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OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH HAZARDS
Prepared by,
Mr. Mahesh
Nurse Educator
MGMCRI
Occupational health
refers to the potential risks to health and
safety for those who work outside the home
Hazard
something that can cause harm if not
controlled.
Occupational disease
Disease directly caused by a person’s
occupation.
Introduction
• Some of external conditions and influences
prevailing at the place of work which have a
bearing on the health of the working
population.
Three types of interactions in the work
place:
Man and physical, chemical, & biological
agents.
Man and machine.
Man and man.-
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
Physical hazards 5
• Heat and cold
• Light
• Noise
• Vibration
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Ionizing radiation
Cold
• Chilblains
• Erythrocyanosis
• Immersion foot
• Frostbite as a result of
cutaneous
vasoconstriction.
•11
G/20/
e15
neral hypothermia 9
Light
The acute effects of poor illumination are
• Eye strain,
• Headache,
• Eye pain,
• Lacrymation,
• Congestion around the cornea
• Eye fatigue.
• The chronic effects on health include "miner's
nystagmus"
11/20/15 10
Noise
(i) Auditory effects
 Temporary or permanent hearing
loss
(ii) Non auditory effects
 Nervousness,
 Fatigue,
 Interference with communication
by speech,
 Decreased efficiency
11/20/
a15
nnoyance 11
Vibration
• Exposure to vibration may also produce
injuries of the joints of the hands elbows and
shoulders.
12
Ultraviolet radiation 10
• Conjunctivitis
• Keratitis (welder's flash).
Ionizing radiation 11
The radiation hazards comprise
• Genetic changes
• Malformation
• Cancer
• Leukaemia
• Depilation
• Ulceration
• Sterility
• in extreme cases death.
Ionizing radiation
 The International Commission of Radiological Protection
has set the maximum permissible level of occupational
exposure at 5 rem per year to the whole body.
12
Chemical hazards 13
Chemical hazards 14
1)Local Action :
Dermatitis
Eczema
Ulcers
Cancer by primary irritant action
Chemical hazards 15
(2) Inhalation :
• Dusts
• Gases
• Metals and their
compounds
Chemical hazards 16
• Dusts
Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from
0.1 to 150 microns
Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the
air rapidly,
IndefinitelyParticles smaller than 5 microns are directly
inhaled into the lungs and are retained there and is mainly
responsible for pneumoconiosis.
17
Chemical hazards
18
Classification of dusts
• Inorganic and organic dusts;
• Soluble and insoluble dusts.
Chemical hazards
19
Gases
• Simple gases (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen),
• Asphyxiating gases (e.g. carbon monoxide,
cyanide gas, sulphur dioxide, chlorine)
• Anaesthetic gases (e.g., chloroform, ether,
trichlorethylene).
Chemical hazards
 Lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt,
manganese, mercury, phosphorus, chromium, zinc and
others
20
• Metals and their compounds
Chemical hazards
21
(3) Ingestion:
Occupational diseases may also result from
ingestion of chemical substances such as lead,
mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium,
phosphorus etc.
Biological hazards
• Brucellosis
• Leptospirosis
• Anthrax
• Hydatidosis
• Tetanus
• Encephalitis
• fungal infections
• Schistosomiasis
1•1/20a/15 host of others 25
23
Mechanical hazards 24
Psychosocial hazrds 25
Factors affect health
• Frustration
• Lack of job
satisfaction,
• Insecurity
• Poor human
relationships,
• Emotional tension
Psychosocial hazrds 26
The health effects can be classified in two
(a) Psychological and behavioural changes
(b) Psychosomatic ill health
MAN AND MACHINE:
MAN AND MAN:
PNEUMOCONIOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
PNEUMOCONIOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Dust within the size of
0.5 to 3 micro is a
health hazard
producing, after a
variable period of
exposure, a lung
disease known as
pneumoconiosis
PNEUMOCONIOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
The hazardous effects of dusts on the
lungs depend upon a number of factors
such as:
o Chemical composition
o Fineness
o Concentration of the dust in the air
o Period of exposure
o Health status of the person exposed.
SILICOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Major cause of permanent disability and
mortality.
It is caused by inhalation of dust
containing free silica or silicon dioxide.
SILICOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Pathologically, silicosis is
characterized by a dense
nodular‖ fibrosis, the
nodules ranging from 3 to
4mm in diameter.
