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كيف تعمل الكهرباء - كل شيء عن الكهرباء
1.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 1 ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء؟ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء؟ ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺒﺖ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻚ٬ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ
ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ٬ ًﺍ ﺟﺪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻷﻥ٬ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ: ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ. ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎﺍ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ. ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻐﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻕ. ﺗﺮﺗﺪﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺷﺘﻮﻱ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺻﻌﻘﺔ ﺗﺼﻴﺒﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ. ﺗﺴﺘ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺑﻜﻞ ﻄﻴﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ. ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء؟ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ؟ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﺷﻴﺎء ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ؟
2.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 2 ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء؟ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺂﺧﺬ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ٬ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ: ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ. ﺍﻟﻤﺼ ﺎﺑﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﺖ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻮء. ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ. ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺗﻒ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ. ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ. ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ. ﻣﺴﺪﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻖ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻟﻢ.
3.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 3 ﻣﺤﻤﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻭﻣﺠﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ. ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺎﻉ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻷ ﻣﻴﺎﻝ. ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ: ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺇﻛﺲ. ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ
ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺑﺪﻭﻥ٬ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺳﻨﻌﻮﺩ ﻓﺒﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻺﺿﺎءﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻯ ﻭﻣﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺗﺼﺎﻝ. ﻫﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ؟ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻖ٬ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ. ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﺒﺪﺃ" : ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ." ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺴﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ. ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺓ
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Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 4 ﺗﺪﻭﺭ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻭﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻟﺨﺸﺐ ًﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟ ﻬﻮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄ ﻦ..... ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻻ ﻓﺈ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء. ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ُﺪﻋﻰﺗ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ" ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ" ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. ﻓﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺗﺴ ﻬﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓ ﻬ ﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻕ ً ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻟﻴﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽﻻ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء؟ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ٬ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ٬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻣﺘﻼء ﺑﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ. ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﺖ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻖ ﻣﺴﺪﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ. ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ٬ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ. ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋ ﻼﻗﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ٬ ُﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﺪﻓﻖﺃ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻳﻨﺸﺊ٬ ﻳﺤ ﺍﻟﺸﺊ ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻗﺮﺏ ًﺎ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ) ﺟﻌﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ.(
5.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 5 ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻟﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ٬ ﻓﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻤ ﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء٬ ﻟﻜﻦ ًﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻀﺦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ. ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء؟ 1 ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء. 2 ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ. ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ٬ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺃﻥ: 1 ﻳً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕﺎً ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺍ ﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ. 2 ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺿﻐﻄ. ﺍﻟﺪﻭ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ُﻄﻠﻖﻳ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﺋﺮ " ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ" ٬ ﺍﻟﻀﻐ ﻋﻠﻰ ُﻄﻠﻖﻳ ﻭ ﻂ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘ ﻳﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ" ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ" ﻭُﻳ ﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ. ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ1000 ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ1 ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ6 ﻓﻮﻟﺖ٬ ﻭ1 ﻳ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺪﻝ ) ًﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ6.24 × 10 18 ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ( ٬ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ.
