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Uses and Properties of Fluorescein Stain in Ophthalmology
1. USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
Indra P Sharma
Master of Clinical Optometry (Year I)
Amity Medical School
FLUORESCEIN STAIN
2. Objective
To understand the biochemical
properties, indication and
contraindication of fluorescein stain
ophthalmology.
Sharma IP
3. Contents
1. An overview- Introduction
2. Properties of sodium fluorescein
3. Indication of use
4. Contraindication, side effects and
comtamination
5. Conculsion
6. Reference
Sharma IP
5. Introduction –Sodium
Fluorescein
Fluorescein is a
synthetic organic
compound available as a
dark orange/ yellow water-
soluble dibasic dye of
xanthine series.
Sharma IP
Soduim Fluorescein - one of the most useful
and most commonly used diagnostic agents
(stains) in ophthalmology and optometry.
6. Fluorescein – Historical
Perspective
Baeyer(1871): First fluorescein dye was
made.
M Straub (1888) : First used fluorescein for
vital staining of the eye.
Burk (1910): First used fluorescein to detect
retinal disease
Sharma IP
7. Properties of fluorescein
A yellow water-soluble dibasic dye
of xanthine series
Orange red in powder and yellow
in solution.
Chemical formula: C2H12O5Na
Molecular weight: 376.27
Solubility : 50% (in water at 15 C)
8. Optimum condition for
observation of fluorescein
For dilute concentrations of fluorescein in an
aqueous solution
Peak absorption:wavelength between 485 and 500 nm
Peak emission: wavelength between 525 and 530nm
Sharma IP
The fluorescent light appears
yellow green in blue light.
The flourescence increases with
greater concentration upto
0.001% and greater pH upto 8.
9. Important clinical
characterstics
Stains epithelial defects bright green
Diffuses into intercellular space
Will not stain devitalized
Tear film appears yellow orange
Can exhibit pseudoflare, Fischer Schweitzer mosaic
Promotes growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa in
solution
Will stain soft contact lens
Sharma IP
11. Available forms
Can be applied to eye
Topically in form of
solution
By Fluorescein
impregnated filter paper
strips (developed by
kimura)
Injectable form for IV use
13. A. Topical Indication
Assessment of ocular surface integrity -
Detection of defects in corneal epithelium
Fitting assessment of rigid contact lens.
Applanation tonometry - Goldmann
tonometer/Perkins hand-held tonometry
Seidel's test- Detection of site of perforation/bleb
Lacrimal testing ( Tear flim breakup time
(TBUT), Jone dye test, Fluorescein dye
disappreance test(FDDT)
Sharma IP
14. 1.Assessment of ocular surface
integrity
Frequently used to detect lesions of ocular
surface owing to its high degree of ionization,
it neither penetrates the intact corneal
epithelium nor forms a firm bond with any vital
tissue.
Instillation of dye in cul-de-sac allows
determination of corneal & conjunctival lesions
such as abrasions ulcers& edema & aids in
detection of foreign bodies.
Epithelial defect appears as vivid green
fluorescence
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15. How does staining take
place?
Any break in
epithelium
Penetration of
Fluorescein in
adjoining
bowman’s &
stromal layer
Dye makes
contact
with an
alkaline
interstitial
fluid
Fluid turns bright
green owing to its
PH indicator
properties &
depending to
extent of lesion
Sharma IP
16. Staining of corneal infiltrate
Corneal abrasionSharma IP Conjunctival lesion
18. A major aid in fitting of RGP contact lenses is
vital staining of tear film
Observation of Fluorescein stained tear film
with a cobalt filter of slit lamp allows
determination of the fit of lens
Useful in assessing the integrity of cornea in
CL users as the dye can disclose areas where
the CL disrupts the corneal epithelium
3.Contact lens fitting and
management
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20. 5.Evaluation for dry eye & lacrimal
system
Topically applied Fluorescein –used to
evaluate integrity of the precorneal tear film&
patency of the lacrimal drainage system
Assessment of TBUT
Evaluating the EPIPHORA
Assessment of FDDT
To distinguish between
Anatomical and functional
outflow problems-JONES DYE TEST
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21.
