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UNDERSTANDING CONCEPT OF
RASAYANA IN RESPECT TO
DHAATU & STEM CELLS

         DR BS PRASAD MD, PhD
         PRINCIPAL
         KLEU SHRI BMK AYURVED
         MAHAVIDYALAYA
         BELGAUM, KARNATAKA
Understanding concept of rasayana in respect to dhaatu
Understanding concept of rasayana in respect to dhaatu
Scientists are promising
• Culturing of any type of cells
• Making available of one’s own duplicate organs
  for transplant
• What made the scientists think and postulate
  stem cells?
     and
• What they are?
Formation of RBC

        RBCs
                        What after   120 days   ????

   Haemopiotic
   Cells


                 WBCs
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
                       1N



                  2N

                       1N

  2N
                            What next?

                       1N


                  2N


                       1N
• In 1960S the existence of stem cells in an
  irradiated mouse was reported by Canadian
  scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E.
RBCs
                      After   120 days


Blood Stem cells



               WBCs
Understanding concept of rasayana in respect to dhaatu
STEM CELLS
                   Stem
                   cells
• Cells that can
  make more of
  themselves

• Cells that can
  become almost
  any cell
• Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing
  themselves for long periods.
• Unlike muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells—
  which do not normally replicate themselves—
  stem cells may replicate many times, or
  proliferate.
• Stem cells differ from other kinds of cells and
  have three general properties:
  ▫ they are capable of dividing and renewing
    themselves for long periods
  ▫ they are unspecialized
  ▫ they can give rise to specialized cell types
• Stem cells are unspecialized.
• Stem cells do not have any tissue-specific
  structures that allow to perform specialized
  functions.
• For example, a stem cell cannot pump blood
  (like a heart muscle cell), and it cannot carry
  oxygen molecules (like a red blood cell).
• Unspecialized stem cells can give rise to
  specialized cells, including heart muscle cells,
  blood cells, or nerve cells and the process is
  called differentiation.

• Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all the
  types of blood cells: red blood cells, B
  lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells,
  neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes,
  and macrophages.
• Mesenchymal stem cells give rise to a variety of
  cell types: bone cells (osteocytes), cartilage cells
  (chondrocytes), fat cells (adipocytes) etc.

• Neural stem cells in the brain give rise to its
  three major cell types: nerve cells (neurons) and
  two categories of non-neuronal cells—astrocytes
  and oligodendrocytes.
• Epithelial stem cells in the lining of the digestive
  tract give rise to several cell types: absorptive
  cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells.

• The epidermal stem cells give rise to
  keratinocytes

• The follicular stem cells can give rise to both the
  hair follicle and to the epidermis.
Stem cell classification
• By source
 ▫ Embryonic
 ▫ Adult
• By potency
 ▫   Totipotent
 ▫   Pluripotent
 ▫   Multipotent
 ▫   Oligopotent
 ▫   Unipotent
• Potency is how many types of cells a stem cell
  can become.

 ▫ Totipotent stem cells are capable of developing
   into any other type of body cell.

 ▫ Pluripotent cells are almost as potent as
   totipotent stem cells. They have barely started
   differentiating and can develop into almost any
   other type of cell, except placenta.
▫ Multipotent stem cells that have begun differentiating into
  a general type of cell. For blood cell giving rise to a blood cell
  only but not brain cell.

▫ Oligopotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few
  types of cell. For example, a lymphoid stem cell can become
  any of the blood cells found in the lymphatic system (T cells,
  B cells, and plasma cells), but not a different kind of blood
  cell, such as a red blood cell, or platelet.

▫ Unipotent stem cells can only become one type of cell their
  own. They are considered stem cells because they can
  reproduce indefinitely. An example is skin cells, which can
  renew themselves indefinitely, but which cannot become any
  other type of cell.
Embryonic stem cells

• Embryonic stem cells come from a five to six -
  day- old embryo. They have the ability to form
  virtually any type of cell found in the human
  body.
• Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types
  of the body.
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS




    Blastoc
    yst
Adult stem cells
• Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found
  among specialised (differentiated) cells in a
  tissue or organ after birth.

• Adult stem cells have limited to differentiating
  capasity.
• Adult stem cells have been identified in many
  organs and tissues, including brain, bone
  marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal
  muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian
  epithelium, and testis.

