4. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 1844–1857, 2009.
linical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 18
Damage of the protective Numerous possible stimuli Upregulation of purinergic
bladder lining (drugs, hormones, etc) pathway of urothelial cells
Increased permeability to
urine solutes
Sensory nerve endings Mast cell activation and Peripheral and central neural
activation degranulation upregulation
Chronic inflammatory bladder disorder
Figure 1. Proposed underlying pathophysiology in PBS/IC.
Physical Examination tic marker or as a predictor to response to trea
h history and physical examination is particularly controversial (41). Recently, anti-proliferative fact
4
Medical history should include history of symp- suggested as a candidate biomarker for PBS/IC d
7. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 1844 –1857, 2009
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 1844–1857, 2009.
• PBS/ICの診断criteria Table 1. National Institute for Diabetes and Diseases of
the Kidney criteria
For PBS/IC diagnosis to be made, patients should have:
1. Bladder pain or urinary urgency
2. Glomerulations or Hunner’s ulcers on cystoscopy/
hydrodistention
3. None of the following:
Awake cystometric capacity Ͼ350 ml using a fill
rate of 30-100 ml/min,
Absence of intense urge to void at 100 ml gas or
150 ml liquid,
Involuntary detrusor contractions on cystometry,
Urinary frequency Ͻ8 voids/d,
Absence of nocturia,
Duration of symptoms Ͻ9 mo,
Age Ͻ18 yr,
Cystitis (bacterial, chemical, post-irradiation),
prostatitis, vulvitis (herpes) or vaginitis,
Cancer (bladder, uterine, cervical, vaginal or
urethral),
Bladder or lower ureteral calculi
Urethral diverticulum
Adapted from Reference 107.
12. of intravesical hyaluronic acid plus chondroitin
present a safe and efficacious method of treat- Oral therapies
C (98) (Table 3). Hydroxyzine, amitriptyline, PPS
Supportive therapies (psychosocial, behavioral, physical) ± analgesia
• 治療アルゴリズム
nts No response
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 1844–1857, 2009.
BS/IC, which are refractory to oral and intraves-
herapeutic options include transurethral resec-
reconstructive surgery, and neuromodulation. Consider
t ratio should always be considered before one Intravesical therapies
e treatments is recommended. Hydrodistention, alkalized lidocaine, sodium
hyaluronate, chondroitine sulfate, BCG,
l resection of ulcers in PBS/IC patients led to oxybutin, DMSO, PPS
ponse in 90% of patients with classic PBS/IC Hyperbaric oxygen
nism might involve the removal of the intramu-
gs. However, this study was not randomized, No response
nderwent hydrodistention before transurethral Consider
ers. In addition, the patients of the study (classic Other therapies
g to a subgroup of PBS/IC patients that repre- Immunosuppression
PBS/IC patients. Electric neuromodulation
hypothesis that PBS/IC symptoms may arise No response
simulation and pathologic upregulation of the
sacral neuromodulation using an implantable
device (which was shown to be effective in Consider
y and frequency) was reported to decrease nar- Reconstructive surgery
nts in refractory PBS/IC (100). Although results
ising, drawbacks of this technique include high Figure 2. Treatment algorithm for interstitial cystitis. BCG, ba-
e neurostimulator site, need for surgical revi- cillus Calmette-Guerin; PPS, pentosan polysulfate sodium;
of infection. Because of the less invasive tech- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.