : • P. vivax • P. falciparum • P. malariae • P. ovale
- 5. Malaria
- 6. Causative agents Plasmodium species Human infection Plasmodium vivax Benign tertian malaria Plasmodium falciparum Malignant tertian/pernicious malaria (most common and fatal) Plasmodium malariae Quartan malaria Plasmodium ovale Ovale tertian malaria
- 7. Vector: • The female Anopheles sp. Mosquito.
- 8. Plasmodium have two hosts: 1- A vertebrate host in which reproduction is asexual (intermediate host):Human 2- A blood-sucking insect, in which sexual reproduction takes place (definitive host)- mosquito .
- 9. -The infective stage(For Human) : sporozoites. - The infective stage for the mosquito is the gametocytes. In the intermediate host: -Liver stage: 6 - 14 days. - Blood stage: 48 - 72 hrs. - Incubation period: 21 days.
- 10. Life cycle of Plasmodium • Divided into 3 stages- 1. Exoerythrocytic stage – in liver of man. 2. Erythrocytic stage- in RBCs of man. 3. Sporogonic stage- in mosquito (female Anopheles)
- 11. LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA Exo-erythrocytic (hepatic) cycle Hypnozoites Sporozoites Salivary Gland Gametocytes Erythrocytic Cycle Zygote Oocyst Stomach Wall Pre-erythrocytic (hepatic) cycle sporozoites
- 13. Anopheles Transmission • sporozoites injected with saliva • enter circulation • trapped by liver (receptor-ligand)
- 14. Exoerythrocytic Schizogony • hepatocyte invasion • asexual replication • 6-15 days • 1000-10,000 merozoites
- 15. Hyponozoite Forms • some EE forms exhibit delayed replication (ie, dormant) • merozoites produced months after initial infection • only P. vivax and P. ovale relapse = hypnozoite recrudescence = subpatentt
- 16. Erythrocytic Stage • intracellular parasite undergoes trophic phase • young trophozoite called ‘ring form’ • ingests host hemoglobin • cytostome • food vacuole •hemozoin (malarial pigment)
- 17. Erythrocytic Schizogony • Nuclear division-begin schizont stage • 6-40 nuclei • budding merozoites • erythrocyte rupture releases merozoites • characterized by acute febrile attacks (malaria paroxysms) • Causes periodic episodes of fever alternating with symptom-free periods
- 18. Malaria Paroxysm • paroxysms associated with synchrony of merozoite release • between paroxysms temper-ature is normal and patient feels well • falciparum may not exhibit classic paroxysms (continuous fever) tertian malaria quartan malaria
- 19. gametocytes erythrocytic schizogony • 48 hr in Pf, Pv, Po • 72 hr in Pm
- 20. Gametogenesis • occurs in mosquito gut • ‘exflagellation’ most obvious •8 microgametes formed
- 21. Sporogony •occurs in mosquito (9-21 days) •fusion of micro and macrogametes •zygote ookinete (~24 hr) •ookinete transverses gut epithelium ('trans-invasion'). •ookinete oocyst • between epithelium and basal lamina •asexual replication sporozoites
- 22. •sporozoites released. •sporozoites migrate through hemocoel •sporozoites 'invade' salivary glands. •Stored in salivary glands of mosquito. •Released into human body when mosquito bites another person.
- 24. THANK U