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APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
OF GIT SYSTEM
(GASTROINSTESTINAL TRACT )
PRESETED BY-:
KAUSHAL SINHA
PG SCHOLAR
DEPARTMENT OF PANCHAKARMA
SDM COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA & HOSPITAL
CONTENT:-
 Introduction
 Applied anatomy and applied physiology
1.Esophagus
2.Stomach
3.Small instestine
4.Large instestine
INTRODUCTION:-
 gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the alimentary canal,
commences at the buccal cavity of the mouth and terminates
at the anus. It can be divided into an
 upper GI tract
 mouth,
 pharynx,
 esophagus
 stomach)
 lower GI tract
 small instines
 large intestines
ESOPHAGUS
 Anatomy:-
 The esophagus is a 25-
cm long muscular tube
that connects the
pharynx to the stomach.
 The esophagus extends
from the lower border of
the cricoid cartilage (at
the level of the sixth
cervical vertebra) to the
cardiac orifice of the
stomach at the side of
the body of the 11th
thoracic vertebra
APPLIED ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS
 esophageal
varices are dilated sub-
mucosal veins in the lower
third of the esophagus.
 They are most often a
consequence of portal
hypertension.
 commonly due to cirrhosis
patients with esophageal
varices have a strong
tendency to
develop bleeding.
 Esophageal varices are
diagnosed with endoscopy
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF ESOPHAGUS
 Dysphasia
 Esophageal achalasia
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
 Dysphasia :-
dysphagia means difficulty in swallowing.
causes :
1)Mechnical obstruction of esophagus due to
tumor,stricture,diverticular hernia (out pouching of
the wall).
2)Decreased movement of esophagus due to
neurological disorder such as parkinsonism.
3)Muscular disorder leading to difficulty in swallowing
during oral stage or esophageal stage.
ESOPHAGEAL ACHALASIA
 Esophageal achalasia is a neuromascular disease.
 Caracterized by accumulation of food substances in the
esophagus.
 it is due to the failure of lower esophageal
(cardiac)sphincter to relax during swallowing.the
accumulated food substance cause dilatation of
esophagus.
The feature of disease are :
 Dysphagia
 Chest pain
 Weight loss
 cough
STOMACH:-
 The stomach is hollow
organ situated just below
the diaphragm on the left
side in the abdominal cavity.
 Shape:- ‘J’ shaped
 Volume :- 50 ml
 Location:- 10 Thorasic and
3 lumber
 Parts of stomach:-
1. Cardiac region
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. pyloric
APPLIED ANATOMY OF STOMACH
DISPLACEMENT OF STOMACH
 Pancreatic and pseudo cyst and abcess in the
omentam bursa can may push the stomach
forword/ anteriorly this displacement is usually
visible in lateral radiographic/CT.
 The posterior wall of stomach may adhere to the
part of the posterior wall of the omentum bursa that
covers the pancreas.this occurs due to
inflammation of pancrease and it is very close to
(posterior wall of stomach)pancrese
CANCER OF STOMACH
 Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is cancer
developing from the lining of the stomach.
 Because the lymphatic vessels of the mucous membrane and
submucosa of the stomach are in contunity,it is possible for
cancer cells travel to different parts of the stomach
GASTRIC PAIN
 The sensation of pain in the stomach is caused by the
stretching or spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle in
its walls and is referred to the epiastrium.
 It is believed that the pain transmitting fibres leave the
stomach in company with the sympathetic nerve.
 They pass through the celiac ganglia and reach the spinal
cord via the greater splanchnic nerves.
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF STOMACH
GASTRITIS
 Inflammation of gastric mucous membrane is called
gastritis.
It may be acute or chronic
 Acute gastritis is characterized by inflammation of
superficial layers of mucous membrane and infiltration
with leukocytes,mostly neutrophills.
 chronic gastritis involves inflammation of even the
deeper layers and infiltration with more lymphocytes.it
results in the atrophy of the gastric mucosa with loss of
chief cells and parietal cells of gland.therefore yhe
seceration of gastric juice decreases.
PEPTIC ULCER
 Ulcer means the erosion of the surface of any
organ
 due to shedding or sloughing of inflamed necrotic
tissue that lines the organ.
 peptic ulcer means an ulcer in the wall of stomach
 caused by action of gastric juice. If peptic ulcer is
found in stomach,it called gastric ulcer
GASTRIC ATROPHY
 gastric atrophy is the condition in which the
muscles of the stomach shrink and become weak.
 The gastric glands also shrink resulting in the
deficiency of gastric juice.
 Cause by:
 Loss of gastric gland
ANATOMY OF SMALL INSTESTINE
 Small instestine is the
part of gastroinstestinal
tract,
 extending beetween the
pyloric sphincter of
stomach and ileocecal
vale, which opens into
large instestine.it is called
small instestine
 Length:-6 meter
 Type:-
1.Duodenum
2.Jejunam
3.ileum
APPLIED ANATOMY OF SMALL INSTESTINE
DUODENAL ULCER
 A duodenal ulcer is a
type of peptic ulcer that
occurs in the duodenum,
the beginning of the small
intestine.