6.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 6 ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء
ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺳﻮﺍء٬ ًﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌ: ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻗﻄﺒﺎﻥ: ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺐ. ﻣ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺼ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺪﺭ) ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ًﺍ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺍء( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻛﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ٬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺜﺎﻝ: ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ1.5 ﻓﻮﻟﺖ. ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺐ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﺤﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ٬ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ٬ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ. ﺍﻟﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺭﻭﻙ ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻐ ﻴﻠﻬﺎ. ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦًﺍ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ٬ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﺣﻤﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ) ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺇﻟﺦ(.. ﻭﺳﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ. ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ٬ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ ًﻼ ﻣﺜُﺗ ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ٬ ُﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰﻳ ﻛﻤﺎ
7.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 7 ﻓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ
ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ) ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ( ٬ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻤﺮ. ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻣﺪﻓﺄﺓ ﺃﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺃﻧﻚ٬ ﺗﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻟﻚ ﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻘﺒ ﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ) 10 ًﻼ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﺜ( ٬ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﺄﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻗﻮﺗﻬ ﺎ1200 ﻭﺍﺕ: ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ× ﺍﻷﻣﺒﻴﺮ= ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﺬﺍ: 120 ﻓﻮﻟﺖ× 10 ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ= 1200 ﻭﺍﺕ. ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺊ ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻱ٬ ﺧﺒﺰ ﻣﺤﻤﺺ ﺃﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻤﻘﺒﺲ5 ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ600 ً ﺑﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮﺎ ﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﺿﺄﺕ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺣ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ60 ﻭﺍﺕ. ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻭﺫﻫﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﺄﺓ ﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ُﺼﺎﺭﻴ ﻟ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍءﺗﻪ ﻭﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎ ﺭ٬ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﺄﺓ. ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﺄﺓ ﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ1200 ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﺕ1.2 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ٬ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ1000 ﻭﺍﺕ٬ ﺍﻟﻤﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻓﺄﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ٬ ﻓﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻫﻮ1.2 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ. ﺃﺿﺄﺕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ100 ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺕ10 ﻓﺴﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ1 ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ) 100 ﻭﺍﺕ× 10 ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ= 1 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ.( ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺪﻓﺄﺓ ﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﻭﺇﻥ20000 ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﺴﺘﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ100 ﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ) 20 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ× 5 ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ= 100 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ( ٬ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻮﺍﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء.
8.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 8 ﺍﻷﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻳﺨﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻫﻢ ًﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ) ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ) ُﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺒﻴﺮﻳ ﻭ( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ) ﻭُﺗ ﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﻡ.( ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء؟ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ٬ ﺍﻟﻤﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ء ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻓﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ. ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ٬ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣ. ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﺎء ﺑﻪ ًﺎ ﺧﺰﺍﻧ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺨﺮﻃﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﻘﺔ٬ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺇ ﺫﺍ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ؟ ﺳﻴﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮﻡ٬ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺊ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ: ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ. ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮﻡ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺕ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺧﺎﺭﺟ٬ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳ ﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ. ﻋﻨﺪﻣ ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻀﺊ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ٬ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻓﺸﻌﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ٬ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ. ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻓﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ120 ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻢ ﻭﺍﺕ120 ﻓﻮﻟﺖ٬ ُﺤﺴﺐﺗ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ= ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ/ ﺍﻷﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﺫﻥ120 ﺃﻭﻡ٬ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻥ60 ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺕ240 ﺃﻭﻡ.
9.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 9 ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻟ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ
ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﺒﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ٬ ﻭﻳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﻦ. ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ) ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ( 60 ﺃﻭ50 ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ. ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺒﻜ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺟﻬ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺎﺯ" ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ" ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ٍﻝ ﻋﺎ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ. ً ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺍ ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺕ٬ ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻫﻲ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ1 ﻓﻮﻟﺖ٬ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ 1 ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ٬ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ1 ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻧﺤﻴﻒ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳً ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻠﺰﻡ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ ) ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ( ﺛ ﺍﻟﻔﻮ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻄﻴﺔ) 1000 ﻓﻮﻟﺖ( ﺗﺼﻞ ًﺍ ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ120 ﻓﻮﻟﺖ. ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺾ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﻗﺎﻥ٬ ً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ" : ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻛﺪ" ٬ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ" : ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺾ." ﺍﻟﻜﻬ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺮﺑﺎء ﺍﻟ ﻓﻲ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ً ﻭﺗﻤﺍً ﻭﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪ ﻠﻚ ﻣﺴﺎﺭً ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕﺍ ٬ ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " ﺍﻷﺭﺽ" ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻚًﺍً ﺃﻡ ﺻﺨﻮﺭﺎ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﺑ.
10.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 10 ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ٬ ًﻼ ﻓﻤﺜ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻣﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺏ" ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺾ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ: ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺗﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ.
11.
Science Education Project ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ 11 ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺳﻠﻚ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ٬ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﺗﻴﺤﺖ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﻫﻢ ًﺍ ﻳﻨﺼﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻓﺴﺘﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ٬ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﺪﻓﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ1.8 ﺇﻟﻰ3 ﺃﻣﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ. ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻧﺤﺎﺳﻲ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ) ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻥ( ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻚ ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺂﺧﺬ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ.
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