• They are thought to reside in a specific area of
  each tissue (called a "stem cell niche").
Understanding concept of rasayana in respect to dhaatu
• Differentiation of adult stem cells:
• Adult stem cells divide, when needed, and can
  give rise to mature cell types that have
 ▫ Characteristic shape
 ▫ Specialized structures
 ▫ Functions of a particular tissue
Adult stem cell differentiation
• A blood-forming cell in the bone marrow -
  hematopoietic stem cell—cannot give rise to
  the cells of a very different tissue, such as nerve
  cells in the brain.
Differentiation




         Transformation
• Scientists discovered two regions of the brain that
  contained dividing cells that ultimately become
  nerve cells.

• Despite these reports, most scientists believed that
  the adult brain could not generate new nerve cells.

• It was not until the 1990s that scientists agreed that
  the adult brain does contain stem cells that are able
  to generate the brain's three major cell types—
  astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which are
  non-neuronal cells, and neurons, or nerve cells.
Dhatu
• Ayurved identified sapta dhatu and few
  upadhatu.
• Adya rasadhatu is the source for Saptadhatu
• Sukshmabhaga of dhatu nourishes successive
  dhatu
• Uttarottara dhatu poshana is possible only in
  forward direction
• Several types of tissues are described at present
• Ayurved considered group of tissues under one
  dhatu and hence listed only seven dhatu
• Dhatu concept represent advanced stem cell
  theories
STHAYI DHATU
                                      (STEM CELLS)
                   STHULA BHAGA

                                    ASTHAYI DHATU
      POSHYA                         (FUNCTIONAL
    (CELLULAR                           CELLS)
       PART)

                     SUKSHMABHAGA (STEM CELLS
D                    UNDERGOING TRANSFORMATION)
H
A
                                    FROM ANNARASA
T                                    (EXOGENOUS)
U
       POSHAKA (NOURISHMENT
          PART FROM RASA)         FROM SARIRARASA
                                    (ENDOGENOUS)
FUNCTIONAL TISSUES OF SKIN ETC.
                      (ASTHAYI RASA DHATU)




                                TOTIPOTENT
                                CELLS        TRANSFORMATION
                                UNDERGOING
                                             SUKSHMABHAGA
                                ….
                STAGE OF
                TOTIPOTENT
FERTILIZATION   CELLS (STHAYI
                RASA DHATU
Understanding concept of rasayana in respect to dhaatu
Stem cells of Mamsa Dhatu        Asthayi Mamsa Dhatu
(Sthayi Mamsa Dhatu)




             Differentiation




          Sukshma Bhaga of
          Mamsa dhatu
          Transforming into



                    Meda dhatu
Asthayi Mamsa dhatu
Asthayi Rasadhatu              Asthayi
(Functional                    Raktadhatu
skin tissue)
                            RBC Platelets     WBC




Differentiation                 Differentiation

                                            Sukshma Bhaga

                    Sukshma Bhaga




                             Sthayi Rakta dhatu             Sthayi Mamsa dhatu

Sthayi Rasa dhatu
RASAYANA
•   Geriatric medicine
•   Immuno-modulator
•   Anti-oxidant
•   Nutrient supplement
•   Rejuvenator
RASAYANA
• Measures to obtain tissues of optimum quality &
  quantity
• Vayasthaapana/Ayu (100 yrs of life or
  preserving youth for more years)
• Smriti, Medha
• Balakara
• Prabha, Varna
• Svaroudaarya
• Vaaksiddhi
•   Rogaapaharana
•   Achintyaatbhuta prabhava
•   Nidra, tandra, srama, klama, alasya hara
•   Daurbalya hara
•   Anila, kapha, pitta saamyakara
•   Sthairya kara
•   Abaddha mamsa hara
•   Antaragni sandhukshanam
•   Sthirasamabhaktha maamsaaha
•   Susamhita sthira sarira
•   Sarvatra apratihata paraakramaha
•   Klesha saha
Rasayana is
•   Cell proliferator
•   Nutrient supplement
•   Immunomodulation
•   Antioxidant
•   Metabolic corrector
•   Geriatric medicine
•   Functional capacity enhancer
IN RELATION TO PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS

• Measures to obtain tissues of optimum quality &
  quantity
• Vayasthaapana/Ayu (100 yrs of life or
  preserving youth for more years)
• Sthira samabhaktha maamsaaha
• Susamhita sthira sarira
• Jivaniya – Jeevaka, Rishabhaka
• Brimhaniya – Aswagandha, Kakoli
MULTI/OLIGO/POTENT STEM CELLS
•   Balakara
•   Rogaapaharana
•   Antaragni sandhukshanam
•   GI system – Bilva, Guduchi
•   Urinary system – Punarnava, Gokshura
•   Respiratory – Pippali, Pushkaramula
Unipotent stem cells
•   Smriti, Medha
•   Prabha, Varna
•   Svaroudaarya,
•   Abaddha mamsa hara
•   Sukra janaka
•   Keshya
•   Chakshushya
Somopaana vidhi
 – kuti pravesika Rasayana
Day           Event
Second        Vamana with maggots & blood stain
Third         Virechana with maggots
Fourth        Whole body swelling & maggots from all orifices
Seventh       Only skin & bones remain.
              Life is preserved due to soma
Eighth        Skin shred off. Fall of teeth, nails, body hair
17th & 18th   Eruption of good teeth & nails….
VIDANGA TANDULA RASAYANA
 Duration      Event
 After a month Maggots come out of body
 Second month Ant like creatures come out
 Third month Lice comes out
 Fourth month Fall off – teeth, nails, body hair
 Fifth month  Good strength & luster
              Increased perception of sense organs
Asthayi Mamsa dhatu
           Asthayi Rasadhatu             Asthayi
           (Functional                   Raktadhatu
           skin tissue)
                                       RBC Platelets    WBC




           Differentiation                 Differentiation

                                                     Sukshma Bhaga
Rasayana
                               Sukshma Bhaga




                                        Sthayi Rakta dhatu       Sthayi Mamsa dhatu

           Sthayi Rasa dhatu
• As the stem cells give rise to functional tissues
  rasayana drugs are supposed to act on stem cells
• Tissue/system specific rasayana are likely to act
  on that particular stem cells
• Rasayana drugs for vayasthapana – enhance cell
  proliferation capacity of stem cells
SUMMARY
• Stem cells are unspecialised Cells capable of renew or
  proliferate for longer times.
• Unspecialized stem cells can give rise to specialized cells
  and the process is called differentiation.
• Stem cell classification:
   ▫ By source: Embryonic, Adult
   ▫ By potency: Totipotent, Pluri/Multi/Oligo/Unipotent
• Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body.
• Dhaatu concept & advanced stem cell theories are in same
  lines
• Rasayana exerts effects mostly at stem cell level
FURTHER STUDIES
• Rasayana drugs specific to type of stem cells
• Stem cell lines
THANK YOU

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Understanding concept of rasayana in respect to dhaatu

