SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 3
Descargar para leer sin conexión
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 4 Issue 5, July-August 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33037 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 971
A Review on Rakshakarma, the
Concept of Sterilization in Ayurveda
Dr. Gujrathi Miteshkumar Dilipkumar1, Dr. Wasnik Sumedh Vyankatesh2
1PG Scholar, 2HOD and Professor,
1,2Departmrnt of Shalyatantra, PMT’s Ayurved College, Shevgaon, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda is a complete health science comprises of eight branches known as
ashtang ayurveda. Shalya tantra is a chief branch among it which deals with
many surgical and parasurgical interventions. Since surgical procedures are
involved and risk of secondaryinfections is there, it has been adviced inmany
ayurvedic texts by someacharyasabout Sterilization or NirjantukikaranofOT,
instruments and surgical wards which comes under the heading of
Rakshakarma.For successful sterilization ofOT, surgical wards, labourrooms,
neonatal wards many dhoopan dravyasand rakshoghna dravyas has been told
to keep patient safe from getting any infection and for instruments and
accessories heat, kwath dravyas, sunlight etc are used. Rakshakarma is one of
the Sixty upakram mentioned for the management of vrana or wound, stated
by Acharya sushruta. It has been found that concept of Rakshakarma in
ayurveda is much effective for providing a complete protective shield to the
patient against any infection.
KEYWORDS: Sterilization, Nirjantukikaran, Rakshakarma, Upakram, dhoopan
dravya, rakshoghna dravya
How to cite this paper: Dr. Gujrathi
Miteshkumar Dilipkumar | Dr. Wasnik
Sumedh Vyankatesh "A Review on
Rakshakarma, the Concept ofSterilization
in Ayurveda"
Published in
International Journal
of Trend in Scientific
Research and
Development(ijtsrd),
ISSN: 2456-6470,
Volume-4 | Issue-5,
August 2020, pp.971-973, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33037.pdf
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
International Journal of TrendinScientific
Research and Development Journal. This
is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
the Creative
Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
/4.0)
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the oldest science of health in the world
comprising ofall the branches ofmedical scienceswhichare
fulfilled with number of literatures with detailedcoverageof
diseases and treatments. Shalya tantra is one of the chief
branches of ayurveda and proven as good as modern
surgical branch. Sushrut samhita is a chief ayurvedic text
representing shalya tantra based on practical observations
as well as theoretical writtings. Since shalya tantra deals
with all surgical and parasurgical procedures, risk of
secondary infection is always involved there. For that there
is a great need to keep environment free from germs,
microorganisms, spores and fungi for the instruments,
Operation Theatre, surgicalwards,all accessories,clothesof
surgical interventions.
Sterilization is a process of freeing an article, or a surface or
a medium from all the microorganisms either by removing
or killing them which might be in both vegetative or spores
state. To get the successful results from any surgical
treatment it is highly necessary to have completed the
procedures in aseptic precautions. Environment is full of
millions of microorganisms around us in air, water n
everywhere. Dead cells fallen from surface of the body
carries thousands of such organisms and surprisingly it
contributes near about 37% of our house hold dusts. Not
only this, even gram positive cocci known bystaphylococcus
aureus lives in the nostrils of 30% population.[1] These are
harmful and pathogenic especially in an open wounds,
incisions and can turn into major complications. Hence it
creates a lot of importance to disinfects the operation
theatre before proceeding to any major or minor operative
procedures[2].
Acharya Sushrut has explaind sixty upakramas for the
management of wound, out ofwhich lastoneisRakshakarma
to keep the wound sterile, infection free and healthy, by
following rakshavidhaan i.e protocols of sterilization and
applying gugguladi dhoop to save wounds from invisible
creatures i.e mocroorganisms.
निशाचरेभ्योरक्ष्यस्तुनित्यमेवक्षतातुर:
रक्षानवधािैरुनिष्टैर्यमै: सनिर्मैस्तथा : ॥सु.नच. १ / १३२[3]
In post operative measures wound should be properly
