2. Contents
• Introduction John (.5 min)
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Dina (2min)
2.2 Types of Capsules Gobiga (1min)
2.3 Hard Capsule Filling Gobiga & John (3
min)
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Gobiga (2min)
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules John (2 min)
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Dina (2 min)
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing John (.5 min)
• Conclusion Gobiga (2min)
• Reference
3. Introduction
• Capsules are:
– Widely used
– Cost efficient
– Easy to manufacture
• Filling Machines efficiency depends on:
– Physical properties
– Flow properties
4. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
5. Properties of Powder
Definition: A pharmaceutical powder is a mixture of finely divided particle of drugs or
excipients in dry form.
• Particle Size:
Difference in size >> efficient packing via interlocking effects
Particle Size Distribution (PSD) in a powder sample
Affects powder bulk flow
Small size particles Vs. large size particles
• Particle solubility
Affects drugs disintegration and dissolving
• Particle Shape
Isometric: round shape >> best for hard capsule
Anisometric: needle-shaped >> different particle orientation >> irregular fluidity
• Particle Adhesion
Dissimilar particles stick to one another to surfaces.
Therefore, substances break powder uniformity
• Particle wettability
Critical to drug substance release
• Flowability
Ability of powder to flow in an equipment.
Depends on physical properties of powder and the used equipment
i.e. bulk density, friction permeability, forces, porosity.
6. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
8. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
9. Hard Capsule filling
• Tamp filling system into capsule size one
• Dosator nozzle system into capsule size zero
• Powder in dosator nozzle can be calculated
10. Tamping filling machine
• Three different bed heights used
• Pin setting tested for each bed height and
ranged from no compression to firm
compression
11. Tamping filling machine
Cont’
• Acceptable filling can be achieved and
independent of type of machine
• Tamp filling better for coarser granules
and no solid plug can be formed
• Dosator nozzle filling machine- plug
formed but denser than maximum bulk
density
13. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
14. Soft Shell Capsule Processes
Accogel process- process for manufacturing of soft gels with
powders or granules
Measuring roll rotate directly over the die roll and
pockets in the 2 rolls are aligned
Measuring roll powder or granular fill material
under vacuum
Die roll plasticized sheet under vacuum
Sealing roll second gelatin sheet applied to form
other half of capsule
Pressure developed between die roll and sealing
roll seals and cuts out the capsules
Drying process
Capsule need to be dried hard for packaging.
Tumble dryer used for soft capsule about 30 to 40
min remove 25%
transferred to drying room and it takes about 24-
48 hours
http://kinam.com/Lectures/363/3.Capsules
%20Text.pdf
15. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
16. Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules
Soft Capsules
Advantages Disadvantages
• Easy to swallow • Stick together
• Taken in various ways • Costly
such as oral, topical, and • Made out of the bones
chewable and skins of pigs
• Tamper-resistant
17. Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules
Hard Capsules
Advantages Disadvantages
• Rapid drug release • Filling equipment is
• Come in different shapes slower
and sizes • Stick together
• Good oxygen barriers • Made out of the bones
and skins of pigs
18. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
20. Experimental Results
• Table 2: results obtained from capsule filling on the basis of flow (CTD = 0)
21. Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling
Properties
• Table 3: Results obtained from capsule filling basis on compression (CTD =
18)
22. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
23. Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing
• Weight Variations
• Friction Heat
• Bad Flow Properties
24. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
25. Conclusion
• Capsules- important deliver system
• Possible Different mixture and ingredient
• Hard gelatin capsules- oxygen barrier
• Powder properties involve in production
• Improve need in capsule filling machines
• Low concentration lubricants- improve powder flow ability
• High concentration lubricants- machine performance
26. Contents
• Introduction Slide#3
• Results and Discussion
2.1 Properties of Powder Slide#5
2.2 Types of Capsules Slide#7
2.3 Capsule Filling Slide#9-12
2.4 Soft Shell Capsule Processes Slide#14
2.5 Advantage vs. Disadvantage of Capsules Slide#16-17
2.6 Effects of Lubricants on Powder and Capsule Filling Properties Slide#19-21
2.7 Challenges in Capsule Manufacturing Slide#23
• Conclusion Slide#25
• Reference Slide#27
27. Reference
• Jenike and Johanson Inc. "Improving Powder Flow During Pharmaceutical Operations – Rx
Times Pharmacy Magazine." Rx Times Pharmacy Magazine. 26 Oct. 2010. Web. 28 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.rxtimes.com/improving powder-flow-during-pharmaceutical-operations/>.
• Hubbard, A. "Powder Sampling and Particle Size Determination, Terence Allen, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 2003, 660 Pp." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 277.2 (2004): 505. Print.
• http://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/data/articlestandard/pharmtech/152003/52997/article.pdf
• Greb, Erik. "Consist Capule Filling." Pharmtech. 08 Feb. 2008. Web. 07 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/Article/Consistent-Capsule-Filling/ArticleStandard/Article/
detail/492624>.
• Stegermann, Sven. "Hard Gelatin Capsules Today-Tomorrow." Capsugel Library, 2002. Web. 04
Apr. 2011. <http://www.capsugel.com/pdf/Hard_Gelatin_Capsules.pdf>.
• "The Hard Gelatin Capsule Advantage." Capsugel Library, 2002. May. 2011.
<http://www.capsugel.com/media/library/the-hard-gelatin-capsule-advantage.pdf>.
• Irache, J.M. "Cápsulas / Capsules" Universidad de Navarra, Feb 15, 2012.
<http://www.www.unav.es/farmytec/.../TF2-5-FF-ORAL-CAPSULAS-2008.pdf>.
• Podczeck, F. and J.M. Newton, Powder filling into hard gelatine capsules on a tamp filling
machine. Int J Pharm, 1999. 185(2): p. 237-54.
• Podczeck, Fridrun, Simon , Blackwell, Matthew Gold, and J. Michael Newton. "The Filling of
Granules into Hard Gelatine Capsules." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 59–69 188.1999
(1999). Science Direct. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.
• Pharmaland: Pharmaceutical Machine Manufacturer|Softgel Capsule Machine Equipment|
Packaging Machinery. Web. 27 march. 2012. <http://www.pharmaland.ca/SoftGel_How-
Manufactured.asp>.
