BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION

1. BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION
MARLON S. MORALES

2. BEEF PRODUCTION
SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1. RANCHING OR
EXTENSIVE SYSTEM
1.1. Cow- calf
operation
- Aim: to produce
stockers or feeders.
• involves production of
calves and raising them to
weaning age;

3. BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN
THE PHILIPPINES
1. RANCHING OR EXTENSIVE SYSTEM
1.2. Purebred program or Breeder farm operation
Aim: to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other
ranchers.
• involves breeding of purebred or registered cattle,
needs big capital, skills, and sound judgement;
• suited for those with experience, not for beginners;
• popular in Batangas, Tarlac and Pangasinan. Few
operations are also found in Masbate, Bukidnon,
Cotabato and Iloilo;

4. BEEF PRODUCTION
SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2. FEEDLOT FATTENING OPERATION
(INTENSIVE)
Objective: add weight to the animal and increase its
value
Other features:
• turnover of investment is faster than in ranching.
feeder stocks require only 120-180 days fattening
period from the date of purchased;
• Needs very small land area: a. sheltered feeding area
(1 1/2 - 2 sq.m /head, and loafing area (5 sq. m/
head)
• located in areas where large amounts of feeds are
produced
• may be integrated with pineapple and sugarcane
enterprise.

5. BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM
IN THE PHILIPPINES
2. FEEDLOT FATTENING OPERATION
Important to the livestock industry of the Philippines
for three main reasons:
1. it provides the farmer with extra income
2. it gives him year-round work and allow the use of
cheap, plentiful farm by products such corn stovers,
hay, silage, rice straw, copra meal, rice bran and
sugarcane tops which might be otherwise be wasted
3. it helps meet the urgent demand for high - protein
food in the Filipino diet.

6. BEEF PRODUCTION
SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
3. BACKYARD OPERATION
• constitutes 94% of the cattle
population.
• aims to produces animals that
can be sold to augment farm
income.

7. BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN
THE PHILIPPINES
3. BACKYARD OPERATION
Backyard cattle raising is characterized by the following:
a. 1 or 2 heads of either fattening or breeding cattle is raised
at farmer's spare time
b. farmers tethers animals to graze and supplements with farm
wastes like rice straw or corn stover when back in pen
c. others give ipil-ipil and 1-2 kg/ animal of rice bran, corn
bran and/or copra meal
d. Batangas farmers do force feeding (supak) of feed mixture.

8. BREEDS AND BREEDING

9. BREED
CLASSIFICATIONS
• Based on place of origin or
adaptation
1. Bos indicus (Zebu breeds)
• adapted to tropical conditions -
has survived through centuries
exposure to inadequate
conditions such as food supplies,
insect pests, parasites/diseases
and weather extreme of tropical
India.
• humped cattle

10. BREED
CLASSIFICATIONS
• Based on place of origin or
adaptation
2. Bos taurus (European breeds)
• adapted to the temperate
conditions
• humpless

11. Characteristics
of Zebu breeds
compared to
Temperate
breeds
• Large hump over top of
shoulder and neck
• Large pendulous ears
• Dewlap having large amounts
of excess skin
• Highly developed sweat
glands (perspire more freely)
• Oily secretion from the
sebaceous gland (believed to
repel insect)

12. BREED
CLASSIFICATIONS
• Based on the type of
products - basically, cattle
are kept to provide meat,
milk and labor (draft animal
power); beast of burden.
• BEEF CATTLE - meat
• DAIRY CATTLE - milk

13. ZEBU BREEDS (Bos indicus)

14. TEMPERATE BREEDS (Bos taurus)

15. • Number of cattle breeds
worldwide: 278 identified
breeds
➢Beef breeds - 33
➢Dairy breeds - 51
➢Draft breeds - 18
➢Meat-dairy breeds - 54
➢Meat-draft breeds - 39
➢Dairy-draft breeds - 21
➢Meat-dairy-draft breeds - 61
- The beef breeds are quite
limited in terms of distribution
and importance

16. REPRODUCTION
• Sexual Maturity (bulls/ heifer): 6-8
months
• Estrus Cycle: 18-24 days (Ave: 21 days)
• Estrus duration: Exotic/ European
breeds- 14-18 hrs.
• Indigenous/ Zebu- 10-12 hrs.
• Ovulation: 10-14 hrs after end of estrus
• Parturition: Ave. 283 days
• Bull Ejaculate: 2- 12ml of 500 billion or
more sperm cells/ml Sperm cells
survive the oviduct up to a maximum
of 48 hrs.