 As the stomach empties
its contents into the
duodenum,the acid
chyme is squirted the
against the anterolateral
wall of the first part of the
duodenum.
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF SMALL INSTESTINE
MALABSORPTION
 Malabsorption is the
failure to absorb
nutrient such as
protein,carbohydrates,f
at and vitamins.
 Malabsorption affects
growth and
development of the
body.
CROHNS DISEASES(ENTERITIS)
 Enteritis is an
inflammatory bowel
disease.
 characterized by
inflamation of small
instestine.
 Usually it affects the
lower part of small
instestine and the ileum.
 the inflamation causes
malabsorption and
diarrehea.
STEATORRHEA
 Steatorrhea is the
presence of
excess fat in feces.
 Stools may also float
due to excess gas, have
an oily appearance and
can be especially foul-
smelling.
 Steathorrhea is the
condition caused by
deficiency of pancreatic
lipase,resulting in
malabsorption of fat.
CELIAC DISEASE
 Celiac disease is an
autoimmune disorder.
 characterized by the
damage of mucosa and
atrophy of villi in small
instestine,resulting in
impaired digestion and
absorption
 It is also known as
gluten sensitive
enteropathy
APPLIED anatomy of large instestine
PAIN OF APPENDICITIS
 Visceralpain in the
appendix is produced by
distention of its lumen or
spasm of its muscle.
 The afferent pain fibers
enters the spinal cord at
he level of the tenth
thoracic segment and a
vague referred pain is felt
in the region of the
umbilicus.
 Later,the pain shifts to
where the inflammed
appendix irritates the
parital peritoneum.
DIVERTICULOSIS
 also known as "diverticular
disease“
 It is the condition of
having diverticula in
the colon, which are
outpocketings of the
colonic mucosa and
submucosa through
weaknesses of muscle layers
in the colon wall.
 These are more common in
the sigmoid colon, which is a
common place for increased
pressure.
 This is uncommon before the
age of 40, and increases in
incidence after that age
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF LARGE
INSTESTINE
DIARRHEA
 Diarrhea is the frequent and profuse discharge of
instestinal contents in loose and fluid form.
 It occurs due to the increased movement of
instestine
Cause :-
 Dietary abuse
 Infection
 Instestinal disease
CONSTIPATION
 Failure of voiding of feces,which produces
discomfort is known as constipation.
 It is due to the lack of movement necessary for
defection.
 Due to the absence of mass movement in colon
 Feces remain in the large instestine for a long
time.
 Resulting in absorption of fluid ,so the feces
beome hard and fry.
APPENDICITIS
 Inflammation of appendix is known as appendicitis.
 Appendix does not have any function in human
being.
 But it can create major problem when diseased.
 Appendicitis can develop at any age.
 It is very common between 10 and 30 years of age.
THANK YOU

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Clinical applied anatomy and physiology of git system

  • 1. APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF GIT SYSTEM (GASTROINSTESTINAL TRACT ) PRESETED BY-: KAUSHAL SINHA PG SCHOLAR DEPARTMENT OF PANCHAKARMA SDM COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA & HOSPITAL
  • 2. CONTENT:-  Introduction  Applied anatomy and applied physiology 1.Esophagus 2.Stomach 3.Small instestine 4.Large instestine
  • 3. INTRODUCTION:-  gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the alimentary canal, commences at the buccal cavity of the mouth and terminates at the anus. It can be divided into an  upper GI tract  mouth,  pharynx,  esophagus  stomach)  lower GI tract  small instines  large intestines
  • 4. ESOPHAGUS  Anatomy:-  The esophagus is a 25- cm long muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.  The esophagus extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra) to the cardiac orifice of the stomach at the side of the body of the 11th thoracic vertebra
  • 5. APPLIED ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS  esophageal varices are dilated sub- mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus.  They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension.  commonly due to cirrhosis patients with esophageal varices have a strong tendency to develop bleeding.  Esophageal varices are diagnosed with endoscopy
  • 6. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF ESOPHAGUS  Dysphasia  Esophageal achalasia
  • 7. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY  Dysphasia :- dysphagia means difficulty in swallowing. causes : 1)Mechnical obstruction of esophagus due to tumor,stricture,diverticular hernia (out pouching of the wall). 2)Decreased movement of esophagus due to neurological disorder such as parkinsonism. 3)Muscular disorder leading to difficulty in swallowing during oral stage or esophageal stage.