irrigated and then paste of medications should be applied
followed by bandaging. Fumigation ofwoundshouldbedone
by pain relieving, dhoopan and rakshoghna dravyas to keep
the wound healthy and free from contamination. Moreover
Acharya sushruta explained that the wound should be
fumigatedwith mixtures of powders of Guggulu,Agaru,Raal,
Vacha, Sarshap, Saindhava, Nimbpatra alongwith Goghrita.
IJTSRD33037
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33037 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 972
ततोगुग्गुलागुरुसर्यरसवचागौरसर्यपचुर्णैलयवर्णानिम्बपत्रनवनमश्रैराज्यर्ुक्तै
धुयपर्ेत,
आज्यशेर्ेर्णचास्यप्रार्णािसमालभेत।सु. सु. ५ / १८[4]
All the above stated Rakshoghna and dhoopan dravyas are
not only used for fumigation of wound but also used for
fumigation of clothes and accessories of patients along with
surgical ward. This keeps wound healthy and away from
infection and contaminations. All this leftover lepa of these
medications should be applied over the region of heart and
other vital parts of the body to feel fresh and healthy.
Sushrut samhita is shalya tantra pradhan grantha which
explained various surgeries since ancient times very
effectively like abdominal, anorectal, gynaecological,
obstetrical, ophthalmological, etc, with detailed information
regarding yantra’s and shastra’s which are most primary
tools in proceeding any surgery effectively. But for its
successful results and no complications like secondary
infetions it has been explained that these instrumentsshould
be sterilized along with vranitagaar, kumaragaar,
sutikagaar, surgical rooms and wards by various dhoopan
and rakshoghna dravyas. Acharya Dalhana told that there is
no fear of any infection and contamination of wound if
instruments and accessories are well sterilized. Acharya
sushrut also explained mantradi uchhar along with
fumigations to save wounds from infections. He told that
Mantrochchar of praising lord Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh,
Panchmahabhutas, Dev, Raja andGandharvasmakes patient
happy n painless and his lives can be saved thus.
अनितप्तेिशस्त्रेर्णन िं द्यान्मधुसमार्ुत॥सु. नच. २ / ४६[5]
अनितप्तेिशस्त्रेर्णन िं द्यातअन्यथाअतप्तशस्त्रच्छे दिेपाकभर्िंस्यात॥डल्ह
र्ण[6]
Unlike Acharya Sushrut, Rakshavidhaan has been stated by
Kashyap Samhita too, in the special adhyay by name Dhoop
kalpa and explainedrakshoghna and dhoopan dravyasinit,of
which someare asGoghrita, Sarshapa, Hingu,Devnirmalyai.e
flowers of herbs offered to god, Akshata i.e rice, Sarptvak i.e
shedded skin of snake, Bhikshusanghati i.e saffron colour
cotton cloth used by bhikshus. All these are used as dhoopan
drugs to prevent some paediatric diseasesharassedbydevils
who inhibit proper growth and development of children as
well these dhoop kalpa were used potently tofumigatecloths
and paediatric wards , beds and accessories of children.
Acharya kashyap has stated total 40 dhoop’scategorizedasa)
Dhoop, b) Anudhoop and c) Pratidhoop and in 2 different
dhoopyonis viz a)Sthavar dhoopand b)Jangam dhoop.
घृतिंनसद्धाथयकोन िंगुदेवनिमायल्यमक्षता: ।
सपयत्वग्भिक्षुसिंघाटीधूपोरक्षोघ्नउच्यते॥का. सिं. धूपकल्पोध्यार्[7]
Similarly Acharya charak also gave contribution in
Rakshakarma by explaining dhoopankarma to prevent
contamination of vrana or wound by dhoop of following
drugs suchas Raala or sarj, guggulu, chandana,agaru,ghrita.
These dhoopa not only kills all microorganismsinwoundbut
also diminish other complications like sticky discharge, foul
smelling, pain and inflammation ofthe wound,Thuskeepthe
wound healthy n helps it to heal faster[8,9].
कनिर्णत्विंव्रर्णार्ाग्भिगन्धै: सारैश्चधूनपता: ।
सनपयमयज्जवसाधूपै: शैनथल्यिंर्ाग्भिन व्रर्णा :॥च. नच. २५ / १०८
रुर्: स्त्रावाश्चगन्धाश्चकृ मर्श्चव्रर्णानश्रता: ।
शैनथल्यिंमादयविंचानपधूपिेिोपशाम्यनत॥च. नच. २५ / १०९
While explaining vranashodhak kashay, Acharya charak has
explained following drugs to clean the wounds by making
decoctions of it, it includes Hirada, Behada, Aavla, Khadira
tvak, Daruharidra, Nyagrodh, Bala, Kushmoola, Leaves of
Nimb and Badar[10]
नत्रफ़लाखनदरोदावीन्यग्रोधानदर्यलाकु श: ।
निम्बकोलकपत्रानर्णकर्ार्ा: शोधिामता: ॥च. नच. २५ / ८४
Acharya Vagbhata hasalso explained about Rakshakarmain
reference of vrana shodhana i.e protection of wound from
contamination of variousmicroorganisms byseveraldhoopa
dravyain Ashtangasangraha Uttarsthana in chapter 38th
Shastrakarmavidhi, the drugs stated are as follows Guggulu,
Agaru, Ghruta, Saindhava, Vacha, Sarshap, Hingu, Sarjrasaor
Shaal and Nimbpatra[11] Moreover Acharya Vagbhata also
