This PPT covers the entire concepts in Muscular System. It includes details of 3 types of muscular tissue like Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Concepts of contraction cycle, sliding filament mechanism, neuromuscular junction, muscle metabolism, muscle tone and Different types of contraction.
2. TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
The three types of muscular tissue
īļSkeletal
īļCardiac
īļSmooth
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3. FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
ī§Producing Body Movements
īļWalking and running
ī§ Stabilizing Body Positions
īļPosture
ī§ Moving Substances Within the Body
īļHeart muscle pumping blood
īļMoving substances in the digestive tract
ī§ Generating heat
īļContracting muscle produces heat
īļShivering increases heat production
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4. PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
īļExtensibility
Ability to stretch without being damaged
īļElasticity
Ability to return to an original length
īļExcitability
Ability to respond to stimuli and to produce action potential
īļContractility
Ability to contract forcefully when stimulated
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6. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
īļ Skeletal muscle tissue is so named because most skeletal muscles move bones of the
skeleton.
īļ Skeletal muscle tissue is striated: Alternating light and dark protein bands are seen.
īļ Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in a voluntary manner.
īļ Most skeletal muscles also are controlled subconsciously to some extent.
īļ For example, your diaphragm continues to alternately contract and relax without conscious
control so that you donât stop breathing
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12. ī¤ Fascia
īļ Dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that surrounds muscles
ī¤ Tendon
īļ Cord that attach a muscle to a bone
ī¤ Epimysium
īļ The outermost layer
īļ 10-100 muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles
ī¤ Perimysium
īļ Surrounds numerous bundles of fascicles
ī¤ Endomysium
īļ Separates individual muscle fibers from one another
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13. SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER
âĸ The diameter of a mature skeletal muscle fiber ranges from 10 to 100 Âĩm.
âĸ The typical length of a mature skeletal muscle fiber is about 10 cm to30 cm
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14. īļ Various components of skeletal muscle fiber are
1.Sarcolemma
2.Transverse tubule
3.Sarcoplasm
4.Myofibril
5.Sarcoplasmic reticulum
6.Filaments
7.Sarcomere
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15. 1. Sarcolemma
īļ The plasma membrane of a muscle cell
2. Transverse (T tubules)
īļ Tunnel in from the plasma membrane
īļ Muscle action potentials travel through the T tubules
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17. 3. Sarcoplasm:
īļ It lies within sarcolemma
īļ The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
īļ Sarcoplasm contains
ī¤Glycogen: used for synthesis of ATP
ī¤Myoglobin: red-colored protein which binds oxygen molecules and it releases
oxygen when it is needed for ATP production
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18. 4. Myofibrils
īļ Thread like structures which have a contractile function
īļ (Length: 2Îŧm)
5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
īļ Membranous sacs which encircles each myofibril
īļ Stores calcium ions (Ca++)
īļ Release of Ca++ triggers muscle contraction
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19. 6. Filaments
īļ Filaments are smaller structure present inside myofibril
īļ Function in the contractile process
īļ Two types of filaments :
ī Thick (16nm diameter and Length: 1-2Îŧm) and
ī Thin (8nm diameter and Length: 1-2Îŧm)
īļ There are two thin filaments for every thick filament
7. Sarcomeres
īļ Compartments of arranged filaments
īļ Basic functional unit of a myofibril
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20. Sarcomere:
īļ Z discs
âĸ Separate one sarcomere from the next
âĸ Thick and thin filaments overlap one another
īļ A band
âĸ Darker middle part of the sarcomere
âĸ Thick and thin filaments overlap (zone of overlap)
īļ I band
âĸ Lighter, contains thin filaments but no thick filaments
īļ H zone
âĸ Center of each A band which contains thick but no thin filaments
īļ M line
âĸ Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone
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23. MUSCLE PROTEINS
Myofibrils are built from three kinds of proteins
1) Contractile proteins
âĸ Generate force during contraction eg: Actin and Myosin
2) Regulatory proteins
âĸ Switch the contraction process on and off eg: Troponin and tropomyosin
3) Structural proteins