22. 4.Applanation tonometry
Important component in measuring IOP with
Goldmann applanation tonometer
Requires the meniscus of tear fluid surrounding
the flattened corneal surface be sufficiently
stained so that apex of the wedge shaped
meniscus is visible.
Procedure
1.Anaesthetic & fluorescein instilled in conjuntival
sac
2.With Cobalt blue filter,brightest illumination and
prism advanced until touches apex of cornea
3.A pattern of 2 semicircles one above ,other below
the horizontal midlineSharma IP
24. B. Intravenous indication
1. Fluorescein angiography
About 10 ml of a 5% solution injected in
antecubital vein
The dye normally appears in central retinal artery
in 10– 15 sec
Shows retinal blood vessels in high contrast
Non vascularised, pigmented retinal & subretinal
lesions appear as dark areas against the green
fluorescing background
Proven helpful in diagnosis of a variety of
pathological conditions of fundus ,various macular
lesions , choroidopathy, diabetic retinopathy etc.
Sharma IP
27. 2.Iris Angiography
IV inj. Dye first appears in radial vessels
at betn 9-20 secs
Amount of iris pigmentation and the pattern of
its distribution compared with normal iris
angiogram
Sharma IP
28. Ophthalmic Research
Intraocular dynamic studies [fluorometry]
Tear film drainage studies
Penetration to anterior segment structures
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29. Side effects
Topical - unconsciousness & hypertensive
reactions
Rare side effects.
IV inj. – with increased concentration adverse
effects in about 10% of patients receiving IV
inj.
Less frequently – respiratory effects like
laryngeal or pulmonary edema
Cardiovascular toxicity in form of severe
hypotension and shock
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30. Contraindication
Hypersensitivity to active ingredents or any
other components
Family and personal allergic history
Not used over soft contact lens.
SCL – avoided for few hrs. of fluorescein
instillation
Sharma IP
31. Contamination of fluorescein
Contamination of fluorescein eyedrops is a serious
risk
-even greater than that encountered with the majority
of other eyedrops.
As these individual drops are liable to become
infected with bacteria and, at the same time, are
frequently used on damaged tissue that is prone to
infection, very great care must be taken in their use.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa – most dangerous
microorganism with which fluorescein eyedrops are
inclined to become invaded.
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32. Contd...
Phenylmercuric acetate or nitrate in
0.002%
-Best bactericide for preserving
fluorescein drops, and this is effective
against Pseudomonas, given adequate
contact time.
However, the safest method is sterile
single-dose units or sterile fluorescein-
impregnated paper strips, both are
readily available and to be highly
recommended.Sharma IP
33. Conclusion
Fluorescein stain is a very useful diagnostic
agents in ophthalmic clinical practise and has
many applications.
The use of diagnostic dyes represents one of the
most efficient, objective, non-invasive, and directly
visible means we have of identifying and tracking
ocular structures at the cellular level.
Every optometrist must understand the proper use
of its clinical application, contraindication and side
effects in clinical use.
Sharma IP
34. Reference
Books
Donald S. Fong,Drugs in Ophthalmology,,2006, Springer-
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Graham Hopkins and Richard Pearson, Ophthalmic Drugs,
2007, Butterworth Heineman Elsevier. 5th Ed10:149-154
Brain Duvall, Ophthalmic medication and Pharmacology,
SLACK incorporated 2nd Ed.
P.H.O’Connor Davies, The Action and Uses of Ophthalmic
Drugs,1994, Jaypee Brothers. 3rd Ed. 9:148-153
Websites
www.emedicine.medscape.com
www.rootatlas.com
en.wikipedia.org
www.google.com/imghp
Sharma IP
Frequency
Ectopia lentis is a rare condition. Incidence in the general population is unknown. The most common cause of ectopia lentis is trauma.
Mortality/Morbidity
Ectopia lentis may cause marked visual disturbance, depending the degree of lens displacement and the underlying etiologic abnormality.
Sex
Males appear more prone to ocular trauma than females; therefore, a male preponderance has been reported. Male and female frequency varies with the etiology of the lens displacement.
Age
Ectopia lentis can occur at any age. It may be present at birth, or it may manifest late in life.