explained fumigantsfor baby’s apartment made up of dried
crow feathers along with vacha, kushtha, srivesta,
sarshap,trivarta by adding bit goghrita in it[12]. He also
explained that do not sneeze or laugh or yawn without
covering your mouth, this may contaminate any wound and
create infection as well as there are chances of respiratory
tract disorders.
Ashtang hridayam has also shaded a light on the topic
Rakshakarmain Uttartantra chapter 25thVranavidnyaniyam
by explaining decoctions and other upakramas for the
management of infected wounds bySurasadi gana and
Aaragvadi gana along with Nimb and Padwalin such
conditions[13,14] he also stated dhoopan dravyas of jaw,
Bhurjapatra, Ghrita, Devdar, Gandhabiroja to destroy all
microorganisms and allows wound to heal properly[15]
.Acharya also stated about fumigation of paediatric ward,
bed with rakshoghna and dhoopan dravyas in
Balopacharniyam adhyay. Moreover he explained
Fumigations of killed crow pastedwith somesneha’svizvasa,
tail and majja shows its supreme effect[15] .
DISCUSSION:
Various references by various acharyas from different
samhitas have been collected to get a brief idea of
sterilization in ancient era. The aseptic approach to sterilize
instruments i.e yantra’sand shastra’s, various wards related
to medical branches such as surgical ward, paediatric ward,
kumaragaar, sutikagaar, OT Rooms, vranitagaar by various
dhoopan and rakshoghnadravyas to save the wounds and
surgical procedures against infection in aseptic medium is
seen under the heading of Rakshakarma by achrya sushrut.
Moreover Mantradi treatment has also been said for the
relaxment and happiness of patient.
CONCLUSION:
Ayurveda has always been criticized for lack of standard
protocols for surgical procedures. Sterilization isoneofsuch
prime protocols to which ayurveda has shown that it had
broad vision thousand yearsago too. Ayurvedicherbaldhoop
are not only potent enough to sterilize the instruments and
wards but also aid potentially to keep environment clean
naturally without any hazardous side effects of various
chemicals used by modern sciences. Surgery isa boon to the
society and proudly saying that it was given to the whole
world by ayurveda only thousand years before by following
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33037 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 973
all necessary protocols and measures. Ayurvedic method of
sterilization is cost effective, result oriented, less adverse
effects and can be an alternative to modern sterilization.
REFERENCES:
[1] Bailey and Love, Short practice of surgery Oxford
University Press Publication, New York, 23rd Edition,
2000, pg 123.
[2] Bailey and Love, Short practice of surgery Oxford
University Press Publication, New York, 23rd Edition,
2000, pg 120.
[3] Dr Anantram Sharma, Sushrut samhita, Part 2,
Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi,
Chikitsasthan 1/132, Reprint edition 2009, 172.
[4] Kaviraj Dr Ambikadattshastri AMS,, Sushrut samhita,
Part 1, Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, Banaras, 2011,
Sutrasthan 5/18, 18.
[5] Dr Anantram Sharma, Sushrut samhita, Part 2,
Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi,
Chikitsasthan 2/46, Reprint edition 2009, 181.
[6] Acharya Yadavji, Vaidyaraj Dalhanacharya virachit
Nibandhasangraha vyakhyata, Sushrut samhita,
Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan, Varanasi,
chikitsasthan 2/45.
[7] Shrisatyapal bhishagcharya, Kashyap Samhita,
Chaukhamba Sanskrit sansthan, Varanasi, Kalpasthan,
Dhoopkalpa adhyay, 170.
[8] Vd Y. G .Joshi, Charak samhita, Part 2, Vaidyamitra
PrakashanPune, Chikitsasthan 25/108, Secondedition
2005, 565.
[9] Vd Y. G .Joshi, Charak samhita, Part 2, Vaidyamitra
PrakashanPune, Chikitsasthan 25/109, Secondedition
2005, 565.
[10] Vd Y. G .Joshi, Charak samhita, Part 2, Vaidyamitra
Prakashan Pune, Chikitsasthan 25/84, Second edition
2005, 562.
[11] Kaviraj Atrideva Gupta, Vidyotini Hindi commentary,
Ashtangsangraha,Uttarsthana,ch38th,Vranapratisheda
adhyaya.
[12] Kaviraj Atrideva Gupta, Vidyotini Hindi commentary,
Ashtangsangraha,Uttarsthana, ch 1st , Balopacharaniya
adhyaya.
[13] Dr Ganesh Garde, Sarth Vagbhata,Ashtang hridaya,
Chaukhamba Surbharati prakashan, Varanasi,
25/41,430
[14] Dr Ganesh Garde, Sarth Vagbhata,Ashtang hridaya,
Chaukhamba Surbharati prakashan, Varanasi,
25/42,430
[15] Dr Ganesh Garde, Sarth Vagbhata,Ashtang hridaya,
Chaukhamba Surbharati prakashan, Varanasi,
25/45,430

