The document describes the structure and function of the lymphatic system and immune system. The lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils and other lymphatic tissues that work to remove excess fluid from tissues, absorb fatty acids, and transport white blood cells. The immune system protects the body from infection with non-specific defenses like skin and mucous membranes, and specific defenses like antibodies and lymphocytes that recognize and destroy pathogens.

5. LYMPH CAPILLARIES LYMPHATIC COLLECTING VESSELS LARGE DUCTS: 1. RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT ( FROM RIGHT ARM, RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD AND THORAX) 2. THORACIC DUCT:THE REST OF THE BODY

10. SPLEEN - FILTERS BLOOD - DESTROY WORN- OUT RBC - STORE PLATELETS AND ACT AS BLOOD RESERVOIR - HEMATOPOEISIS IN FETUS BUT ONLY PRODUCE LYMPHOCYTES IN ADULTS

12. THYMUS GLAND - LYMPHATIC MASS OVERLYING THE HEART - PRODUCES THYMOSIN HORMONE TONSILS - RING THE PHARYNX - TRAP AND REMOVE ANY BACTERIA ENTERING THE THROAT - ( TONSILLITIS) PEYER’S PATCHES - PREVENT BACTERIA FROM PENETRATING THE INTESTINAL WALL

14. ANTIGEN – ANY SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF EXCITING OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM AND PROVOKING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE (NONSELF) SELF- ANTIGENS – INVENTORY OF ALL SELF ANTIGENS DURING DEVELOPMENT AND RECOGNIZED AS SELF BUT STRONGLY ANTIGENIC TO OTHER PEOPLE ALLERGIES – CAUSED BY HAPTEN (INCOMPLETE ANTIGEN)

16. ACTIVE IMMUNITY WHEN B CELL ENCOUNTER ANTIGENS AND PRODUCE ANTIBODIES AGANST THEM 1. NATURALLY ACQUIRED 2. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY ANTIBODIES ARE OBTAINED FROM THE SERUM OF AN IMMUNE HUMAN OR ANIMAL DONOR 1. NATURAL 2. ARTIFICIAL

17. ANTIBODIES (IMMUNEGLOBULINS) SOLUBLE PROTEINS SECRETED BY ACTIVATED B CELLS IN RESPONSE TO AN ANTIGEN BINDS WITH THE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

18. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

19. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY INCLUDES: NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI AND SMALLER BRANCHES - CONDUCTING PASSAGEWAYS THAT ALLOW AIR TO REACH THE LUNGS - PURIFY, HUMIDIFY, WARM INCOMING AIR LUNGS – ALVEOLI (ACTUAL AIR EXCHANGE)

23. NOSE NOSTRILS (EXTERNAL NARES) NASAL CAVITY DIVIDED BY NASAL SEPTUM OLFACTORY RECEPTORS – IN SUPERIOR PORTION RESPIRATORY MUCOSA WITH RICH NETWORK OF THIN- WALLED VEINS TO WARM THE AIR STICKY MUCUS MOISTEN THE AIR AND TRAP BACTERIA AND OTHER DEBRIS CILIATED CELLS CREATE A GENTLE CURRENT THAT MOVES THE MUCUS POSTERIORLY TO THE PHARYNX, SWALLOWED AND DIGESTED IN STOMACH JUICES (SLOW IN COLD WEATHER)

24. NASAL CONCHAE- 3 MUCOSA COVERED LOBES - INCREASE SURFACE AREA - INCREASE AIR TURBULENCE PALATE - SEPARATES NASAL CAVITY FROM ORAL CAVITY -HARD PALATE -SOFT PALATE CLEFT PALATE – FAILURE OF THE BONES FORMING THE PALATE TO FUSE MEDIALLY PARANASAL SINUSES – FRONTAL, MAXILLARY, ETHMOID, SPHENOID

25. NASOLACRIMAL DUCT ALSO EMPTY IN NASAL CAVITY RHINITIS – INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL MUCOSA SINUSITIS -

27. PHARYNX “ THROAT” 5 INCHES LONG MUSCULAR WHERE AIR AND FOOD PASS AIR FROM NASAL CAVITY FOOD FROM MOUTH NASOPHARYNX NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX LARYNX ESOPHAGUS (POSTERIOR)

28. PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE DRAINS TO NASOPHARYNX OTITIS MEDIA USUALLY FOLLOWS SORE THROAT TONSILS – CLUSTERS OF LYMPHATIC TISSUES IN PHARYNX

