Introduction to hypnosis,its origins and history.

1. Hypnotherapy
what is it and how did it evolve?
Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHS
Registered Clinical Hypnotherapist
www.HypnoFix.co.uk
advice@HypnoFix.co.uk

2. What Is Hypnosis ?
 Altered state – not sleep
 Motorway hypnosis
 Books and TV
 Exercise
 Day dreaming
 Hynpnogogic (Hypnagogic imagery is often auditory or has an auditory component.
Like the visuals, hypnagogic sounds vary in intensity from faint impressions to loud noises)and
 Hypnopompic (The hypnopompic state is the transition state of semi consciousness
between sleeping and waking. For some people, this is a time of visual and auditory
hallucination.)state

3. The Trance State
 Light hypnosis – 90%+
 Eye closure
 Fluttering lids
 Stillness
 Breathing slows – diaphragmatic
 Features flatten
 Swallowing
 Smiling
 Bradycardia (resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute)

4. The Trance State
 Medium hypnosis – 70%+
 Head drops
 Eyelid catalepsy
 Flushing or pallor
 Responds to suggestions
 Feeling of lethargy, heaviness
 Some analgesia – dentistry , dressings
 IMR (ideo-motor-response (IMR) is an exploratory
method of uncovering repressed material that has been used
extensively)
 May feel as though in trance

5. The Trance State
 Deep hypnosis 20% – somnambulism 5%
 Amnesia
 Anaesthesia
 Direct logic ‘ can you tell me your name’
 Out of body dissociation (floating sensation)
 +ve /-ve hallucinations
 Trance with eyes open

6. Hypnotic Phenomenon
 Motor
 IMR (ideo-motor-response (IMR) is an exploratory method of uncovering repressed material
that has been used extensively
 Catalepsy(indefinitely prolonged maintenance of a fixed body posture; suspension of
sensation, muscular rigidity, fixity of posture)
 Automatic writing
 Swallowing
 REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

7. Hypnotic Phenomenon
 Sensory
 Analgesia
 Anaesthesia
 Positive and negative hallucination
 Memory
 Amnesia
 Hypermnesia (Exceptionally exact or vivid memory)

8. Hypnotic Phenomenon
 Time
 Distortion – compress – elongate
 Regress
 Revivify
 Age progression
 Post hypnotic suggestion
 Eliminate
 Install
 Ego Strengthening

9. Hypnotic Phenomenon
 Miscellaneous
 Autonomic control
 Blood, sweat, tears
 Dissociation

10. Uses of Hypnotherapy
 Behavioural problems
 Irritable Bowel syndrome
 Smoking
 Weight loss
 Eating disorders – bulimia, anorexia
 Enuresis

11. Uses of Hypnotherapy
 Psychological problems
 Anxiety
 Panic
 Phobias
 Insomnia
 Premature ejaculation
 Vaginismus

12. Uses of Hypnotherapy
 Psychosomatic disorders
 Migraine
 Hyperventilation
 Stammering
 Irritable bowel or bladder
 Eczema

13. Uses of Hypnotherapy
 Pain control
 Chronic
 Acute
 Terminal care
 Obstetric
 Dental

14. Uses of Hypnotherapy
 Other
 Sports – motivational
 Criminal investigation
 Recovery of lost objects - memories

15. History Of Hypnosis
Who, when, where and why?
Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHS
Registered Clinical Hypnotherapist
www.HypnoFix.co.uk
advice@HypnoFix.co.uk

16. History of Hypnotherapy
 3000BC – ancient Egyptians
 Ancient Greeks
 Indian Sanskrits
 Hindu fakirs
 Celtic druids
 African witch doctors
 Jesus’s miracles?