Más contenido relacionado

Más de ijtsrd

The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
 
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
 
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
 
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
 
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. SadikuSustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
 
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
 
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
 
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Map
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment MapActivating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Map
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
 
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger SocietyEducational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
 
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
 
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
 
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learning
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine LearningStreamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learning
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
 
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...ijtsrd
 
Algorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control You
Algorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control YouAlgorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control You
Algorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control Youijtsrd
 
Rural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and Possibilities
Rural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and PossibilitiesRural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and Possibilities
Rural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and Possibilitiesijtsrd
 
The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...
The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...
The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...ijtsrd
 
Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...
Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...
Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...ijtsrd
 
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...ijtsrd
 
One Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst Diversity
One Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst DiversityOne Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst Diversity
One Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst Diversityijtsrd
 
Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...
Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...
Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...ijtsrd
 

Más de ijtsrd (20)

The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...
 
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...
 
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...
 
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...
 
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. SadikuSustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku
 
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...
 
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...
 
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Map
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment MapActivating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Map
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Map
 
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger SocietyEducational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society
 
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...
 
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...
 
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learning
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine LearningStreamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learning
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learning
 
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...
 
Algorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control You
Algorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control YouAlgorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control You
Algorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control You
 
Rural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and Possibilities
Rural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and PossibilitiesRural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and Possibilities
Rural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and Possibilities
 
The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...
The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...
The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...
 
Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...
Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...
Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...
 
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...
 
One Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst Diversity
One Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst DiversityOne Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst Diversity
One Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst Diversity
 
Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...
Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...
Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...
 

Último

Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 

Último (20)

Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 

a review on rakshakarma, the concept of sterilization in ayurveda

  • 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 4 Issue 5, July-August 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33037 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 971 A Review on Rakshakarma, the Concept of Sterilization in Ayurveda Dr. Gujrathi Miteshkumar Dilipkumar1, Dr. Wasnik Sumedh Vyankatesh2 1PG Scholar, 2HOD and Professor, 1,2Departmrnt of Shalyatantra, PMT’s Ayurved College, Shevgaon, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Ayurveda is a complete health science comprises of eight branches known as ashtang ayurveda. Shalya tantra is a chief branch among it which deals with many surgical and parasurgical interventions. Since surgical procedures are involved and risk of secondaryinfections is there, it has been adviced inmany ayurvedic texts by someacharyasabout Sterilization or NirjantukikaranofOT, instruments and surgical wards which comes under the heading of Rakshakarma.For successful sterilization ofOT, surgical wards, labourrooms, neonatal wards many dhoopan dravyasand rakshoghna dravyas has been told to keep patient safe from getting any infection and for instruments and accessories heat, kwath dravyas, sunlight etc are used. Rakshakarma is one of the Sixty upakram mentioned for the management of vrana or wound, stated by Acharya sushruta. It has been found that concept of Rakshakarma in ayurveda is much effective for providing a complete protective shield to the patient against any infection. KEYWORDS: Sterilization, Nirjantukikaran, Rakshakarma, Upakram, dhoopan dravya, rakshoghna dravya How to cite this paper: Dr. Gujrathi Miteshkumar Dilipkumar | Dr. Wasnik Sumedh Vyankatesh "A Review on Rakshakarma, the Concept ofSterilization in Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5, August 2020, pp.971-973, URL: www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33037.pdf Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and International Journal of TrendinScientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0) INTRODUCTION Ayurveda is the oldest science of health in the world comprising ofall the branches ofmedical scienceswhichare fulfilled with number of literatures with detailedcoverageof diseases and treatments. Shalya tantra is one of the chief branches of ayurveda and proven as good as modern surgical branch. Sushrut samhita is a chief ayurvedic text representing shalya tantra based on practical observations as well as theoretical writtings. Since shalya tantra deals with all surgical and parasurgical procedures, risk of secondary infection is always involved there. For that there is a great need to keep environment free from germs, microorganisms, spores and fungi for the instruments, Operation Theatre, surgicalwards,all accessories,clothesof surgical interventions. Sterilization is a process of freeing an article, or a surface or a medium from all the microorganisms either by removing or killing them which might be in both vegetative or spores state. To get the successful results from any surgical treatment it is highly necessary to have completed the procedures in aseptic precautions. Environment is full of millions of microorganisms around us in air, water n everywhere. Dead cells fallen from surface of the body carries thousands of such organisms and surprisingly it contributes near about 37% of our house hold dusts. Not only this, even gram positive cocci known bystaphylococcus aureus lives in the nostrils of 30% population.[1] These are harmful and pathogenic especially in an open wounds, incisions and can turn into major complications. Hence it creates a lot of importance to disinfects the operation theatre before proceeding to any major or minor operative procedures[2]. Acharya Sushrut has explaind sixty upakramas for the management of wound, out ofwhich lastoneisRakshakarma to keep the wound sterile, infection free and healthy, by following rakshavidhaan i.e protocols of sterilization and applying gugguladi dhoop to save wounds from invisible creatures i.e mocroorganisms. निशाचरेभ्योरक्ष्यस्तुनित्यमेवक्षतातुर: रक्षानवधािैरुनिष्टैर्यमै: सनिर्मैस्तथा : ॥सु.नच. १ / १३२[3] In post operative measures wound should be properly irrigated and then paste of medications should be applied followed by bandaging. Fumigation ofwoundshouldbedone by pain relieving, dhoopan and rakshoghna dravyas to keep the wound healthy and free from contamination. Moreover Acharya sushruta explained that the wound should be fumigatedwith mixtures of powders of Guggulu,Agaru,Raal, Vacha, Sarshap, Saindhava, Nimbpatra alongwith Goghrita. IJTSRD33037