âĸ Align the thick and thin filaments properly
âĸ Provide elasticity and extensibility
âĸ Link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma
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24. Contractile Proteins
ī Myosin
īļ Thick filaments
īļ Functions as a motor protein which can achieve motion
īļ Convert chemical energy in ATP to mechanical energy of motion
īļ It is shaped like 2 golf club twisted together
īļ Myosin head and myosin tail
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27. Regulatory Proteins
Tropomyosin and troponin
īļ In relaxed muscle- Myosin is blocked from binding to actin because
strands of tropomyosin cover the myosin-binding sites on actin
īļ The tropomyosin strands in turn are held in place by troponin molecule
īļ Calcium ion binding to troponin moves tropomyosin away from myosin-
binding sites
īļ Allows muscle contraction to begin as myosin binds to actin
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30. Structural Proteins
Several structural proteins are titin, Îą-actinin, nebulin and dystrophin
īļTitin
âĸ Stabilize the position of myosin
âĸ accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of myofibrils
īļDystrophin
âĸ Links thin filaments to the sarcolemma
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31. NERVES AND BLOOD SUPPLY
īļ Skeletal muscles are well supplied with nerves and blood vessels
īļ The neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract are somatic motor
neurons
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35. THE CONTRACTION CYCLE
īļThe onset of contraction begins with the SR releasing calcium ions into the
muscle cell
īļWhere they bind to actin opening the myosin binding sites
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36. The contraction cycle consists of 4 steps
1) ATP hydrolysis
âĸ Hydrolysis of ATP reorients and energizes the myosin head
2) Formation of cross-bridges
âĸ Myosin head attaches to the myosin-binding site on actin
3) Power stroke
âĸ During the power stroke the crossbridge rotates, sliding the filaments
4) Detachment of myosin from actin
âĸ As the next ATP binds to the myosin head, the myosin head detaches from actin
âĸ The contraction cycle repeats as long as ATP is available and the Ca++ level is
sufficiently high
âĸ Continuing cycles applies the force that shortens the sarcomere Jegan
41. THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
ī¨ The neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract are called somatic motor neurons.
ī¨ Each somatic motor neuron has a threadlike axon that extends from the brain or spinal cord to a
group of skeletal muscle fibers
ī¨ A muscle fiber contracts in response to one or more action potentials propagating along its
sarcolemma and through its system of T tubules
ī¨ Acts as Synapse
Where communication occurs between a somatic motor neuron and a muscle fiber
ī¨ Neurotransmitter
Chemical released by the initial cell communicating with the second cell
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42. īļ Synaptic end bulb: axon terminals dividing into clusters (at the end of NMJ)
īļ Synaptic vesicles
âĸ Sacs suspended within the synaptic end bulb containing molecules of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)
âĸ Synaptic cleft: space between synaptic end bulb and motor end plate
īļ Motor end plate
âĸ The region of the muscle cell membrane opposite the synaptic end bulbs
âĸ Contain acetylcholine receptors
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45. ī¨ A nerve impulse (nerve action potential) elicits a muscle action potential in
the following way
1) Release of acetylcholine
īļ Nerve impulse arriving at the synaptic end bulbs causes many synaptic vesicles to
release ACh into the synaptic cleft
2) Activation of ACh receptors
īļ Binding of ACh to the receptor on the motor end plate opens an ion channel
īļ Allows flow of Na+ to the inside of the muscle cell
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46. 3) Production of muscle action potential
īļ The inflow of Na+ makes the inside of the muscle fiber more positively charged
triggering a muscle action potential
īļ The muscle action potential then propagates to the SR to release its stored Ca++
4) Termination of ACh activity
īļ Ach effects last only briefly because it is rapidly broken down by
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Release of
acetylcholine
Activation of
ACh
receptors
Production of
muscle action
potential
Termination
of ACh
activity
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49. MUSCLE METABOLISM
īą ATP is required for contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
īą A huge amount of ATP is needed to
īļ Power the contraction cycle,
īļ To pump Ca2 into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and
īļ For other metabolic reactions involved in muscle contraction.