17. History of Hypnotherapy
 1500 Paracelsus
 Swiss doctor discovered mercury as cure for syphilis
 Passed magnets over patient to effect cure
 1600 Valentine Greatrakes
 The ‘ great Irish Stroker’ – again stroked magnets to cure

18. History of Hypnotherapy
 1725 Maximilian Hehl
 Jesuit priest – using magnets to heal
 Franz Anton Mesmer was his student

19. History of Hypnotherapy
 (1734-1815 )Franz Anton Mesmer
 Father of hypnosis
 Found he could stop bleeding with a
stick and therefore postulated ‘
animal magnetism’

20. History of Hypnotherapy
 Franz Anton Mesmer(cont.)
 ‘De Planatorium influxu’ – magnetic fields pervade
nature
 Cured patient of paralysis and temporary blindness
 Cured Maria Theresa Paradies – protégé of empress of
blindness. Angering parents
 Moved from Vienna to Paris
 Mozart was a fan

21. History of Hypnotherapy
 Franz Anton Mesmer(cont.)
 Developed the ‘baquet’
 Asked Louis XVI for a board of enquiry in
1784
 Benjamin Franklin, Guillotine, Lavoisier
 Found all due to the imagination !

22. History of Hypnotherapy
 1727-1779 Father Gassner
 Contemporary of Mesmer
 Suggestion as faith healing
 1787 Marquis de Puysegur
 Student of Mesmer
 Magnetised elm trees
 Somnambulism

23. History of Hypnotherapy
 1815 Abbe Jose Castodi de Faria
 Fixed gaze method first to coin word
‘sleep’
 Previously focus was on the "concentration"
of the subject
 In Faria's terminology the operator became
"the concentrator" and somnambulism was
viewed as a lucid sleep

24. History of Hypnotherapy
 1791 John Elliotson
 Professor at University London
 Became interested via a student of Faria
 1837 Surgery under hypnosis – angered
other doctors as pain ‘ needed for healing’
 Expelled from university hospital

25. History of Hypnotherapy
 1795 – 1860 James Braid
 Scottish surgeon coined term ‘ hypnosis’
 Developed suggestions method
 Saw Mesmer and was eventually
convinced
 Changed term to ‘ monoidiesm’
 ‘Nervous sleep’ acting on subject whose
suggestibility is increased’

26. History of Hypnotherapy
 1808-1859 James Esdaile
 Scottish doctor
 Reports in 1846 That 300 major
operations conducted using hypnosis
 Reduced post op mortality from 505%
due to shock reaction being reduced

27. History of Hypnotherapy
 1864 Nancy school of Hypnosis
 Ambrose-Auguste Liebeault – ‘ de la suggestion’
 Hippolyte Bernheim
 Freud studied here Initially enthusiastic – eventually
discounted hypnosis

28. History of Hypnotherapy
 1878 Jean Martin Charcot –
 Started the school of Saltpierre
 Pathological theory
 Stages of hypnosis
 Lethargy
 Catalepsy
 Somnambulism

29. History of Hypnotherapy
 Dave Elman 1950’s
 Stage Hypnotist
 Studied Hypnosis for years
 Taught doctors exclusively
 Quick inductions
 Deepening techniques

30. History of Hypnotherapy
 1929-1980 Milton Erickson
 Indirect approach
 Metaphor
 Utilization

31. Theories of Trance
 Suggestion Theory
 Bernheim 1886 – suggestions bypass concious mind
 Modified Sleep
 Abbe Faria – a type of sleep BUT thought would
always  amnesia
 Pathological Theory
 Charcot – BUT 90% hypnotisable NOT equivalent to
hysteria

32. Theories of Trance
 Dissociation
 Janet ‘ splitting of consciousness into two’ BUT not always
amnesia – can remove amnesia by suggestion
 Neo Dissociation
 Some cognition continuous throughout
 Psychoanlanalytic
 Freud – libidinal gratification
 Ferenczi – parent/child BUT mirrors metronomes may
hypnotise

33. Theories of Trance
 Conditioned response
 Pavlov to word ‘ sleep’ BUT not sleep, metronomes,
quick awakening
 Role Playing
 R White – goal directed striving
 Atavistic Regression
 Ainslie Meares to a primitive level – primitive man
accepted ideas by suggestion

