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Jordan Albert J. Cruz, RN,[object Object],Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Research,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Purpose,[object Object],Quali: To understand & interpret social interactions.,[object Object],Quanti: To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect, & make predictions.,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Group Studied,[object Object],Quali: Smaller & not randomly selected.,[object Object],Quanti: Larger & randomly selected.,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Variables,[object Object],Quali: Study of the whole, not variables.,[object Object],Quanti: Specific variables studied,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Type of Data Collected,[object Object],Quali: Words, images, or objects.,[object Object],Quanti: Numbers and statistics.,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Forms of Data Collected,[object Object],Quali: Qualitative data such as open - ended responses, interviews, participant observations, field notes, & reflections.,[object Object],Quanti: Quantitative data based on precise measurements using structured & validated data-collection instruments.,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Role of the Researcher,[object Object],Quali: Researcher & their biases may be known to participants in the study, & participant characteristics may be known to the researcher.,[object Object],Quanti: Researcher & their biases are not known to participants in the study, & participant characteristics are deliberately hidden from the researcher (double blind studies).,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Results,[object Object],Quali: Particular or specialized findings that is less generalizable.,[object Object],Quanti: Generalizable findings that can be applied to other populations.,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Scientific Method,[object Object],Quali: Study of the whole, not variables.,[object Object],Quanti: Specific variables studied,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],Final Report,[object Object],Quali: Narrative report with contextual description & direct quotations from research participants.,[object Object],Quanti: Statistical report with correlations, comparisons of means, & statistical significance of findings.,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],What is to be observed?,[object Object],Quali: ¤ Qualities ¤ Behavior ¤ Complexities,[object Object],Quanti: ¤ Quantities ¤ Scales ¤ Trends ,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],What are the type of questions asked?,[object Object],Quali: ¤ Why? ¤ How?,[object Object],Quanti: ¤ How many ¤ What,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],How are the questions are put (methods)?,[object Object],Quali: ¤ Document review ¤ Participant observations ¤ Interviews ¤ Focus group ¤ Workshops,[object Object],Quanti: ¤ Application forms ¤ Questionnaires ¤ IQ Tests ¤ Measurements,[object Object]
Qualitative versus Quantitative,[object Object],How the results are interpreted (analysis)?,[object Object],Quali: ¤ Explore, explain, understand ¤ Narrative ¤ Particular ¤ Mainly inductive reasoning: conclusions can be drawn from the evidence no matter how incomplete,[object Object],Quanti: ¤ Describe, measure, predict ¤ Statistical tables and chart ¤ Universal ¤ Mainly deductive reasoning: everything is known before conclusions can be drawn,[object Object]
Major Classes of Quantitative and Qualitative Research,[object Object]
Quantitative Research,[object Object],Experimental Studies,[object Object], Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment,[object Object], Designed to test causal relationships,[object Object], Greater control over extraneous variables,[object Object]
Quantitative Research,[object Object],Non-Experimental Studies,[object Object], Researchers collects data without making changes or introducing treatments,[object Object], Lesser control over extraneous variables,[object Object]
Examples:,[object Object], The effects of a submaximal exercise protocol, in comparison with a near-maximal voluntary contraction protocol, on continence control and muscle contraction strength among women with genuine stress urinary incontinence. ,[object Object]
Examples:,[object Object],Factors that contributed to hospital readmission in a HongKong hospital. A readmitted group was compared with a non readmitted group of patients in terms of demographic characteristics and health conditions upon admission.,[object Object]
Qualitative Research,[object Object],Rooted in research traditions that originate in the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and psychology.,[object Object]
Qualitative Research,[object Object],Grounded Theory Study,[object Object], Roots in sociology,[object Object], Seeks to describe and understand the key social psychological and structural processes that occur in a social setting,[object Object], Focus  developing social experience,[object Object]
Qualitative Research,[object Object],Component  discovery of a core variable that is central in explaining what is going on in that social scene,[object Object],Generate comprehensive explanations of phenomena that are grounded in reality,[object Object],Example:,[object Object],A study to explain the material process of managing late stages of breastfeeding and weaning the child from the breast,[object Object]
Qualitative Research,[object Object],Phenomenology,[object Object], Roots in both philosophy and psychology,[object Object], Concerned with the lived experiences of humans,[object Object], Approach to thinking about what life experiences of people are like and what they  mean,[object Object], What is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people?,[object Object]