29. LARYNX “ VOICEBOX” MADE UP OF 8 RIGID CARTILAGES FLAP OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE ( EPIGLOTTIS ) LARYNX MOVES UP AND EPIGLOTTIS TIPS ON SWALLOWING AND FOOD IS DIVERTED TO ESOPHAGUS COUGH REFLEX – TRIGGERED IF ANYTHING OTHER THAN AIR ENTERS THE LARYNX THYROID CARTILAGE (ADAM’S APPLE) – BIGGEST CARTILAGE TRUE VOCAL CORDS (VOCAL FOLDS) GLOTTIS – SLITLIKE PASSAGEWAY BETWEEN VOCAL FOLDS

30. TRACHEA “ WINDPIPE” 4 INCHES, LEVEL OF 5 TH THORACIC C – SHAPED RINGS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE TRACHEA IS LINED BY CILIATED MUCOSA WHICH BEATS CONTINUOUSLY IN A DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THE INCOMING AIR SMOKING INHIBITS CILIARY ACTIVITY AND ULTIMATELY DESTROYS CILIA HEIMLICH MANEUVER TRACHEOSTOMY

32. MAIN BRONCHI RIGHT AND LEFT FROM THE DIVISION OF THE TRACHEA RUNS OBLIQUELY BEFORE IT PLUNGES INTO THE HILUS RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS IS WIDER, SHORTER, STRAIGHTER (COMMON SITE OF FOREIGN BODY BEING LODGED)

33. LUNGS APEX – NARROW SUPERIOR PORTION BASE – BROAD AREA RESTING ON THE DIAPHRAGM RIGHT LUNG – 3 LOBES LEFT LUNG – 2 LOBES VISCERAL PLEURA PARIETAL PLEURA PLEURAL FLUID PLEURISY - INFLAMMATION

34. BRONCHIOLES – SMALLEST OF THE CONDUCTING PASSAGEWAYS RESPIRATORY TREE – ALL HAVE REINFORCING CATILAGES ON WALLS EXCEPT FOR THE SMALLEST CONDUCTING ZONE RESPIRATORY ZONE (RESPRIRATORY BRONCHIOLE, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLAR SACS, ALVEOLI) WEIGH 2 ½ LBS SOFT AND SPONGY

39. RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE: (AIR-BLOOD BARRIER) SINGLE THIN LAYER OF SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS OF ALVEOLI AND CAPILLARY WALLS (AIR IN ALVEOLI AND BLOOD INSIDE CAPILLARIES) GAS EXCHANGE IS SIMPLE DIFFUSION 50- 70 SQUARE METERS OF SURFACE AREA ALVEOLAR PORES – CONNECT NEIGHBORING SACS, ALTERNATE ROUTE OF AIR TO REACH ALVEOLI

42. MACROPHAGES – CUBOIDAL CELL WHICH MANUFACTURE SURFACTANT IRDS

44. BREATHING: INSPIRATION INVOLVES DIAPHRAGM AND INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES EXPIRATION PASSIVE PROCESS IN HEALTHY (NATURAL ELASTICITY OF THE LUNG) ACTIVE PROCESS: (USE OF MUSCLES) ASTHMA CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA ATELECTASIS – COLLAPSE OF LUNG TISSUE PNEUMOTHORAX

51. RESPIRATORY VOLUME AND CAPACITIES 500 ML OF AIR MOVED IN AND OUT OF THE LUNGS DURING NORMAL, QUIET BREATHING – TIDAL VOLUME INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME – AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE TAKEN IN FORCIBLY ( 2100- 3200 ML) EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME – AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCIBLY EXHALED AFTER A NORMAL EXPIRATIION (1200 ML) RESIDUAL VOLUME (1200 ML) – REMAINS IN THE LUNGS EVEN AFTER FORCEFUL EXPIRATION)

52. VITAL CAPACITY – TOTAL AMOUNT OF EXCHANGEABLE AIR ( 4800 ML) VC = TV + IRV + ERV DEAD SPACE VOLUME – IN CONDUCTING ZONE PASSAGEWAYS (150 ML) FUNCTIONAL VOLUME – 350 ML SPIROMETER – MEASURES RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES

54. RESPIRATORY SOUNDS BRONCHIAL SOUNDS – PRODUCED BY AIR RUSHING THROUGH LARGE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS VESICULAR SOUNDS – SOUNDS PRODUCED AS AIR FILLS THE ALVEOLI CRACKLE WHEEZE

55. HYPOXIA – INADEQUATE OXYGEN DELIVERED TO TISSUES CYANOSIS CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING CO – COLORLESS, ODORLESS, COMPETES WITH OXYGEN VIGOROUSLY CHERRY RED APPEARANCE RX: 100% OXYGEN

56. NEURAL CENTERS FOR RESPIRATION: MEDULLA AND PONS NORMAL RATE – 12- 15/ MIN. HYPERPNEA APNEA SUPPRESSION IN DRUG INTAKE (MORPHINE, ALCOHOL,SLEEPING PILLS) INVOLUNTARY CONTROL OF BREATHING HYPERVENTILATION