34. Theories of Trance
 Neurophysiological
 Barry Wyke – voice blocks other sensory input [like gate theory]
 Hemispheric Specificity
 L verbal/voluntary/language speech
 R nonverbal/emotional/submissive/art music/imagination
 Meszaros – induction L brain  R brain

35. Suggestibility Tests
 Magnetic fingers
 Handclasp
 Heavy and light hands
 Postural sway
 Chevreul’s pendulum

36. The Hypnotic Session
 Introduction
 Induction
 Deepening
 Posthypnotic suggestion
 Awakening

37. The Hypnotic Session
 Introduction
 Explanation of hypnosis
 Remove fears
 Control issues
 Amnesia
 Reassurance
 Not trying

38. The Hypnotic Session
 Induction
 Permissive
 Progressive relaxation
 Hand fixation
 Eye closure
 Candle flame
 Thumbnail

39. The Hypnotic Session
 Induction
 Intermediate
 Vogt’s fractionation- (is to discover the personal experience of the subject as they
begin to enter trance and then to 'feed back' this information to take them deeper.
Subjects are relaxed into the early stages of trance and then roused and questioned for
their particular experience of hypnosis and this information is then used to help the
subject to go deeper still. So in a very real sense the subject is describing the best way
that they personally should be hypnotized! )
 Hand levitation
 Authoritative
 Eye to eye
 Mind body dissociation

40. The Hypnotic Session
 Induction
 Other
 Tactile
 Rhythmic eye movement
 Hand rotation
 Post hypnotic

41. The Hypnotic Session
 Deepening
 Balcony
 Early learning set
 ‘Now’
 Countdown
 Limb catalepsy
 Hand levitation
 Minds eye
 Hand rotation

42. The Hypnotic Session
 Suggestions
 Establish rapport
 Create expectancy
 Will – not maybe never ‘try’
 Law of concentrated attention
 Repetition of something result
 Law of reversed effect
 Try and bend your arm
 Law of dominant effect
 Strong emotions replace weaker

43. The Hypnotic Session
 Suggestions
 Positive – unconscious ignores negatives
 Positive reinforcement
 Yes set
 Specific
 Multiple senses
 Implied – less directive
 Unambiguous

44. The Hypnotic Session
 Suggestions
 Utilization
 Of patients world – what are their :- interests , preferences, preferred
modality – visual, kinaesthetic
 Current experience – ‘ feel the chair’

45. The Hypnotic Session
 Types of suggestion
 Implication
 When your hand begins to lift – NOT if
 Trance now or later
 Truism
 Everybody knows how to…
 Not knowing and not doing
 You don’t have to try to hard

46. The Hypnotic Session
 Types of suggestion
 Covering all response – failsafes
 Your hand will be lighter or heavier
 Questions
 Can you, do you, does, will it
 See , sense, feel
 Contingent suggestions
 As your hand lowers so you find yourself back in
time

47. The Hypnotic Session
 Types of suggestion
 Implied directive
 Time binding introduction
 Implied suggestion for internal response
 Behavioural response showing completed
 As soon as your mind has identified when the
problem developed your hand will float up

48. The Hypnotic Session
 Types of suggestion
 Apposition of opposites
 As your arm becomes more rigid your body
becomes more relaxed
 Wet/dry tense/heavy difficult/easy
 Interspersal of metaphors
 Own experience
 Truisms
 Tailored

49. The Hypnotic Session
 Types of suggestion
 Symbolism and imagery
 Imagine what the pain looks like
 Negatives - to discharge resistance
 You can - can you not
 You will - will you not
 Double bind
 If you are ready to go into trance your R hand will
lift otherwise your L hand will lift

50. The Hypnotic Session
 Techniques to facilitate trance
 Focus attention
 Enhance awareness of immediate experience
 Note and accept new aspects of the experience
 Introducing immediate goal
 Repetition – reinforcing partial response
 Encourage dissociations and involuntary response
 Build anticipation expectation

51. The Hypnotic Session
 Belief +Imagination + Conviction + Expectation =
Hypnosis [ Roy Hunter]
 Critical faculty is bypassed and selective thinking
established[David Elman]