Some of the early
manifestations are irritant
cough, dyspnoea on
exertion and pain in the
chest.
ANTHRACOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Anthracosis exhibits
two general phases
in coal miners
pneumoconiosis:
the first phase is
labelled as simple
pneumoconiosis
which is associated
with little ventilator
impairment.
ANTHRACOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
The second phase is
characterized by
progressive massive
fibrosis; this causes
severe respiratory
disability and
frequently results in
premature death.
BYSSINOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
It is due to
inhalation of cotton
fibre dust over long
periods of time. The
symptoms are
chronic cough and
progressive
dyspnoea, ending in
chronic bronchitis
and emphysema.
BYSSINOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
BAGASSOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Is the name given to an
occupational disease of the lung
caused by inhalation of bagasse
or sugar-cane dust.
BAGASSOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
SYMPTOMS
ASBESTOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
ASBESTOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Asbestos enters the body by inhalation,
and fine dust may be deposited in the
alveoli.
ASBESTOSIS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
It causes pulmonary fibrosis leading to
respiratory insufficiency and death,
carcinoma of the bronchus and
gastrointestinal tract.
1.Serpentine (hydrated magnesium
silicate)
2.Amphibole type (contain magnesium).
FARMER’S LUNG
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• It is due to the inhalation of
mouldy hay or grain dust
which contains
micropolyspora faeni.
• The disease is characterized
by respiratory symptoms and
finally leads to pulmonary
fibrosis and pulmonary
damage.
FARMER’S LUNG
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• Dust control
• Biological monitoring(x-ray, lung function)
• Periodic examination of workers and continuing
research.
• Use of safer types of asbestos(chrysolite and amosite)
• Mask and googles
CANCER
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
The characteristics of occupational cancer are:
• They appear after prolonged exposure
• The period between exposure and
development of disease may be 10 to 25 years.
• The disease may develop even after cessation
of exposure.
• The localization of tumours is remarkably
constant in any one occupation.
SKIN CANCER:-
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Skin cancer is a main
occupational hazard among
gas workers, oven workers,
tar distillers, oil refiners, dye-
stuff makers, road makers
and in industries associated
with the use of mineral oil, tar
and related compounds.
LUNG CANCER:-
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
It is an occupational
hazard in gas industry,
asbestos industry, nickel
and chromium work and
in mining of radio-active
substances. The main
carcinogens in these
areas are nickel,
chromates, asbestos, coal
tar, etc.
BLADDER CANCER:-
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
The industries associated
with bladder cancer are the
dye-stuffs and dyeing
industry, rubber, gas, and
the electric cable industries.
The major bladder
carcinogens are benzidine,
auramine, beta-
naphthylamines, etc.
LEUKAEMIA: -
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Exposure to benzol, roentgen rays and
radio-active substances give rise to
leukaemia. Benzol is a dangerous
chemical and is used as a solvent in
many industries.
PREVENTION:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• Pre-selection - the workers should be medically
examined before employment.
• Protection – protecting clothing, long leather gloves,
aprons, boots, barrier creams.
• Personal hygiene – supply of warm water and
adequate washing facility, soap, towels.
• Periodic inspection – medical check-up and early
detection, transfer from risky area, proper education
of workers to identify skin irritation.
RADIATION HAZARDS:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Exposure to x- rays,
ultraviolet rays occurs in
hospitals and other electric
welding processes. Infrared
rays are produced in welding
and glass blowing. The main
effects of radiation are acute
burns, dermatitis
malignancies, genetic effects
etc.
Preventive measures:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
LEAD POISONING:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• Lead is used in variety
of industries such as
manufacture of storage
batteries, glass
manufacture, ship
building, printing and
potteries, rubber
industry etc.
Lead poisoning
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• Mode of absorption is of 3 ways
– inhalation, ingestion and
absorption through skin.
Normal adult ingest about 0.2
to 0.3 mg of lead per day from
food and beverages.
Confirmation of lead poisoning
shows a blood count more than
70 mue gm. /100 ml and urine
lead more than 5mg/lt
Lead poisoning
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• The toxic effect of inorganic
lead exposure are abdominal
colic, constipation, loss of
appetite, blue-line on the
gums, anaemia, wrist drop
and foot drop.
• The toxic effects of organic
lead compounds are mostly
on the CNS- insomnia,
headache, mental confusion,
delirium, etc.