17. BREEDING
METHOD
• 1. Natural method -
conventional use of bull to
impregnate a heifer or cow
1.1. Handmating - a bull in
good condition can serve 3-4
times/week or one service
every other day:
• i. 18 months old - 1:12-15
• ii. 2 years old - 1:20-25
• iii. 3 years old - 1:40-50
1.2. Pasture mating
• i. 2-3 years old - 10-15 cows
• ii. 9 years old - 20 -25 cows

18. BREEDING
METHOD
• 2. Artificial insemination
• Process of inducing fertilization in
female without the benefit of the sexual
contact between male and female
animals
• "Females observed in estrus in the
morning, are inseminated late afternoon
of the same day. Those observed in the
afternoon, are inseminated not later
than noon time the next day. "

19. SIGN OF
ESTRUS
• reddening/swelling of the
vulva
• mucus discharge from the
vagina
• frequent urination
• restlessness and lack of
appetite
• mounting other animals
• standing still when mounted
(the only reliable or true sign
of estrus, estrus is defined as
the period of sexual
receptivity of the female to
the male.)

20. SOME INDICATORS
OF GOOD BREEDING
OR REPRODUCTIVE
MANAGEMENT
• CALVING INTERVAL = the
average length of time (in days)
between the successive calving.
• Can be calculated for each cow
or the entire herd
• One year is ideal. Eighteen (18)
months is common.
• GESTATION PERIOD =
time/period of giving birth to calf

21. SOME INDICATORS
OF GOOD BREEDING
OR REPRODUCTIVE
MANAGEMENT
• CONCEPTION RATE (Pregnancy) =
percent of breeding females that
conceived versus the total number of
females exposed to the bull or
inseminated.
CR = Cows pregnant at end of breeding
season divide Cows exposed during
breeding season x 100

22. SOME INDICATORS OF
GOOD BREEDING OR
REPRODUCTIVE
MANAGEMENT
• FIRST HEAT AFTER PARTURITION =
the occurrence of estrus after giving birth to
the young
• CALF CROP = (number of calves weaned/
number of cows exposed to the bull) x 100
• KG CALF WEANED PER COW =
average weaning weight of calves times
percent calf crop

23. PROBLEM 1
• Mr. Colis, owner of Breeder farm in Pampanga, wants to breed
his 35 heads of cow through artificial insemination. Mr. Colis
asked the help of his veterinarian Dr. Cordova what breed is
good and his farm technician Mr. Caisip inseminated the 35 heads
of cow with Angus breed last January 16, 2021. As of February 2,
2021, pregnancy diagnoses was conducted by the farm manager
Ms. Lingad and found out only 32 got pregnant. Only 2 out of the
remaining cows got aborted and the others delivered a healthy
calf weighing 145 kilogram each. Compute for the expected day
of delivery, conception rate, calf crop and kilogram wean per
cow.

24. ANSWER
• DATE OF DELIVERY: OCTOBER 25
• CONCEPTION RATE: 32/35 TIMES 100 = 91.43%
• CALF CROP: 30/35 TIMES 100= 85.71%
• KG WEAN PER COW= 85.71% TIMES 145 KG= 124.28 KG

25. SOME BEEF
CATTLE BREEDS

26. ANGUS
• From Scotland
• Resistant to harsh weather,
undemanding, adaptable,
good natured, mature
extremely early
• black or red in color
• have high carcass yield with
nicely marbled meat

27. BRAHMAN
• From India
• Strain used for breed development:
Guzerat, Nellore, Gir and to a
lesser extent, the Krishna Valley
• Color varieties: from very light
grey to red to almost black
• intermediate in size
• usually thrify, hardy, and adaptable
to a wide range of feed and climate

28. CHAROLAIS
• From France
• white in color with pink
muzzle and pale hooves
• medium to large-framed
• have demonstrated growth
ability and efficient feedlot
grains

29. CHIANINA
• From Italy
• Largest breed of cattle
• Color varies from white
to steel grey
• Unsurpassed capacity
for lean meat production

30. HEREFORD
• From England
• Dark red to red-yellow
with white face, crest,
dewlap and underline
• known for vigor and
foraging ability and for
their longevity

31. LIMOUSIN
• From France
• Color is golden-red and
lighter color under the
stomach, inside the thighs,
around the eyes and muzzle
and around the anus and the
end of the tail
• excellent carcass

32. WAGYU
• Refers to all Japanese beef
cattle
• Wa - Japanese or Hapanese
style
• Gyu - Cattle
• Coat color of black and red
• Where Kobe beef comes
from

33. BRAFORD
• created in US and Australia
(5/8 Hereford, 3/8
Brahman)
• Red like Hereford with
white underbelly, head and
feet
• Stockier than a Hereford
• Primarily used for beef
• Heat and insect resistant

34. BRANGUS
• 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus
• Black or red
• Have good temperament
• Very versatile being high
performance on pasture and
in the feed yard
• resistant to heat and high
humidity

35. BEEFMASTER
• 1/2 Brahman, 1/4 Hereford,
1/4 Milking Shorthorn
• Dual -purpose breed
• heat, drought and insect
resistant
• moderate in size
• light red to dark red and some
will have white mottle in
faces

36. STA.
GERTRUDIS
• 5/8 Shorthorn, 3/8
Brahman
• Red in color
• Broad, strong and well-
muscled
• have outstanding foraging
ability and can thrive under
the harshest conditions
• very disease resistant

37. SIMBRAH
• Combination of Simmental
and Brahman
• Medium-size
• usually red with a bit white
on the face or black with a
bit of white on the face