52. History Of Hypnosis
Therapy for Psychological Disorders
Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHS
Registered Clinical Hypnotherapist
www.HypnoFix.co.uk
advice@HypnoFix.co.uk

53. Introduction
• Psychotherapy: An interpersonal, relational
intervention used by trained psychotherapists
to aid clients in problems of living.
• Goal: to increase individual sense of well-being
and reduce subjective discomforting
experience.
• Techniques: based on experiential relationship
building, dialogue, communication and
behavior change.
theoretically-based
psychotherapy was
• Psychotherapists: psychologists, marriage and probably first developed in
family therapists, licensed clinical social the Middle East during the
workers, licensed associate professional 9th century by the Persian
counselors (lapc), licensed professional physician and
counselors (lpc), psychiatric nurses, and psychological thinker,
psychiatrists. Rhazes.
• Only psychiatrists may administer medical
treatments outside of the scope of
psychotherapy such as psychosurgery,
prescribe medications or give electroshock
treatments.

54. • Treatment of mental illnesses can take various forms:
• medication,
• talk-therapy,
• a combination of both, and can last only one session or take
many years to complete.
The core components of psychotherapy remain the same.
Psychotherapy consists of the following:
9. A positive, healthy relationship between a client or patient and a
trained psychotherapist
10. Recognizable mental health issues, whether diagnosable or not
11. Agreement on the basic goals of treatment
12. Working together as a team to achieve these goals

55. The main broad systems of psychotherapy:
Psychoanalysis
The first practice to be called a psychotherapy. It encourages the
verbalization of all the patient's thoughts, including free
associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst
formulates the nature of the unconscious conflicts which are
causing the patient's symptoms and character problems.
Cognitive behavioral
based on cognitions, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors,
with the aim of influencing negative emotions that
relate to inaccurate appraisal of events.
Psychodynamic Albert Ellis, founder of
Rational Emotive
a form of depth psychology, the primary focus is to reveal the Behavior Therapy
unconscious content of a client's psyche in an effort to alleviate
psychic tension. Although it has its roots in psychoanalysis,
psychodynamic therapy tends to be briefer and less intensive
than traditional psychoanalysis.

56. The main broad systems of psychotherapy:
Existential
based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in
the world. This aloneness leads to feelings of
meaninglessness which can be overcome only by
creating one's own values and meanings. Starting in the 1950s Carl Rogers:
Person-centered psychotherapy
Humanistic
concerned with the human context of the development of the
individual with an emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection
of determinism, and a concern for positive growth rather than
pathology.
It posits an inherent human capacity to maximise potential, 'the self-
actualing tendency'.
The task: to create a relational environment where this tendency
might flourish.

57. The main broad systems of psychotherapy:
Brief therapy
an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to psychotherapy.
differs from other types of therapy: it emphasizes a focus on a specific
problem and direct intervention. solution-based rather than problem-
oriented.
Systemic Therapy
to address people not at an individual level, but as people in relationship,
dealing with the interactions of groups, their patterns and dynamics,
including family therapy & marriage counseling.
Somatic Psychotherapy
also referred to as body psychotherapy, is a field in which the therapist
uses touch in some way as part of therapy process.

58. The main broad systems of psychotherapy:
Transpersonal Psychotherapy
a school that studies the transpersonal, the transcendent or spiritual
aspects of the human experience.
Hypno-Psychotherapy
undertaken with a subject in hypnosis.
Psychodrama / Dramatherapy
explores, through dramatic action in groups , the problems, issues,
concerns, dreams and highest aspirations of people.

59. Type of Psychotherapy
Treatment Approaches.
When describing 'talk' therapy or psychotherapy:
• First and foremost is empathy. It is a requirement for a successful
practitioner to be able to understand his or her client's feelings,
thoughts, and behaviors.
• Second, being non-judgmental is vital if the relationship and treatment
are going to work. Everybody makes mistakes, everybody does stuff
they aren't proud of. If the therapist judges the patient, the patient
doesn't feel safe talking about similar issues again.
• Finally, expertise. The therapist must have experience with issues
similar to yours, be abreast of the research, and be adequately trained.