  • 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33037 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 972 ततोगुग्गुलागुरुसर्यरसवचागौरसर्यपचुर्णैलयवर्णानिम्बपत्रनवनमश्रैराज्यर्ुक्तै धुयपर्ेत, आज्यशेर्ेर्णचास्यप्रार्णािसमालभेत।सु. सु. ५ / १८[4] All the above stated Rakshoghna and dhoopan dravyas are not only used for fumigation of wound but also used for fumigation of clothes and accessories of patients along with surgical ward. This keeps wound healthy and away from infection and contaminations. All this leftover lepa of these medications should be applied over the region of heart and other vital parts of the body to feel fresh and healthy. Sushrut samhita is shalya tantra pradhan grantha which explained various surgeries since ancient times very effectively like abdominal, anorectal, gynaecological, obstetrical, ophthalmological, etc, with detailed information regarding yantra’s and shastra’s which are most primary tools in proceeding any surgery effectively. But for its successful results and no complications like secondary infetions it has been explained that these instrumentsshould be sterilized along with vranitagaar, kumaragaar, sutikagaar, surgical rooms and wards by various dhoopan and rakshoghna dravyas. Acharya Dalhana told that there is no fear of any infection and contamination of wound if instruments and accessories are well sterilized. Acharya sushrut also explained mantradi uchhar along with fumigations to save wounds from infections. He told that Mantrochchar of praising lord Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh, Panchmahabhutas, Dev, Raja andGandharvasmakes patient happy n painless and his lives can be saved thus. अनितप्तेिशस्त्रेर्णन िं द्यान्मधुसमार्ुत॥सु. नच. २ / ४६[5] अनितप्तेिशस्त्रेर्णन िं द्यातअन्यथाअतप्तशस्त्रच्छे दिेपाकभर्िंस्यात॥डल्ह र्ण[6] Unlike Acharya Sushrut, Rakshavidhaan has been stated by Kashyap Samhita too, in the special adhyay by name Dhoop kalpa and explainedrakshoghna and dhoopan dravyasinit,of which someare asGoghrita, Sarshapa, Hingu,Devnirmalyai.e flowers of herbs offered to god, Akshata i.e rice, Sarptvak i.e shedded skin of snake, Bhikshusanghati i.e saffron colour cotton cloth used by bhikshus. All these are used as dhoopan drugs to prevent some paediatric diseasesharassedbydevils who inhibit proper growth and development of children as well these dhoop kalpa were used potently tofumigatecloths and paediatric wards , beds and accessories of children. Acharya kashyap has stated total 40 dhoop’scategorizedasa) Dhoop, b) Anudhoop and c) Pratidhoop and in 2 different dhoopyonis viz a)Sthavar dhoopand b)Jangam dhoop. घृतिंनसद्धाथयकोन िंगुदेवनिमायल्यमक्षता: । सपयत्वग्भिक्षुसिंघाटीधूपोरक्षोघ्नउच्यते॥का. सिं. धूपकल्पोध्यार्[7] Similarly Acharya charak also gave contribution in Rakshakarma by explaining dhoopankarma to prevent contamination of vrana or wound by dhoop of following drugs suchas Raala or sarj, guggulu, chandana,agaru,ghrita. These dhoopa not only kills all microorganismsinwoundbut also diminish other complications like sticky discharge, foul smelling, pain and inflammation ofthe wound,Thuskeepthe wound healthy n helps it to heal faster[8,9]. कनिर्णत्विंव्रर्णार्ाग्भिगन्धै: सारैश्चधूनपता: । सनपयमयज्जवसाधूपै: शैनथल्यिंर्ाग्भिन व्रर्णा :॥च. नच. २५ / १०८ रुर्: स्त्रावाश्चगन्धाश्चकृ मर्श्चव्रर्णानश्रता: । शैनथल्यिंमादयविंचानपधूपिेिोपशाम्यनत॥च. नच. २५ / १०९ While explaining vranashodhak kashay, Acharya charak has explained following drugs to clean the wounds by making decoctions of it, it includes Hirada, Behada, Aavla, Khadira tvak, Daruharidra, Nyagrodh, Bala, Kushmoola, Leaves of Nimb and Badar[10] नत्रफ़लाखनदरोदावीन्यग्रोधानदर्यलाकु श: । निम्बकोलकपत्रानर्णकर्ार्ा: शोधिामता: ॥