īą The ATP present inside muscle fibers is enough to power contraction for only a few
seconds.
īą If muscle contractions continue past that time, the muscle fibers must make more ATP
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50. Muscle fibers have three ways to produce ATP
īŽ1) From creatine phosphate
īŽ2) By anaerobic cellular respiration
īŽ3) By aerobic cellular respiration
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51. 1. CREATINE PHOSPHATE
Creatine-
amino acid
Synthesized in liver,
kidney and pancreas and
transferred to muscles
In relaxed muscles--
Excess ATP is used to
synthesize creatine
phosphate- Energy-rich
molecule
Creatine phosphate
transfers its high energy
phosphate group to ADP
regenerating new ATP
Creatine phosphate and ATP provide
enough energy for contraction for
about 15 seconds
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53. 2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
īļ Anaerobic cellular respiration is a series of ATP-producing reactions that do not
require oxygen.
īļ When muscle activity continues and the supply of creatine phosphate within the
muscle fibers is depleted, glucose is catabolized to generate ATP.
īļ Anaerobic cellular respiration can provide enough energy for about 30 to 40
seconds of maximal muscle activity.
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55. 3. AEROBIC RESPIRATION
īļ Muscular activity that lasts longer than half a minute depends majorly on
aerobic respiration
īļ Each molecule of glucose yields about 36 molecules of ATP
īļ A fatty acid molecule yields more than 100 molecules of ATP
īļ In Aerobic respiration muscle tissue has 2 source of oxygen
īą Directly from blood
īą Oxygen released from myoglobin
īļ Although aerobic respiration is slower it yields more ATP
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59. MUSCLE TONE
īļ A small amount of tension (tautness) in the muscle due to weak contractions of
motor units
īļ Small groups of motor units are alternatively active and inactive in a constantly
shifting pattern to sustain muscle tone
īļ Muscle tone keeps skeletal muscles firm
īļ Keep the head from slumping forward on the chest
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62. 1. ISOTONIC CONTRACTION (EQUAL TENSION)
īļ The tension developed remains constant while the muscle changes its length
īļ Used for body movements and for moving objects
īļ Picking a book up off a table
īļ The two types of isotonic contractions are there
ī Concentric isotonic contractions
ī Eccentric isotonic contractions
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63. ī In a concentric isotonic contraction (muscle shortening process), if the tension
generated is great enough to overcome the resistance of the object to be moved,
the muscle shortens and pulls on another structure.
ī When the length of a muscle increases during a contraction, the contraction is an
eccentric isotonic contraction (muscle lengthening process). During an eccentric
contraction, the tension exerted by the myosin cross-bridges resists movement of a
load (the book, in this case) and slows the lengthening process.
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64. 2. Isometric contraction (equal length)
īļ The tension generated is not enough for the object to be moved and the muscle
does not change its length
īļ Holding a book steady using an outstretched arm
īļ These contractions are important for maintaining posture and for supporting objects in a
fixed position.
īļ Although isometric contractions do not result in body movement, energy is still expended
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68. LOCATION
Smooth muscle is found in the
īļWalls of hollow organs such as the Stomach, Oesophagus, Bronchi.
īļIris of eye
īļIn the walls of blood vessels.
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69. ANATOMY
īļ A single relaxed smooth muscle fiber is 30â200 Âĩm long.
īļ It is thickest in the middle (3â8 Âĩm) and tapers (reduces its thickness) at each end.
īļ Within each fiber is a single, oval, centrally located nucleus.