60. Treatment Approaches
the same ultimate goal: to help the client reduce negative symptoms, gain insight into
why these symptoms occurred and work through those issues, and reduce the
emergence of the symptoms in the future.
The three main branches include Cognitive, Behavioral, and Dynamic.
• cognitive branch looks at dysfunctions and difficulties as arising from irrational or
faulty thinking.
• behavioural models look at problems as arising from our behaviors which we
have learned to perform over years of reinforcement.
• The dynamic or psychodynamic camp stem more from the teaching of Sigmund
Freud and look more at issues beginning in early childhood which then motivate
us as adults at an unconscious level.
• Most mental health professionals nowadays are more eclectic in that they study
how to treat people using different approaches. These professionals are
sometimes referred to as integrationists.

61. Treatment Modalities
• Therapy is most often thought of as a one-on-one relationship
(individual therapy) between a client or patient and a therapist.
• can also take different forms: group therapy where individuals suffering
from similar illnesses or having similar issues meet together with one or
two therapists. The power of group is due to the need in all of us to
belong, feel understood, and know that there is hope. It can be
overwhelming in a very positive way and continues to be the second
most utilized treatment after individual therapy.
• Therapy can also take place in smaller groups consisting of a couple or
a family, with the issues centered around the relationship, with often an
educational component, e.g. to encourage the couple to work together
as a team rather than against each other.

62. Treatment Modalities
• Sometimes therapy can include more than one treatment modality. For
example: for a person with depression, social anxiety, and low self-
esteem, individual therapy may be used to reduce depressive
symptoms, work some on self-esteem and therefore reduce fears
about social situations. Once successfully completed, this person may
be transferred to a group therapy setting where he or she can practice
social skills, feel a part of a supportive group, therefore improving self-
esteem and further reducing depression.
The treatment approach and modality are always considered, along with
many other factors, in order to provide the best possible treatment for
any particular person.

63. Therapy Providers
There are many different types of physicians and there are many non-
physicians who treat medical illnesses, the same holds true for
mental illness.
Although medication for mental illness is prescribed by a medical doctor,
typically a psychiatrist, the vast majority of psychotherapy is
performed by non-physician professionals.
These mental health professionals typically have a minimum of a
Master's Degree and complete internships, residencies, and state
and federal testing just like all direct-care providers.

64. Therapy Providers
There are four most common mental health providers, including required
education and training, and the populations with whom they
typically work.
Psychologist
• A doctoral degree which means a minimum of four years of
graduate training beyond the bachelors degree is required in most
states, as well as one year of internship and at least one year of
post-graduate residency.
• Typically psychologists complete core coursework in therapy,
assessment, and research and are required to pass competency
exams and complete a dissertation prior to receiving their degree.
To be licensed, psychologists must pass a national and state
examination.
• School psychologists usually work in Social Worker

65. Therapy Providers
Social workers
• must hold a bachelors degree in social work although many complete
a Master's program.
• often referred to as the liaison between the patient or client and the
community.
• The Occupational Outlook Handbook (1998-1999), "Social work is a
profession for those with a strong desire to help people. Social
workers help people deal with their relationships with others; solve
their personal, family, and community problems; and grow and
develop as they learn to cope with or shape the social and
environmental forces affecting daily life. Social workers often
encounter clients facing a life-threatening disease or a social problem
requiring a quick solution. These situations may include inadequate
housing, unemployment, lack of job skills, financial distress, serious
illness or disability, substance abuse, unwanted pregnancy, or
antisocial behavior. They also assist families that have serious
conflicts, including those involving child or spousal abuse."

