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ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFIBERS,[object Object]
NANOFIBERS,[object Object],[object Object]
As defined by the Non – woven industry, nanofiber is any fiber that has a diameter of less than 1 micron (<1000 nm) (Hegde, R.R. et al, 2005).,[object Object]
NANOFIBERS,[object Object],Figure 2.  Entrapped pollen spore on nanofiber web [1].,[object Object]
NANOFIBERS,[object Object],Figure 3. Comparison of red blood cell with nanofibers web [1].,[object Object]
NANOFIBERS,[object Object],Figure 4. Ultra – Web® Nanofiber Filter Media used commercially.,[object Object],(taken from Grafe, 2003),[object Object]
First nanofibers produced in the Material Science Lab, IMSP, UPLB,[object Object],Figure 5.Polycaprolactonenanofiber (a) and (b) has fiber diameters,[object Object],between 273 nm to 547 nm. SEM taken with 10,000X magnification.,[object Object],(J.I.Zerrudo, E.A.Florido, 2008),[object Object]
First nanofibers produced in the Material Science Lab, IMSP, UPLB,[object Object],Figure 6. 75:25 Polycaprolactone(PCL)/Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) ,[object Object],blend nano10,000X magnification.,[object Object],(J.I.Zerrudo, E.A.Florido, SPP Physics Congress, October 2008),[object Object]
First nanofibers produced in the Material Science Lab, IMSP, UPLB,[object Object],Figure 7. SEM Micrograph of Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanofibers,[object Object],With diameter range of 59nm-126 nm.,[object Object],(J.Clarito, E.A.Florido,  October 2008),[object Object]
First nanofibers produced in the Material Science Lab, IMSP, UPLB,[object Object],Figure 8. SEM Micrograph of Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanofibers,[object Object],with diameters of 86 nm, 194 nm, 201 nm.,[object Object],(J.Clarito, E.A.Florido,  October 2008),[object Object]
First nanofibers produced in the Material Science Lab, IMSP, UPLB,[object Object],Figure 9. SEM Micrograph of Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanofiber,[object Object],mesh.,[object Object],(J.Clarito, E.A.Florido,  October 2008),[object Object]
First nanofibers produced in the Material Science Lab, IMSP, UPLB,[object Object],Figure 10. SEM Micrograph of Polyvinyl chloride nanofiber  with ,[object Object],at least 76 nm diameter. ,[object Object],(J.Garcia, E.A.Florido,  February 2009),[object Object]
First nanofibers produced in the Material Science Lab, IMSP, UPLB,[object Object],Figure 11. 22 nm-diameter  polyvinyl chloride nanofiber  with ,[object Object],a porous microfiber in the background. ,[object Object],(J.Garcia, E.A.Florido,  February 2009),[object Object]
Applications of Nanofibers,[object Object],[object Object]
 Tissue and Organ Implants (RAMAKRISHNA, S.M., et al. 	2004)‏
 Extra Cellular Matrix (QUEEN, 2006)‏,[object Object]
ELECTROSPINNING,[object Object],[object Object]
The high voltage produces an electrically charged jet of polymer solution or melt, which dries or solidifies leaving a polymer fiber
 the process was patented in 1934 by Formhals [2-4],[object Object]
ELECTROSPINNING,[object Object],Figure 13 The distribution of charge in the fiber,[object Object],changes as the fiber dries out during flight,[object Object]
Figure 14. Electrospinning set-up in the IMSP Physics ,[object Object],Division Materials Science Laboratory.    ,[object Object],J.I.Zerrudo, E.A. Florido,[object Object]
Electrospinning of nanofibers 2
Electrospinning of nanofibers 2
Taylor Cone,[object Object],[object Object]
was described by Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor in 1964 before electrospray was "discovered“
to form a perfect cone required a semi-vertical angle of 49.3° (a whole angle of 98.6°) , the shape of such a cone approached the theoretical shape just before jet formation – Taylor Angle,[object Object]