Qualitative Research,[object Object],Example:,[object Object],A study to illuminate the lived experiences of care providers who were highly skilled communicators in their relationships with patients with stroke and aphasia.,[object Object]
Qualitative Research,[object Object],Ethnography,[object Object],Primary research tradition within anthropology,[object Object],Provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and experiences of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion,[object Object],Engaged in extensive fieldwork, often participating to the extent possible in the life of the culture under study,[object Object]
Qualitative Research,[object Object], Broadly defined culture  Haitian refugee communities ,[object Object], Narrowly defined culture  The Culture of Emergency Departments,[object Object], Aim  to learn from (rather than to study) members of a cultural group, to understand their world view as they perceive and live it,[object Object]
Qualitative Research,[object Object],Example:,[object Object], An analysis of a nursing home residence, focusing on the ethical issues of daily living affecting nursing home residents with dementia,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object], Researchers move from beginning point of a study (the posing of a question) to the end point (the obtaining of an answer) in a linear sequence of steps,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object],Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase,[object Object], Activities include reading, conceptualizing, theorizing, reconceptualising and reviewing ideas with colleagues or advisers,[object Object], Skills include creativity, deductive reasoning, insight, and a firm grounding in previous research on the topic of interest,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object], Step 1. Formulating and Delimiting the Problem,[object Object], Step 2. Reviewing the Related Literature,[object Object], Step 3. Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork,[object Object], Step 4. Defining the Framework and Developing Conceptual Definitions,[object Object], Step 5. Formulating Hypothesis,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object],Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase ,[object Object], The methods and procedures to be used to address the research question and plan for the actual collection of data,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object], Step 6. Selecting a Research Design,[object Object], Step 7. Developing Protocols for the Intervention,[object Object], Step 8. Identifying the Population to be Studied,[object Object], Step 9. Designing the Sampling Plan,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object], Step 10. Specifying methods to Measure the Research the Research Variables,[object Object], Step 11. Developing Methods for a Safeguarding Human/Animal Rights,[object Object], Step 12. Finalizing and Reviewing the Research Plan,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object],Phase 3: The Empirical Phase,[object Object], Involves collecting research data and preparing those data for analysis,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object], Step 13. Collecting the Data,[object Object], Step 14. Preparing the Data for Analysis,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object],Phase 4. The Analytic Phase ,[object Object], Analysis and interpretation of data,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object], Step 15. Analyzing the Data,[object Object], Step 16. Interpreting the Results,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object],Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase,[object Object]
Major Steps in Quantitative Research,[object Object], Step 17. Communicating the Findings,[object Object], Step 18. Utilizing the Findings in Practice,[object Object]
Activities in Qualitative Research,[object Object], Begin with a broad question regarding the phenomenon of interest, often focusing on a little studied aspect,[object Object], More flexible and less linear,[object Object]
Activities in Qualitative Research,[object Object],Conceptualizing and Planning a Qualitative Study,[object Object], Identifying the Research Problem ,[object Object], Doing Literature Reviews,[object Object], Selecting and Gaining Entree Into Research Sites,[object Object], Research Designs in Qualitative Studies,[object Object]
Activities in Qualitative Research,[object Object],Conducting the Qualitative Study,[object Object], Once in the field, researchers select informants collect data, and then analyze  and interpret them in an iterative fashion; ,[object Object], Field experiences help in an ongoing fashion to shape the design of the study,[object Object], Early analysis leads to refinements in sampling and data collection, until saturation (redundancy of information) is achieved,[object Object]
Activities in Qualitative Research,[object Object],Disseminating Qualitative Findings,[object Object], Used to shape the direction of further studies (including more highly controlled quantitative studies),[object Object], Guide the development of structured measuring tools for clinical and research purposes,[object Object], Shape the researcher’s perceptions of a problem or situation and their conceptualizations of potential solutions,[object Object]
E   N   D,[object Object],Thanks!,[object Object]

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Qualitative and quantitative methods of research

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