  • 1. UNDERSTANDING CONCEPT OF RASAYANA IN RESPECT TO DHAATU & STEM CELLS DR BS PRASAD MD, PhD PRINCIPAL KLEU SHRI BMK AYURVED MAHAVIDYALAYA BELGAUM, KARNATAKA
  • 4. Scientists are promising • Culturing of any type of cells • Making available of one’s own duplicate organs for transplant
  • 5. • What made the scientists think and postulate stem cells? and • What they are?
  • 6. Formation of RBC RBCs What after 120 days ???? Haemopiotic Cells WBCs
  • 8. Spermatogenesis 1N 2N 1N 2N What next? 1N 2N 1N
  • 9. • In 1960S the existence of stem cells in an irradiated mouse was reported by Canadian scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E.
  • 10. RBCs After 120 days Blood Stem cells WBCs
  • 12. STEM CELLS Stem cells • Cells that can make more of themselves • Cells that can become almost any cell
  • 13. • Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods. • Unlike muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells— which do not normally replicate themselves— stem cells may replicate many times, or proliferate.
  • 14. • Stem cells differ from other kinds of cells and have three general properties: ▫ they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods ▫ they are unspecialized ▫ they can give rise to specialized cell types
  • 15. • Stem cells are unspecialized. • Stem cells do not have any tissue-specific structures that allow to perform specialized functions. • For example, a stem cell cannot pump blood (like a heart muscle cell), and it cannot carry oxygen molecules (like a red blood cell).
  • 16. • Unspecialized stem cells can give rise to specialized cells, including heart muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells and the process is called differentiation. • Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all the types of blood cells: red blood cells, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages.
  • 17. • Mesenchymal stem cells give rise to a variety of cell types: bone cells (osteocytes), cartilage cells (chondrocytes), fat cells (adipocytes) etc. • Neural stem cells in the brain give rise to its three major cell types: nerve cells (neurons) and two categories of non-neuronal cells—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
  • 18. • Epithelial stem cells in the lining of the digestive tract give rise to several cell types: absorptive cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. • The epidermal stem cells give rise to keratinocytes • The follicular stem cells can give rise to both the hair follicle and to the epidermis.
  • 19. Stem cell classification • By source ▫ Embryonic ▫ Adult • By potency ▫ Totipotent ▫ Pluripotent ▫ Multipotent ▫ Oligopotent ▫ Unipotent
  • 20. • Potency is how many types of cells a stem cell can become. ▫ Totipotent stem cells are capable of developing into any other type of body cell. ▫ Pluripotent cells are almost as potent as totipotent stem cells. They have barely started differentiating and can develop into almost any other type of cell, except placenta.
  • 21. ▫ Multipotent stem cells that have begun differentiating into a general type of cell. For blood cell giving rise to a blood cell only but not brain cell. ▫ Oligopotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few types of cell. For example, a lymphoid stem cell can become any of the blood cells found in the lymphatic system (T cells, B cells, and plasma cells), but not a different kind of blood cell, such as a red blood cell, or platelet. ▫ Unipotent stem cells can only become one type of cell their own. They are considered stem cells because they can reproduce indefinitely. An example is skin cells, which can renew themselves indefinitely, but which cannot become any other type of cell.
  • 22. Embryonic stem cells • Embryonic stem cells come from a five to six - day- old embryo. They have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human body. • Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body.
  • 23. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Blastoc yst
  • 24. Adult stem cells • Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised (differentiated) cells in a tissue or organ after birth. • Adult stem cells have limited to differentiating capasity.
  • 25. • Adult stem cells have been identified in many organs and tissues, including brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian epithelium, and testis. • They are thought to reside in a specific area of each tissue (called a "stem cell niche").
  • 27. • Differentiation of adult stem cells: • Adult stem cells divide, when needed, and can give rise to mature cell types that have ▫ Characteristic shape ▫ Specialized structures ▫ Functions of a particular tissue
  • 28. Adult stem cell differentiation
  • 29. • A blood-forming cell in the bone marrow - hematopoietic stem cell—cannot give rise to the cells of a very different tissue, such as nerve cells in the brain.