च. नच. २५ / ८४ Acharya Vagbhata hasalso explained about Rakshakarmain reference of vrana shodhana i.e protection of wound from contamination of variousmicroorganisms byseveraldhoopa dravyain Ashtangasangraha Uttarsthana in chapter 38th Shastrakarmavidhi, the drugs stated are as follows Guggulu, Agaru, Ghruta, Saindhava, Vacha, Sarshap, Hingu, Sarjrasaor Shaal and Nimbpatra[11] Moreover Acharya Vagbhata also explained fumigantsfor baby’s apartment made up of dried crow feathers along with vacha, kushtha, srivesta, sarshap,trivarta by adding bit goghrita in it[12]. He also explained that do not sneeze or laugh or yawn without covering your mouth, this may contaminate any wound and create infection as well as there are chances of respiratory tract disorders. Ashtang hridayam has also shaded a light on the topic Rakshakarmain Uttartantra chapter 25thVranavidnyaniyam by explaining decoctions and other upakramas for the management of infected wounds bySurasadi gana and Aaragvadi gana along with Nimb and Padwalin such conditions[13,14] he also stated dhoopan dravyas of jaw, Bhurjapatra, Ghrita, Devdar, Gandhabiroja to destroy all microorganisms and allows wound to heal properly[15] .Acharya also stated about fumigation of paediatric ward, bed with rakshoghna and dhoopan dravyas in Balopacharniyam adhyay. Moreover he explained Fumigations of killed crow pastedwith somesneha’svizvasa, tail and majja shows its supreme effect[15] . DISCUSSION: Various references by various acharyas from different samhitas have been collected to get a brief idea of sterilization in ancient era. The aseptic approach to sterilize instruments i.e yantra’sand shastra’s, various wards related to medical branches such as surgical ward, paediatric ward, kumaragaar, sutikagaar, OT Rooms, vranitagaar by various dhoopan and rakshoghnadravyas to save the wounds and surgical procedures against infection in aseptic medium is seen under the heading of Rakshakarma by achrya sushrut. Moreover Mantradi treatment has also been said for the relaxment and happiness of patient. CONCLUSION: Ayurveda has always been criticized for lack of standard protocols for surgical procedures. Sterilization isoneofsuch prime protocols to which ayurveda has shown that it had broad vision thousand yearsago too. Ayurvedicherbaldhoop are not only potent enough to sterilize the instruments and wards but also aid potentially to keep environment clean naturally without any hazardous side effects of various chemicals used by modern sciences. Surgery isa boon to the society and proudly saying that it was given to the whole world by ayurveda only thousand years before by following
  • 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33037 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 973 all necessary protocols and measures. Ayurvedic method of sterilization is cost effective, result oriented, less adverse effects and can be an alternative to modern sterilization. REFERENCES: [1] Bailey and Love, Short practice of surgery Oxford University Press Publication, New York, 23rd Edition, 2000, pg 123. [2] Bailey and Love, Short practice of surgery Oxford University Press Publication, New York, 23rd Edition, 2000, pg 120. [3] Dr Anantram Sharma, Sushrut samhita, Part 2, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Chikitsasthan 1/132, Reprint edition 2009, 172. [4] Kaviraj Dr Ambikadattshastri AMS,, Sushrut samhita, Part 1, Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, Banaras, 2011, Sutrasthan 5/18, 18. [5] Dr Anantram Sharma, Sushrut samhita, Part 2, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Chikitsasthan 2/46, Reprint edition 2009, 181. [6] Acharya Yadavji, Vaidyaraj Dalhanacharya virachit Nibandhasangraha vyakhyata, Sushrut samhita, Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan, Varanasi, chikitsasthan 2/45. [7] Shrisatyapal bhishagcharya, Kashyap Samhita, Chaukhamba Sanskrit sansthan, Varanasi, Kalpasthan, Dhoopkalpa adhyay, 170. [8] Vd Y. G .Joshi, Charak samhita, Part 2, Vaidyamitra PrakashanPune, Chikitsasthan 25/108, Secondedition 2005, 565. [9] Vd Y. G .Joshi, Charak samhita, Part 2, Vaidyamitra PrakashanPune, Chikitsasthan 25/109, Secondedition 2005, 565. [10] Vd Y. G .Joshi, Charak samhita, Part 2, Vaidyamitra Prakashan Pune, Chikitsasthan 25/84, Second edition 2005, 562. [11] Kaviraj Atrideva Gupta, Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Ashtangsangraha,Uttarsthana,ch38th,Vranapratisheda adhyaya. [12] Kaviraj Atrideva Gupta, Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Ashtangsangraha,Uttarsthana, ch 1st , Balopacharaniya adhyaya. [13] Dr Ganesh Garde, Sarth Vagbhata,Ashtang hridaya, Chaukhamba Surbharati prakashan, Varanasi, 25/41,430 [14] Dr Ganesh Garde, Sarth Vagbhata,Ashtang hridaya, Chaukhamba Surbharati prakashan, Varanasi, 25/42,430 [15] Dr Ganesh Garde, Sarth Vagbhata,Ashtang hridaya, Chaukhamba Surbharati prakashan, Varanasi, 25/45,430