Preventive measures:
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• Substitution of lead with less toxic
materials.
• Isolation of all processes which gives
rise to lead dust and fumes.
• Personal protection, personal
hygiene and good housekeeping
• Periodic examination of workers
and health education.
• Medical management- saline
stomach wash if ingested, d-
penicillamine.
PREVENTION
• Medical measures
• Engineering measures
• Legislative measures
LEGISLATION
The most important factory laws in India
today are ;
The Factory Act , 1948
The Employees State Insurance Act , 1948
Occupational health hazards
IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN
HOSPITALS
X RAYS
IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN
HOSPITALS
BACK PAIN
IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN
HOSPITALS
IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN
HOSPITALS
IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN
HOSPITALS
OCCUPATION HEALTH NURSE:
Occupational Health
Nurses (OHN) are
registered nurses who
independently observe
and assess the
worker's health status
and to respect them
from job tasks and
hazards.
SCOPE OF OCCUPATION HEALTH NURSE:
Educationally prepared to
recognize adverse health effects
of occupational exposure and
address methods for hazard
abatement and control, OHNs
bring their nursing expertise to
all industries
THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM
1. Occupational health nurses
2. Occupational health physicians
3. Industrial hygienists
4. Safety engineers
5. Work organization specialists
6. Psychologists
7. Counsellors
8. Physiotherapists.
9. Ergonomists
10. Health economists
Role of the Occupational Health Nurse
in Workplace Health Management:
• Clinician
• Specialist
• Manager
• Co-ordinator
• Adviser
• Health educator
• Counsellor
• Researcher
THEROY APPLICATION
JOURNAL
Occupational mental health: a study of work-related
depression among nurses in the Caribbean
Vishwanath V. Baba*, Bella L. Galperin, Terri R. Lituchy
This study addresses issues of occupational mental health among nurses
in the Caribbean. A linear model linking role, work and social factors,
stress, burnout, depression, absenteeism and turnover intention guides
the research. Data were collected from 119 nurses working for major
hospitals located in St. Vincent and Trinidad & Tobago using survey.
Psychometrically sound instruments with proven cross-cultural validity
were utilized in the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and
path analysis were used to analyse the data. The results indicated fairly
strong support for the proposed model which is tested for the first time
among a Caribbean population. Role conflict, role overload and social
support predicted stress, which along with social support predicted
burnout. Burnout was the sole predictor of depression which in turn
predicted both absenteeism and turnover intention.

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Occupational health hazards

  • 1. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS Prepared by, Mr. Mahesh Nurse Educator MGMCRI
  • 2. Occupational health refers to the potential risks to health and safety for those who work outside the home Hazard something that can cause harm if not controlled. Occupational disease Disease directly caused by a person’s occupation. Introduction
  • 3. • Some of external conditions and influences prevailing at the place of work which have a bearing on the health of the working population. Three types of interactions in the work place: Man and physical, chemical, & biological agents. Man and machine. Man and man.-
  • 5. Physical hazards 5 • Heat and cold • Light • Noise • Vibration • Ultraviolet radiation • Ionizing radiation
  • 6. Cold • Chilblains • Erythrocyanosis • Immersion foot • Frostbite as a result of cutaneous vasoconstriction. •11 G/20/ e15 neral hypothermia 9
  • 7. Light The acute effects of poor illumination are • Eye strain, • Headache, • Eye pain, • Lacrymation, • Congestion around the cornea • Eye fatigue. • The chronic effects on health include "miner's nystagmus" 11/20/15 10
  • 8. Noise (i) Auditory effects  Temporary or permanent hearing loss (ii) Non auditory effects  Nervousness,  Fatigue,  Interference with communication by speech,  Decreased efficiency 11/20/ a15 nnoyance 11
  • 9. Vibration • Exposure to vibration may also produce injuries of the joints of the hands elbows and shoulders. 12
  • 10. Ultraviolet radiation 10 • Conjunctivitis • Keratitis (welder's flash).
  • 11. Ionizing radiation 11 The radiation hazards comprise • Genetic changes • Malformation • Cancer • Leukaemia • Depilation • Ulceration • Sterility • in extreme cases death.