īļ The sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of striated muscle cells) of smooth muscle fibers contains
both thick filaments and thin filaments but they are not arranged in orderly
sarcomeres (a structural unit in muscle) as in striated muscle
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70. īļ The various filaments have no regular pattern of overlap and thus smooth muscle
fibers do not exhibit striations and has a smooth appearance.
īļ Smooth muscle fibers also lack transverse tubules and have only a small amount
of sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage of Ca2+ .
īļ Although there are no transverse tubules in smooth muscle tissue, there are small
pouch like invaginations of the plasma membrane called caveolae that contain
extracellular Calcium that can be used for muscular contraction
īļ In smooth muscle fibers, the thin filaments attach to structures called dense bodies.
These dense bodies are similar to Z- disc in skeletal muscle fibers
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73. 1.Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle tissue.
īļ It is found in tubular arrangements that form part of the walls of small arteries and
veins and of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, uterus, and urinary bladder.
īļ The fibers connect to one another by gap junctions, forming a network through which
muscle action potentials can spread.
īļ When a neurotransmitter, hormone, or autorhythmic signal stimulates one fiber, the
muscle action potential is transmitted to neighbouring fibers, which then contract with
unity, as a single unit.
īļ Eg. in walls of stomach, intestine
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75. 2. Multiunit smooth muscle tissue
īļ Multiunit smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of large arteries, in airways to
the lungs, in the muscles of the iris that adjust pupil diameter
īļ It consists of individual fibers, each with its own neuron terminals and with few
gap junctions between neighbouring fibers.
īļ Stimulation of one visceral muscle fiber causes contraction of many adjacent
fibers, but stimulation of one multiunit fiber causes contraction of that fiber only.
īļ Eg: in iris of eye, walls of blood vessels.
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77. PHYSIOLOGY OF SMOOTH MUSCLES
īļ Contraction in a smooth muscle fibre starts more slowly and lasts much longer than
skeletal muscle fibre contraction.
īļ Another difference is that smooth muscle can both shorten and stretch to a greater
extent than the other muscle types.
īļ Sarcoplasmic reticulum (the reservoir for Ca2+ in striated muscle) is found in small amounts
in smooth muscle. Calcium ions flow into smooth muscle cytosol from both the interstitial
fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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78. MECHANISM OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
īļ Several mechanisms regulate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells.
īļ A regulatory protein called calmodulin binds to Ca2+ in the cytosol
īļ After binding to Ca2+, calmodulin activates an enzyme called myosin light chain
kinase (MLCK)
īļ This MLCK uses ATP to phosphorylates the myosin head (i.e energizes the myosin
head) thereby causing contraction of smooth muscles. (unphosphorylated myosin
leads to relaxation).
īļ Once the myosin head is energized then the same steps as studied in the contraction cycle
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82. âĸ Relaxation of smooth muscles will occur when there is less concentration of
calcium ions in cytoplasm.
âĸ The phosphorylation by MLCK is countered by a myosin-light chain
phosphatase (MLCP) which dephosphorylates the myosin head and thereby
inhibits contraction.
MLCK
Phosphorylates myosin head
thereby causing contraction
MLCP
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83. CHARACTERISTIC SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE
Microscopic
appearance
Long cylindrical fiber many
peripherally located one
centrally located nuclei;
unbranched; striated.
Fiber thickest in middle, tapered at
each end, and with one centrally
positioned nucleus; not striated.
Location Tendons of bones
Most commonly attached by Walls of
hollow viscera, airways, blood
vessels, iris and ciliary body of eye..
Fiber diameter Very large (10â100 Âĩm). Small (3â8 Îŧm).
COMPARE AND CONTRAST BETWEEN
SMOOTH MUSCLE AND SKELETAL MUSCLE
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84. CHARACTERISTIC SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE
Fiber length Very large (10-100 cm) Intermediate (30-200 Îŧm)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Abundant. Very little.
Transverse tubules present Yes No
Junctions between fibers no
Gap junctions in visceral smooth
muscle; none or very few in
multiunit smooth muscle.