Taylor Cone,[object Object],Potential,[object Object],Equipotential surface,[object Object],The zero of the Legendre polynomial between 0 and pi,[object Object],is 130.70990 which is the complement (supplement),[object Object],of the Taylor angle. ,[object Object]
Taylor Cone,[object Object],When a sufficiently high voltage is applied to a liquid droplet, the body of the liquid becomes charged, and electrostatic repulsion counteracts the surface tension and droplet is stretched, at a critical point a stream of liquid erupts from the surface. This point of eruption is known as the Taylor cone,[object Object]
Classical liquid jet,[object Object],       0.1mm,[object Object],Orifice – 0.1mm,[object Object],Primary jet diameter ~ 0.2mm,[object Object],Micro-jet diameter ~ 0.005mm,[object Object],[object Object]
  electrostatic pulling limited to
   l/d ~ 1000 by capillary      instability,[object Object],[object Object]
jet thinning ~10-3
draw ratio   ~106 !NANOFIBRES T. A. Kowalewski, A. L. Yarin & S. Błoński, EFMC 2003, Toulouse,[object Object]
Taylor Cone.,[object Object],J.T.Garcia, E.A. Florido,[object Object]
Electrospinning of nanofibers 2
Electrospinning,[object Object],v=0.1m/s,[object Object],moving charges e,[object Object],    bending force on charge e,[object Object],E ~ 105V/m,[object Object],viscoelastic and surface tension resistance,[object Object],Moving charges (ions) interacting with electrostatic field amplify bending instability, surface tension and viscoelasticity counteract these forces,[object Object],NANOFIBRES T. A. Kowalewski, A. L. Yarin & S. Błoński, EFMC 2003, Toulouse,[object Object]
Electro-spinning,[object Object],Simple model for elongating viscoelastic thread ,[object Object],Stress balance:  - viscosity, G – elastic modulus stress, ,[object Object], stress tensor, dl/dt – thread elongation                  ,[object Object],Momentum balance: Vo – voltage, e – charge, a – thread radius, h- distance pipette-collector  ,[object Object],Kinematic condition for thread velocity v,[object Object],Non-dimensional length of the thread as a function of electrostatic potential,[object Object],NANOFIBRES T. A. Kowalewski, A. L. Yarin & S. Błoński, EFMC 2003, Toulouse,[object Object]
Electro-spinning,[object Object],bending instability of electro-spun jet ,[object Object],charges moving along spiralling path ,[object Object],E ~ 105V/m,[object Object],Bending instability enormously increases path of the jet, allowing to solve problem: how to decrease jet diameter 1000 times or more without increasing distance to tenths of kilometres,[object Object],NANOFIBRES T. A. Kowalewski, A. L. Yarin & S. Błoński, EFMC 2003, Toulouse,[object Object]
Parameters,[object Object],Molecular Weight, Molecular-Weight Distribution and Architecture (branched, linear etc.) of the polymer,[object Object],Solution properties (viscosity, conductivity & and surface tension),[object Object],Electric potential, Flow rate & Concentration,[object Object],Distance between the capillary and collection screen,[object Object],Ambient parameters (temperature, humidity and air velocity in the chamber),[object Object],Motion of target screen (collector),[object Object]
Figure 14. Electrospinning set-up in the IMSP Physics ,[object Object],Division Materials Science Laboratory.    ,[object Object],J.I.Zerrudo, E.A. Florido,[object Object]
Fibers produced during electrospinning.,[object Object],J.I.Zerrudo, E.A. Florido,[object Object]
Fibers produced during electrospinning.,[object Object],J.I.Zerrudo, E.A. Florido,[object Object]
PVC Fibers produced during electrospinning.,[object Object],J.T.Garcia, E.A. Florido,[object Object]
Electrospinning of nanofibers 2
PVC Fibers produced during electrospinning.,[object Object],J.T.Garcia, E.A. Florido,[object Object]
Electrospinning of nanofibers 2
A.O.Advincula, E.A. Florido,[object Object]

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Electrospinning of nanofibers 2

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