  • 12. Ionizing radiation  The International Commission of Radiological Protection has set the maximum permissible level of occupational exposure at 5 rem per year to the whole body. 12
  • 14. Chemical hazards 14 1)Local Action : Dermatitis Eczema Ulcers Cancer by primary irritant action
  • 15. Chemical hazards 15 (2) Inhalation : • Dusts • Gases • Metals and their compounds
  • 16. Chemical hazards 16 • Dusts Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the air rapidly, IndefinitelyParticles smaller than 5 microns are directly inhaled into the lungs and are retained there and is mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis.
  • 17. 17
  • 18. Chemical hazards 18 Classification of dusts • Inorganic and organic dusts; • Soluble and insoluble dusts.
  • 19. Chemical hazards 19 Gases • Simple gases (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen), • Asphyxiating gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, sulphur dioxide, chlorine) • Anaesthetic gases (e.g., chloroform, ether, trichlorethylene).
  • 20. Chemical hazards  Lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, mercury, phosphorus, chromium, zinc and others 20 • Metals and their compounds
  • 21. Chemical hazards 21 (3) Ingestion: Occupational diseases may also result from ingestion of chemical substances such as lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium, phosphorus etc.
  • 22. Biological hazards • Brucellosis • Leptospirosis • Anthrax • Hydatidosis • Tetanus • Encephalitis • fungal infections • Schistosomiasis 1•1/20a/15 host of others 25
  • 23. 23
  • 25. Psychosocial hazrds 25 Factors affect health • Frustration • Lack of job satisfaction, • Insecurity • Poor human relationships, • Emotional tension
  • 26. Psychosocial hazrds 26 The health effects can be classified in two (a) Psychological and behavioural changes (b) Psychosomatic ill health
  • 30. PNEUMOCONIOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Dust within the size of 0.5 to 3 micro is a health hazard producing, after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis
  • 31. PNEUMOCONIOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES The hazardous effects of dusts on the lungs depend upon a number of factors such as: o Chemical composition o Fineness o Concentration of the dust in the air o Period of exposure o Health status of the person exposed.
  • 32. SILICOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Major cause of permanent disability and mortality. It is caused by inhalation of dust containing free silica or silicon dioxide.
  • 33. SILICOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Pathologically, silicosis is characterized by a dense nodular‖ fibrosis, the nodules ranging from 3 to 4mm in diameter. Some of the early manifestations are irritant cough, dyspnoea on exertion and pain in the chest.
  • 34. ANTHRACOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Anthracosis exhibits two general phases in coal miners pneumoconiosis: the first phase is labelled as simple pneumoconiosis which is associated with little ventilator impairment.
  • 35. ANTHRACOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES The second phase is characterized by progressive massive fibrosis; this causes severe respiratory disability and frequently results in premature death.
  • 36. BYSSINOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES It is due to inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long periods of time. The symptoms are chronic cough and progressive dyspnoea, ending in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
  • 38. BAGASSOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Is the name given to an occupational disease of the lung caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane dust.
  • 41. ASBESTOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Asbestos enters the body by inhalation, and fine dust may be deposited in the alveoli.
  • 42. ASBESTOSIS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES It causes pulmonary fibrosis leading to respiratory insufficiency and death, carcinoma of the bronchus and gastrointestinal tract. 1.Serpentine (hydrated magnesium silicate) 2.Amphibole type (contain magnesium).
  • 43. FARMER’S LUNG OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • It is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust which contains micropolyspora faeni. • The disease is characterized by respiratory symptoms and finally leads to pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary damage.
  • 45. PREVENTIVE MEASURES: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • Dust control • Biological monitoring(x-ray, lung function) • Periodic examination of workers and continuing research. • Use of safer types of asbestos(chrysolite and amosite) • Mask and googles
  • 46. CANCER OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES The characteristics of occupational cancer are: • They appear after prolonged exposure • The period between exposure and development of disease may be 10 to 25 years. • The disease may develop even after cessation of exposure. • The localization of tumours is remarkably constant in any one occupation.
  • 47. SKIN CANCER:- OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Skin cancer is a main occupational hazard among gas workers, oven workers, tar distillers, oil refiners, dye- stuff makers, road makers and in industries associated with the use of mineral oil, tar and related compounds.
  • 48. LUNG CANCER:- OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES It is an occupational hazard in gas industry, asbestos industry, nickel and chromium work and in mining of radio-active substances. The main carcinogens in these areas are nickel, chromates, asbestos, coal tar, etc.
