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Measurements of
Poverty
Poverty

Absolute Poverty

Human Poverty
Index
Food Poverty
Line

Relative Poverty

Poverty Line

Non food
Poverty Line

Lorenz Curve ( Gini index)

National Poverty
Line
• Absolute poverty is a level of poverty as defined in terms
of the minimal requirements necessary to afford minimal
standards of food, clothing, health care and shelter.
• Relative poverty defines people are relatively
impoverished if the customary (average) standard of
living in their society requires more spending than the
income they have available.
( Source:http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/
Poverty_RelAbs.html)
Absolute Poverty Measurements
1. Poverty Line

2. Human Poverty Index
1. Poverty Line ( Poverty Threshold)
“Possible sources of additional family income”
Source: B.seebohm rowntree,Poverty: a study of townlife,100th edition,british Library,2000

 Food poverty line
 Non food poverty line
 National poverty Line

Absolute Poverty Measurements
 Food poverty line
Minimum amount of food an individual must consume to stay
healthy
Source: Moazzem Hossain, Iyanatul Islam, Reza Kibria, South Asian Economic Development:
Transformation, Opportunities and Challenges,

 Non food poverty line
Average per capita non-food expenditure of households whose per
capita total expenditure is close to the food poverty line.
Source: The Department of Census and Statistics Announces the Official Poverty Line for Sri
Lanka, 2004

 National poverty Line
This is the percentage of people living below the national poverty line.

Absolute Poverty Measurements
Food poverty line measuring method in Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, the method outlined below is
implemented to derive the food poverty line in
the following way:
(i) the households in the 2nd to 4th deciles
ranked by real per-capita total consumption
expenditure are chosen as the reference
group;
(ii) all food items for which information on
expenditure, quantity and
estimated calorie value are available are
selected;
(iii) the aggregates of food expenditures and
calorie intakes in the reference group are
calculated;
(iv) the cost per calorie is derived by dividing the
former with the latter;
Source: The Department of Census and Statistics Announces the Official Poverty Line for Sri
Lanka, 2004

Absolute Poverty Measurements
Non Food Poverty Line
The lower bound of the non-food poverty line means average per capita
non-food expenditure of households whose per capita total
expenditure is close to the food poverty line.

The upper bound is defined means average per-capita non-food
expenditure of households whose per-capita food expenditure is
close to the food poverty line.

Absolute Poverty Measurements
The National Poverty Line

The national poverty line is Rs.3178 of October 2010
- Policy Research and Information Unit ,Sri Lanka-

Absolute Poverty Measurements
Criticisms on Poverty Line
 Poverty Line is a measure based solely on the cost of food.
It is needed to measure poverty through multiple factors such as
housing, transportation, and regional economic differences.
 The thresholds are low
Current poverty thresholds were established in the 1960s.
Thresholds should vary geographically to reflect variations in
the costs of meeting the needs in the thresholds.
 The analytical data is low to find the solution to reduce the
poverty

It is essential to have the categories (sex,age etc) what affect from
poverty more. Then the solutions can be used to that affected
group.
Absolute Poverty Measurements
2. Human poverty index
The Human Poverty Index (HPI) was an indication of the standard of
living in a country, developed by the United Nations.

Not only poor countries but also but also industrial countries also are
suffering from the human poverty . So economists introduced separate
two indexes to measure the poverty.
1 . Human poverty index for developing countries. (HPI 1)
•
•
•
•

Percentage of people who are living more than 40 years.(Longevity)
Adults percentage with illiteracy .(Knowledge)
Percentage of people who are impossible to access for pure water.
Percentage of low weight infants below 5 year old.( Decent
standards of Poverty)
Absolute Poverty Measurements
2. Human poverty index for developing countries.(HPI 2 )

 Percentage of people who are not living more than 60 years from

the total population.
 Percentage of people who are inability to read and write in day
today activities from the total population.
 Segment of people who suffer from income poverty.
 Group of population suffer from the unemployment more than 12
months.

