1. ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
L.NAGA KRISHNA ,
LECTARURER,
MRIMS .

2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
 Aristotle and erasistratus are the first to use living animals in
experiments.
 Animal use in science has been developed not only in drug
discovery but also in surgical procedures.
 RAUDOLF BUCHHEIM founded the first experimental
pharmacology laboratory in his own house in 1849 in germany.
 IVAN PAVLOV is one of the most famous scientist used
animals for performing experiments in late 1800’s.

3. CONT…………
 The first animal protection law was proposed in British
parliament at 1822, promoted by Charles Darwin,
legislation for the protection and regulation of animals.
 The bill for protection law of animals has passed in the
year 1876.
 SIR RAM NATH CHOPRA in INDIA made the beginning
in pharmacological research of traditional drugs.
 The animal welfare board of INDIA was set up in
accordance with section 4 of the prevention of cruelty to
animal act 1960.
 From the 17 th century there is a oppose to the use of
animals in research and the scientific community.

4. INTRODUCTION
 Physiologically and Anatomically there is a similarity
between the humans and animals at organs and organ
systems, which function in a similar fashion.
 This similarity makes animals ideal models for the study
and development of products and techniques for humans.
 It was the use of animals in the laboratory that lead to the
discovery of the diptheria and polio vaccines, insulin for
the treatment of diabetes mellitus, heart valve
replacement , antibiotic theraphy, manic-depressive
drugs and the list goes on and on.

5. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANIMAL RESEARCH
 Animal research can be divided in to several
classifications based on study type.
 Experimental designs and procedure are precisely
specified and implemented with in each study and the
use of any animal must be justified.
 Animal research are of following types:
Basic research.
Applied research.
Toxicology testing.
Xeno transplantation.

6. CONT…………
BASIC RESEARCH:
 The goal is to investigate how organisms develop,
function & behave.
 These studies include embryogenesis and developmental
biology, behavior, evolution and genetics.
 Mice and rats account for the vast majority.

7. CONT…………
APPLIED RESEARCH:
 The primary purpose is to solve a specific or practical
problem.
 These studies may involve naturally occurring diseases,
induced animal models of human diseases or genetically
modified animals.
 Applied often represents the early stage in the drug
discovery process.

8. CONT…………
TOXICOLOGY TESTING :
 This is generally performed by pharmaceutical
companies or contract animal testing facilities to test
drugs and other chemicals.
 Today all the new drugs must under go rigorous animal
testing prior to licensing for human use.
 Cosmetic testing fall within this category, and it has
become particularly controversial in recent years.
 Toxicology testing's are of three types:
 Acute toxicity testing.
 Chronic toxicity testing.

9. TOXICOLOGY TESTING'S
ACUTE TOXICITY : Acute toxicity studies are required
for all drugs. These studies involve single administration
of the agent up to lethal level in at least two species.
CHRONIC TOXICITY : chronic toxicity is a property of a
substance that has toxic effects on a living organism,
when that organism is exposed to the substance
continuously or repeatedly .

10. CONT…………
XENO TRANSPLANTATION:
 This is the study of transplanting tissues or organs from
one species to another.
 It is currently viewed as a mechanism to overcome the
shortage of human organs for organ transplantation.
 Recently clinical trials evaluated the transplantation pf
pig insulin secreting cells in to diabetics.

11. ANIMALS IN USE
 Animals used in drug discovery include rats, mice, dogs,
cats, primates, rabbits, hamsters, frogs guinea pigs and
others. Of which rats, mice, rabbit & guinea pigs are the
common animals used in research.
 Source for animals in research facilities vary depending
upon location, but most are supplied by special dealers.
 Regardless of an animals source origin they are protected
by laws, regulations and policies to ensure humane
treatment.
 In united states, under provisions of the animal welfare
act (1966), guide lines have been established.

12. RAT(RATTUS NOVERGICUS)
 Strains of rats used in experimental pharmacology are
wistar strain, sprauge-dawley and porton.
 Rats being small in size (200gm), resemble humans in
several organ function and nutrition and sensitive to most
of the drugs, make them very use full in experimental
pharmacology.
 The various tissues used for the study of drugs are colon,
stomach uterus, ceacum, vas deference and abdominal
smooth musle.
 Rat brain tissue is extensively employed in radio-
receptor ligand studies.

13. MICE(MUS MUSCULUS)
 Strains of mice used in experimental pharmacology are
Swiss strain, Laca andBalb/c.
 They are small in size (25-30gms) and extensively used
in toxic study, bioassay of drugs(insulin), testing of
analgesics, CNS active drugs and chemotherapeutic
agents.
 Most recently mouse brain tissue as well as primary cell
culture of mouse spinal cord neurons are used in
neuropharmacology for studying neurotransmitter
receptor functions.

14. RABBITS(LEPUS CURPAEUMS)
 Domestic rabbits (2-3kg) are used for pyrogen testing.
one of the peculiar thing about rabbits is that they are
resistant to the action of atropine as they contain
atropinesterase enzyme, the presence of which is
genetically determined.
 Some of the tissue or organs from rabbits used are heart,
aorta, duodenum and ileum.

15. GUINEA PIG(CAVIA PORCELLUS)
 Guinea pigs (400-600gms) are the commonly used
experimental animals.
 They are used to study local anesthetics, and as a models
in experimental amoebiasis and cholera as they are
sensitive to these microorganisms.
 Guinea pig tissues such as ileum is the most common
preparation used to study spasmogen and
antispasmodics.

16. ALTERNATIVES
 Most countries adhere to the three R’s : Replacement,
Reduction and Refinement as guiding principles for the
use of animals in research.
 The 3 R’s are important from a scientific, ethical and
legal perspective.
 In an humane society, there is a clear moral obligation to
minimize the potential pain, suffering or distress of any
animal to an absolute minimum.

17. REPLACEMENT
 Replacement refers to use of non-animal methods over
animal methods when ever it is possible to achive the
same scientific aim.
 One aspect of replacement is the use of lower species of
animals whenever possible, using rabbit instead of a dog
or a mouse instead of rabbit
 This explains why most research is done on mice and
rats.

18. REDUCTION
 Reduction refers to obtain equivalent level of
information by using fewer animals or increased
information from the same number of animals.
 Investigators must ensure that their research design is
robust and they have significant animal numbers to
provide statistically relevant data, while keeping animal
numbers to a minimum.

19. REFINEMENT
 Refinement refers to methods to enhance animal welfare
and minimize distress, suffering and potential pain for
the animals.
 The goals of refinement are to improve the quality of life
for the animals and in doing so improve the quality of
science.

20. ETHICAL REQUIREMENTS
 In order to make judicious use of animals for
experimental purposes, the scientific societies and
institutions have put forth ethical guide lines for
investigators.
 It is a mandatory to have institutional ethical committees
and to have the approval of experimental protocols.
 ethical committees also provide guidelines for proper
breeding and storage facilities and protection against
inhumane treatment.