  • 30. Differentiation Transformation
  • 31. • Scientists discovered two regions of the brain that contained dividing cells that ultimately become nerve cells. • Despite these reports, most scientists believed that the adult brain could not generate new nerve cells. • It was not until the 1990s that scientists agreed that the adult brain does contain stem cells that are able to generate the brain's three major cell types— astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which are non-neuronal cells, and neurons, or nerve cells.
  • 32. Dhatu • Ayurved identified sapta dhatu and few upadhatu. • Adya rasadhatu is the source for Saptadhatu • Sukshmabhaga of dhatu nourishes successive dhatu • Uttarottara dhatu poshana is possible only in forward direction
  • 33. • Several types of tissues are described at present • Ayurved considered group of tissues under one dhatu and hence listed only seven dhatu • Dhatu concept represent advanced stem cell theories
  • 34. STHAYI DHATU (STEM CELLS) STHULA BHAGA ASTHAYI DHATU POSHYA (FUNCTIONAL (CELLULAR CELLS) PART) SUKSHMABHAGA (STEM CELLS D UNDERGOING TRANSFORMATION) H A FROM ANNARASA T (EXOGENOUS) U POSHAKA (NOURISHMENT PART FROM RASA) FROM SARIRARASA (ENDOGENOUS)
  • 35. FUNCTIONAL TISSUES OF SKIN ETC. (ASTHAYI RASA DHATU) TOTIPOTENT CELLS TRANSFORMATION UNDERGOING SUKSHMABHAGA …. STAGE OF TOTIPOTENT FERTILIZATION CELLS (STHAYI RASA DHATU
  • 37. Stem cells of Mamsa Dhatu Asthayi Mamsa Dhatu (Sthayi Mamsa Dhatu) Differentiation Sukshma Bhaga of Mamsa dhatu Transforming into Meda dhatu
  • 38. Asthayi Mamsa dhatu Asthayi Rasadhatu Asthayi (Functional Raktadhatu skin tissue) RBC Platelets WBC Differentiation Differentiation Sukshma Bhaga Sukshma Bhaga Sthayi Rakta dhatu Sthayi Mamsa dhatu Sthayi Rasa dhatu
  • 39. RASAYANA • Geriatric medicine • Immuno-modulator • Anti-oxidant • Nutrient supplement • Rejuvenator
  • 40. RASAYANA • Measures to obtain tissues of optimum quality & quantity • Vayasthaapana/Ayu (100 yrs of life or preserving youth for more years) • Smriti, Medha • Balakara • Prabha, Varna • Svaroudaarya • Vaaksiddhi
  • 41. Rogaapaharana • Achintyaatbhuta prabhava • Nidra, tandra, srama, klama, alasya hara • Daurbalya hara • Anila, kapha, pitta saamyakara • Sthairya kara • Abaddha mamsa hara • Antaragni sandhukshanam • Sthirasamabhaktha maamsaaha • Susamhita sthira sarira • Sarvatra apratihata paraakramaha • Klesha saha
  • 42. Rasayana is • Cell proliferator • Nutrient supplement • Immunomodulation • Antioxidant • Metabolic corrector • Geriatric medicine • Functional capacity enhancer
  • 43. IN RELATION TO PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS • Measures to obtain tissues of optimum quality & quantity • Vayasthaapana/Ayu (100 yrs of life or preserving youth for more years) • Sthira samabhaktha maamsaaha • Susamhita sthira sarira • Jivaniya – Jeevaka, Rishabhaka • Brimhaniya – Aswagandha, Kakoli
  • 44. MULTI/OLIGO/POTENT STEM CELLS • Balakara • Rogaapaharana • Antaragni sandhukshanam • GI system – Bilva, Guduchi • Urinary system – Punarnava, Gokshura • Respiratory – Pippali, Pushkaramula
  • 45. Unipotent stem cells • Smriti, Medha • Prabha, Varna • Svaroudaarya, • Abaddha mamsa hara • Sukra janaka • Keshya • Chakshushya
  • 46. Somopaana vidhi – kuti pravesika Rasayana Day Event Second Vamana with maggots & blood stain Third Virechana with maggots Fourth Whole body swelling & maggots from all orifices Seventh Only skin & bones remain. Life is preserved due to soma Eighth Skin shred off. Fall of teeth, nails, body hair 17th & 18th Eruption of good teeth & nails….
  • 47. VIDANGA TANDULA RASAYANA Duration Event After a month Maggots come out of body Second month Ant like creatures come out Third month Lice comes out Fourth month Fall off – teeth, nails, body hair Fifth month Good strength & luster Increased perception of sense organs
  • 48. Asthayi Mamsa dhatu Asthayi Rasadhatu Asthayi (Functional Raktadhatu skin tissue) RBC Platelets WBC Differentiation Differentiation Sukshma Bhaga Rasayana Sukshma Bhaga Sthayi Rakta dhatu Sthayi Mamsa dhatu Sthayi Rasa dhatu
  • 49. • As the stem cells give rise to functional tissues rasayana drugs are supposed to act on stem cells • Tissue/system specific rasayana are likely to act on that particular stem cells • Rasayana drugs for vayasthapana – enhance cell proliferation capacity of stem cells
  • 50. SUMMARY • Stem cells are unspecialised Cells capable of renew or proliferate for longer times. • Unspecialized stem cells can give rise to specialized cells and the process is called differentiation. • Stem cell classification: ▫ By source: Embryonic, Adult ▫ By potency: Totipotent, Pluri/Multi/Oligo/Unipotent • Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body. • Dhaatu concept & advanced stem cell theories are in same lines • Rasayana exerts effects mostly at stem cell level
  • 51. FURTHER STUDIES • Rasayana drugs specific to type of stem cells • Stem cell lines