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Memory
Storing
Encoding
Retrieving
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through
the storage and retrieval of information.
Recall
• A measure of memory in which the
person must retrieve information
learned earlier.
Recognition
• A measure of memory in which the
person need only to identify previously
learned information.
relearning
A measure of memory that assess the
amount of time it takes to learn
something again.
Ebbinghaus Retention Curve
The more times
one practices
nonsense
syllables, the
fewer
repetitions it
takes to relearn.
Nonsense Syllables
Ebbinghaus
Lkj
Skdi
Lkj
Wer
Puj
xir
Encoding
The processing of information into the
memory system
Storage
• The retention of encoded information
over time.
Retrieval
• The process of getting information out
of memory storage.
Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of
Memory (1968)
Sensory Memory
Shor-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
• Immediate, brief, recording of
information
• Duration: .5 seconds
• Capacity: Unknown
Short-Term Memory
• Capacity: 5 +/- 2 chunks of information
• Duration: 15 seconds
George Sperling (1960)
George Miller (1956)
• The Magical Number 7, Plus or Minus
2.
• CHUNKING
Long-Term Memory
• Capacity: unknown
• Duration: unknown
Working Memory
• Newer model of Short-Term Memory
that uses the desktop & windows model
for memory.
Explicit Memory
• Memory of facts and experiences.
• Known as DECLARATIVE MEMORY
Implicit Memory
• Unconscious memory
• Known as NONDECLARATIVE
MEMORY
Effortful Processing
• Encoding that requires attention &
conscious effort.
Automatic Processing
• Encoding that is not intentional.
Iconic Memory
• Visual sensory memory
Echoic Memory
• Auditory memory
Levels of Processing Theory
(Bransford & Marcia, 1972)
• Shallow Processing- appearance of
letter.
• Deep Processing- semantic encoding
• Semantic- meaning
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
(1885)

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Memory lecture slides