Absolute Poverty Measurements
Summary of poverty lines at 2002 national prices

Poverty line

Rs./month

1. Food poverty line

973

2. Lower poverty line

1267

3. Upper poverty line

1579
Poverty headcount ratio National and by sector (%).
Sector

1990-91
(%)

1995-96
(%)

2002
(%)

26.1

28.8

22.7

Urban

16.3

14.0

7.9

Rural

23.4

30.9

24.7

Estate

20.5

38.4

30.0

National
Relative Poverty measurements

 Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient

Lorenz curve is the line which shows the distribution of income among the
households.

Relative Poverty Measurements
 It was developed by Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for representing inequality
of the wealth distribution
The Lorenz Curve is a graphical representation of the proportionality
of distribution.
To map the Lorenz curve, the cumulative income share is plotted on
the vertical axis and distribution of the population on the horizontal
axis.
 The more curved a Lorenz curve is, and the further it lies below the
line of equality,
 A linear Lorenz curve is evidence of “perfect” equality.

Relative Poverty Measurements
Gini Index
This index shows the inequality among the household
income

Source: Household Income and Expenditure Survey -2005, Department of Census and
Statistics, Sri Lanka

Relative Poverty Measurements
Other Poverty Indexes used by the World Bank
• The Human Suffering Index (HSI)
• The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
• The Human Development Index (HDI)
• Incidence of poverty: The percentage of a country's population that
cannot afford basic necessities (a "basket of goods and services").

This is also known as living below the poverty line (an income level below
which a person is unable to meet basic needs)
• Depth of poverty: How far below the poverty line the poor population
lives; also called the poverty gap.
• Poverty severity (squared poverty gap): Measures how poor the poor
are.
In other words, poverty severity measures how far below the poverty line
individuals and households are, with more consequence given to those at
the very bottom.
Group members
H.H.K.R.N.Elizabeth
P.M.S.Jayamali
T.E.T.P.Gunapala
D.S.N.Jayakodi

102308T
102313E
102309X
102312B

Thank you !!!!!!!!!