  • 49. BLADDER CANCER:- OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES The industries associated with bladder cancer are the dye-stuffs and dyeing industry, rubber, gas, and the electric cable industries. The major bladder carcinogens are benzidine, auramine, beta- naphthylamines, etc.
  • 50. LEUKAEMIA: - OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Exposure to benzol, roentgen rays and radio-active substances give rise to leukaemia. Benzol is a dangerous chemical and is used as a solvent in many industries.
  • 51. PREVENTION: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • Pre-selection - the workers should be medically examined before employment. • Protection – protecting clothing, long leather gloves, aprons, boots, barrier creams. • Personal hygiene – supply of warm water and adequate washing facility, soap, towels. • Periodic inspection – medical check-up and early detection, transfer from risky area, proper education of workers to identify skin irritation.
  • 52. RADIATION HAZARDS: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Exposure to x- rays, ultraviolet rays occurs in hospitals and other electric welding processes. Infrared rays are produced in welding and glass blowing. The main effects of radiation are acute burns, dermatitis malignancies, genetic effects etc.
  • 54. LEAD POISONING: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • Lead is used in variety of industries such as manufacture of storage batteries, glass manufacture, ship building, printing and potteries, rubber industry etc.
  • 55. Lead poisoning OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • Mode of absorption is of 3 ways – inhalation, ingestion and absorption through skin. Normal adult ingest about 0.2 to 0.3 mg of lead per day from food and beverages. Confirmation of lead poisoning shows a blood count more than 70 mue gm. /100 ml and urine lead more than 5mg/lt
  • 56. Lead poisoning OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • The toxic effect of inorganic lead exposure are abdominal colic, constipation, loss of appetite, blue-line on the gums, anaemia, wrist drop and foot drop. • The toxic effects of organic lead compounds are mostly on the CNS- insomnia, headache, mental confusion, delirium, etc.
  • 57. Preventive measures: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • Substitution of lead with less toxic materials. • Isolation of all processes which gives rise to lead dust and fumes. • Personal protection, personal hygiene and good housekeeping • Periodic examination of workers and health education. • Medical management- saline stomach wash if ingested, d- penicillamine.
  • 58. PREVENTION • Medical measures • Engineering measures • Legislative measures
  • 59. LEGISLATION The most important factory laws in India today are ; The Factory Act , 1948 The Employees State Insurance Act , 1948
  • 61. IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN HOSPITALS X RAYS
  • 62. IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN HOSPITALS BACK PAIN
  • 63. IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN HOSPITALS
  • 64. IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN HOSPITALS
  • 65. IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN HOSPITALS
  • 66. OCCUPATION HEALTH NURSE: Occupational Health Nurses (OHN) are registered nurses who independently observe and assess the worker's health status and to respect them from job tasks and hazards.
  • 67. SCOPE OF OCCUPATION HEALTH NURSE: Educationally prepared to recognize adverse health effects of occupational exposure and address methods for hazard abatement and control, OHNs bring their nursing expertise to all industries
  • 68. THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM 1. Occupational health nurses 2. Occupational health physicians 3. Industrial hygienists 4. Safety engineers 5. Work organization specialists 6. Psychologists 7. Counsellors 8. Physiotherapists. 9. Ergonomists 10. Health economists
  • 69. Role of the Occupational Health Nurse in Workplace Health Management: • Clinician • Specialist • Manager • Co-ordinator • Adviser • Health educator • Counsellor • Researcher
  • 71. JOURNAL Occupational mental health: a study of work-related depression among nurses in the Caribbean Vishwanath V. Baba*, Bella L. Galperin, Terri R. Lituchy This study addresses issues of occupational mental health among nurses in the Caribbean. A linear model linking role, work and social factors, stress, burnout, depression, absenteeism and turnover intention guides the research. Data were collected from 119 nurses working for major hospitals located in St. Vincent and Trinidad & Tobago using survey. Psychometrically sound instruments with proven cross-cultural validity were utilized in the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and path analysis were used to analyse the data. The results indicated fairly strong support for the proposed model which is tested for the first time among a Caribbean population. Role conflict, role overload and social support predicted stress, which along with social support predicted burnout. Burnout was the sole predictor of depression which in turn predicted both absenteeism and turnover intention.