  • 8. ESOPHAGEAL ACHALASIA  Esophageal achalasia is a neuromascular disease.  Caracterized by accumulation of food substances in the esophagus.  it is due to the failure of lower esophageal (cardiac)sphincter to relax during swallowing.the accumulated food substance cause dilatation of esophagus. The feature of disease are :  Dysphagia  Chest pain  Weight loss  cough
  • 9. STOMACH:-  The stomach is hollow organ situated just below the diaphragm on the left side in the abdominal cavity.  Shape:- ‘J’ shaped  Volume :- 50 ml  Location:- 10 Thorasic and 3 lumber  Parts of stomach:- 1. Cardiac region 2. Fundus 3. Body 4. pyloric
  • 11. DISPLACEMENT OF STOMACH  Pancreatic and pseudo cyst and abcess in the omentam bursa can may push the stomach forword/ anteriorly this displacement is usually visible in lateral radiographic/CT.  The posterior wall of stomach may adhere to the part of the posterior wall of the omentum bursa that covers the pancreas.this occurs due to inflammation of pancrease and it is very close to (posterior wall of stomach)pancrese
  • 12. CANCER OF STOMACH  Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is cancer developing from the lining of the stomach.  Because the lymphatic vessels of the mucous membrane and submucosa of the stomach are in contunity,it is possible for cancer cells travel to different parts of the stomach
  • 13. GASTRIC PAIN  The sensation of pain in the stomach is caused by the stretching or spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle in its walls and is referred to the epiastrium.  It is believed that the pain transmitting fibres leave the stomach in company with the sympathetic nerve.  They pass through the celiac ganglia and reach the spinal cord via the greater splanchnic nerves.
  • 15. GASTRITIS  Inflammation of gastric mucous membrane is called gastritis. It may be acute or chronic  Acute gastritis is characterized by inflammation of superficial layers of mucous membrane and infiltration with leukocytes,mostly neutrophills.  chronic gastritis involves inflammation of even the deeper layers and infiltration with more lymphocytes.it results in the atrophy of the gastric mucosa with loss of chief cells and parietal cells of gland.therefore yhe seceration of gastric juice decreases.
  • 16. PEPTIC ULCER  Ulcer means the erosion of the surface of any organ  due to shedding or sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue that lines the organ.  peptic ulcer means an ulcer in the wall of stomach  caused by action of gastric juice. If peptic ulcer is found in stomach,it called gastric ulcer
  • 17. GASTRIC ATROPHY  gastric atrophy is the condition in which the muscles of the stomach shrink and become weak.  The gastric glands also shrink resulting in the deficiency of gastric juice.  Cause by:  Loss of gastric gland
  • 18. ANATOMY OF SMALL INSTESTINE  Small instestine is the part of gastroinstestinal tract,  extending beetween the pyloric sphincter of stomach and ileocecal vale, which opens into large instestine.it is called small instestine  Length:-6 meter  Type:- 1.Duodenum 2.Jejunam 3.ileum
  • 19. APPLIED ANATOMY OF SMALL INSTESTINE
  • 20. DUODENAL ULCER  A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the duodenum, the beginning of the small intestine.  As the stomach empties its contents into the duodenum,the acid chyme is squirted the against the anterolateral wall of the first part of the duodenum.
  • 21. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF SMALL INSTESTINE
  • 22. MALABSORPTION  Malabsorption is the failure to absorb nutrient such as protein,carbohydrates,f at and vitamins.  Malabsorption affects growth and development of the body.
  • 23. CROHNS DISEASES(ENTERITIS)  Enteritis is an inflammatory bowel disease.  characterized by inflamation of small instestine.  Usually it affects the lower part of small instestine and the ileum.  the inflamation causes malabsorption and diarrehea.
  • 24. STEATORRHEA  Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in feces.  Stools may also float due to excess gas, have an oily appearance and can be especially foul- smelling.  Steathorrhea is the condition caused by deficiency of pancreatic lipase,resulting in malabsorption of fat.
  • 25. CELIAC DISEASE  Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder.  characterized by the damage of mucosa and atrophy of villi in small instestine,resulting in impaired digestion and absorption  It is also known as gluten sensitive enteropathy
  • 26. APPLIED anatomy of large instestine
  • 27. PAIN OF APPENDICITIS  Visceralpain in the appendix is produced by distention of its lumen or spasm of its muscle.  The afferent pain fibers enters the spinal cord at he level of the tenth thoracic segment and a vague referred pain is felt in the region of the umbilicus.  Later,the pain shifts to where the inflammed appendix irritates the parital peritoneum.
  • 28. DIVERTICULOSIS  also known as "diverticular disease“  It is the condition of having diverticula in the colon, which are outpocketings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall.  These are more common in the sigmoid colon, which is a common place for increased pressure.  This is uncommon before the age of 40, and increases in incidence after that age
  • 29. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF LARGE INSTESTINE
  • 30. DIARRHEA  Diarrhea is the frequent and profuse discharge of instestinal contents in loose and fluid form.  It occurs due to the increased movement of instestine Cause :-  Dietary abuse  Infection  Instestinal disease
  • 31. CONSTIPATION  Failure of voiding of feces,which produces discomfort is known as constipation.  It is due to the lack of movement necessary for defection.  Due to the absence of mass movement in colon  Feces remain in the large instestine for a long time.  Resulting in absorption of fluid ,so the feces beome hard and fry.
  • 32. APPENDICITIS  Inflammation of appendix is known as appendicitis.  Appendix does not have any function in human being.  But it can create major problem when diseased.  Appendicitis can develop at any age.  It is very common between 10 and 30 years of age.