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Measurements of poverty

  • 2. Poverty Absolute Poverty Human Poverty Index Food Poverty Line Relative Poverty Poverty Line Non food Poverty Line Lorenz Curve ( Gini index) National Poverty Line
  • 3. • Absolute poverty is a level of poverty as defined in terms of the minimal requirements necessary to afford minimal standards of food, clothing, health care and shelter. • Relative poverty defines people are relatively impoverished if the customary (average) standard of living in their society requires more spending than the income they have available. ( Source:http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/ Poverty_RelAbs.html)
  • 4. Absolute Poverty Measurements 1. Poverty Line 2. Human Poverty Index 1. Poverty Line ( Poverty Threshold) “Possible sources of additional family income” Source: B.seebohm rowntree,Poverty: a study of townlife,100th edition,british Library,2000  Food poverty line  Non food poverty line  National poverty Line Absolute Poverty Measurements
  • 5.  Food poverty line Minimum amount of food an individual must consume to stay healthy Source: Moazzem Hossain, Iyanatul Islam, Reza Kibria, South Asian Economic Development: Transformation, Opportunities and Challenges,  Non food poverty line Average per capita non-food expenditure of households whose per capita total expenditure is close to the food poverty line. Source: The Department of Census and Statistics Announces the Official Poverty Line for Sri Lanka, 2004  National poverty Line This is the percentage of people living below the national poverty line. Absolute Poverty Measurements
  • 6. Food poverty line measuring method in Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka, the method outlined below is implemented to derive the food poverty line in the following way: (i) the households in the 2nd to 4th deciles ranked by real per-capita total consumption expenditure are chosen as the reference group; (ii) all food items for which information on expenditure, quantity and estimated calorie value are available are selected; (iii) the aggregates of food expenditures and calorie intakes in the reference group are calculated; (iv) the cost per calorie is derived by dividing the former with the latter; Source: The Department of Census and Statistics Announces the Official Poverty Line for Sri Lanka, 2004 Absolute Poverty Measurements
  • 7. Non Food Poverty Line The lower bound of the non-food poverty line means average per capita non-food expenditure of households whose per capita total expenditure is close to the food poverty line. The upper bound is defined means average per-capita non-food expenditure of households whose per-capita food expenditure is close to the food poverty line. Absolute Poverty Measurements
  • 8. The National Poverty Line The national poverty line is Rs.3178 of October 2010 - Policy Research and Information Unit ,Sri Lanka- Absolute Poverty Measurements
  • 9. Criticisms on Poverty Line  Poverty Line is a measure based solely on the cost of food. It is needed to measure poverty through multiple factors such as housing, transportation, and regional economic differences.  The thresholds are low Current poverty thresholds were established in the 1960s. Thresholds should vary geographically to reflect variations in the costs of meeting the needs in the thresholds.  The analytical data is low to find the solution to reduce the poverty It is essential to have the categories (sex,age etc) what affect from poverty more. Then the solutions can be used to that affected group. Absolute Poverty Measurements
  • 10. 2. Human poverty index The Human Poverty Index (HPI) was an indication of the standard of living in a country, developed by the United Nations. Not only poor countries but also but also industrial countries also are suffering from the human poverty . So economists introduced separate two indexes to measure the poverty. 1 . Human poverty index for developing countries. (HPI 1) • • • • Percentage of people who are living more than 40 years.(Longevity) Adults percentage with illiteracy .(Knowledge) Percentage of people who are impossible to access for pure water. Percentage of low weight infants below 5 year old.( Decent standards of Poverty) Absolute Poverty Measurements
  • 11. 2. Human poverty index for developing countries.(HPI 2 )  Percentage of people who are not living more than 60 years from the total population.  Percentage of people who are inability to read and write in day today activities from the total population.  Segment of people who suffer from income poverty.  Group of population suffer from the unemployment more than 12 months. Absolute Poverty Measurements
  • 12. Summary of poverty lines at 2002 national prices Poverty line Rs./month 1. Food poverty line 973 2. Lower poverty line 1267 3. Upper poverty line 1579
  • 13. Poverty headcount ratio National and by sector (%). Sector 1990-91 (%) 1995-96 (%) 2002 (%) 26.1 28.8 22.7 Urban 16.3 14.0 7.9 Rural 23.4 30.9 24.7 Estate 20.5 38.4 30.0 National
  • 14. Relative Poverty measurements  Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient Lorenz curve is the line which shows the distribution of income among the households. Relative Poverty Measurements
  • 15.  It was developed by Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for representing inequality of the wealth distribution The Lorenz Curve is a graphical representation of the proportionality of distribution. To map the Lorenz curve, the cumulative income share is plotted on the vertical axis and distribution of the population on the horizontal axis.  The more curved a Lorenz curve is, and the further it lies below the line of equality,  A linear Lorenz curve is evidence of “perfect” equality. Relative Poverty Measurements
  • 16. Gini Index This index shows the inequality among the household income Source: Household Income and Expenditure Survey -2005, Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka Relative Poverty Measurements
  • 17. Other Poverty Indexes used by the World Bank • The Human Suffering Index (HSI) • The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) • The Human Development Index (HDI) • Incidence of poverty: The percentage of a country's population that cannot afford basic necessities (a "basket of goods and services"). This is also known as living below the poverty line (an income level below which a person is unable to meet basic needs) • Depth of poverty: How far below the poverty line the poor population lives; also called the poverty gap. • Poverty severity (squared poverty gap): Measures how poor the poor are. In other words, poverty severity measures how far below the poverty line individuals and households are, with more consequence given to those at the very bottom.