Source of Ca2+ for
contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum and
interstitial fluid (caveolae)
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85. CHARACTERISTIC SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE
Nervous control
Voluntary (somatic nervous
system).
Involuntary (autonomic
nervous system).
Speed of contraction Fast. Slow.
Regulator proteins Troponin and tropomyosin
Calmodulin and myosin light
chain kinase
Autorhythmicity No.. Yes, in visceral smooth muscle
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87. CARDIAC MUSCLE
īļCompared with skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers are shorter in length and
less circular in transverse section
īļThey exhibit branching, which gives individual cardiac muscle fibers a âstair-stepâ
appearance
īļLENGTH: 50â100 Âĩm long
īļDIAMETER : 14 Âĩm.
īļUsually one centrally located nucleus is present, although an occasional cell may have two
nuclei.
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89. īļAdjacent cardiac cells are joined end to end by specialized structures known as
intercalated discs
īļWithin intercalated discs there are two types of junctions
ī Desmosomes: Holds adjacent cells together
ī Gap junctions: allow action potential to spread from one cell to adjacent cells.
īļWhen one cardiac cell undergoes an action potential, the electrical impulse spreads
to all other cells that are joined by gap junctions so they become excited and
contract as a single functional unit
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92. īļ Mitochondria are larger and more numerous in cardiac muscle fibers than in
skeletal muscle fibers.
īļ They have the same arrangement of actin and myosin, and the same bands, zones,
and Z discs, as skeletal muscle fibers.
īļ The transverse tubules of cardiac muscle are wider but less abundant than those of
skeletal muscle; the one transverse tubule per sarcomere is located at the Z disc.
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94. ī¨ The sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle fibers is somewhat smaller than
the SR of skeletal muscle fibers. As a result, cardiac muscle has a smaller
intracellular reserve of Calcium ions
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97. 1. AUTORHYTHMICITY :
īļ The ability of the heart to initiate its beat continuously and regularly without
external stimulation
īļ Cardiac muscle fibers are myogenic (independent of nerve supply) due to
the specialized excitatory & conductive system of the heart.
īļ They have intrinsic ability of self-excitation.
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98. Autorythmic fibers
īļ Forms 1% of the cardiac muscle fibers
īļ Have two important functions
1. Act as a pacemaker (set the rhythm of electrical excitation)
2. Form the conductive system (network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that
provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the
heart)
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100. 2. EXCITABILITY :
īļ The ability of cardiac muscle to respond to a stimulus of adequate strength
& duration by generating an AP.
AP initiated by SA node
travels along conductive pathway
excites atrial & ventricular muscle fibres
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101. 3. CONTRACTILITY
īļ Ability of cardiac muscle to contract in response to stimulation
4. CONDUCTIVITY
īļ Property by which excitation is conducted through the cardiac tissue
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102. CHARACTERISTIC SKELETAL MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE
Microscopic
appearance
Long cylindrical fiber
many peripherally located one
centrally located nuclei; unbranched;
striated.
Branched cylindrical fiber with
one or more centrally located
nucleus intercalated discs join
neighboring fibers, striated
Location
Tendons of bones Heart.
Fiber diameter Very large (10â100 Âĩm). Large (10â20 Âĩm).
Connective tissue
Endomysium, perimysium, and
epimysium
Endomysium and perimysium.
Fiber length Very large (10-100 cm) Large (50â100 Âĩm).
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Abundant. Some.
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103. CHARACTERISTIC SKELETAL MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE
Transverse tubules
present
Yes Yes, aligned with each Z disc.
Junctions between
fibers
no Intercalated discs contain gap
junctions and desmosomes.
Source of Ca2+ for
contraction for
contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum and
interstitial fluid
Nervous control Voluntary (somatic nervous
system).
Involuntary (autonomic nervous
system).
Speed of contraction Fast. Moderate.
Regulator proteins Troponin and tropomyosin . Troponin and tropomyosin.
Autorhythmicity No.. Yes Jegan