66. Therapy Providers
Mental Health Counselor
• typically have a Masters degree in psychology, social work, counseling,
mental health counseling or related field and pass a state exam in order
to be licensed.
• can practice independently in some states, although most are employed
in clinics and hospitals.
• They perform individual, couples/family, and group therapy, and may
assist psychologists with testing and other forms of treatment.
Marriage and Family Therapist
• a Master's degree is typically the minimal requirement.
• They receive special training in the dynamics of families and
relationships and often treat couples who are having marital or
relationship difficulties and families struggling with dysfunctional
interactions.
• Many are provided more general training, allowing them to perform
individual and group therapy as well for a variety of mental health related
issues.

67. Some specific approaches
Psychoanalysis
• developed in the late 1800s by Sigmund Freud.
• explores the dynamic workings of a mind understood to consist of
three parts: the hedonistic id, the rational ego, and the moral
superego.
• the majority of these dynamics are said to occur outside people's
awareness, Freudian psychoanalysis seeks to probe the unconscious
by way of various techniques, including dream interpretation and free
association.
• Freud maintained that the condition of the unconscious mind is
profoundly influenced by childhood experiences. So, in addition to
dealing with the defense mechanisms employed by an overburdened
ego, his therapy addresses fixations and other issues by probing
deeply into clients' youth.

68. Psychoanalysis
• free association: patients are asked to continually relate anything which
comes into their minds, regardless of how superficially unimportant or
potentially embarrassing the memory threatens to be. This technique
assumes that all memories are arranged in a single associative
network, and that sooner or later the subject will stumble across the
crucial memory.
• Defence mechanism: psychological strategies brought into play by
various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.
• Fixation: a state in which an individual becomes obsessed with an
attachment to another person, being or object. Freud theorized that
humans may develop psychological fixation due to: A lack of proper
gratification during one of the psychosexual stages of development, or
Receiving too strong of an impression from one of these stages, in
which case the person's personality would reflect that stage throughout
adult life.

69. Psychoanalysis---Variations in technique
‘Classical technique’ best summarized by Allan Compton, MD:
• instructions (telling the patient to try to say what's on their mind, including interferences)
• exploration (asking questions)
• clarification (rephrasing and summarizing what the patient has been describing)
• confrontation (bringing an aspect of functioning, usually a defense, to the patient's attention)
• dynamic interpretation (explaining how being too nice guards against guilt, e.g. - defense vs. affect)
• genetic interpretation (explaining how a past event is influencing the present)
• resistance interpretation (showing the patient how they are avoiding their problems)
• transference interpretation (showing the patient ways old conflicts arise in current relationships,
including that with the analyst)
• dream interpretation (obtaining the patient's thoughts about their dreams and connecting this with their
current problems)
• reconstruction (estimating what may have happened in the past that created some current day

70. Psychoanalysis---Variations in technique
As object relations theory evolved, techniques with patients who had more
severe problems with basic trust and a history of maternal deprivation
led to new techniques with adults, sometimes called ‘interpersonal,
relational, or corrective object relations techniques’:
• expressing an experienced empathic attunement to the patient
• expressing a certain dosage of warmth
• exposing a bit of the analyst's personal life or attitudes to the patient
• allowing the patient autonomy in the form of disagreement with the
analyst
• explanations of the motivations of others which the patient misperceives

71. Psychoanalysis---Variations in technique
ego psychological concepts of deficit in functioning led to refinements in
supportive therapy. These techniques are particularly applicable to
psychotic and near-psychotic patients:
• discussions of reality
• encouragement to stay alive (including hospitalization)
• psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming depressive affect
• psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming fantasies
(hallucinations and delusions)
• advice about the meanings of things (to counter abstraction
failures)

72. Some specific approaches
Behavior therapy
• used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, etc.
• philosophical roots: the school of behaviorism, which states that
psychological matters can be studied scientifically by observing overt
behavior, without discussing internal mental states.
• Without holding inner states as causal, Skinner's radical behaviorism
accepted internal states as part of a causal chain of behavior, but
continued to hold that the only way to improve the internal state was
through environmental manipulation.
• Scientific basis: the principles of classical conditioning developed by
Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner.
(confusions remain here)

73. Behavior therapy---Systematic desensitization
• used to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders.
• a type of Pavlovian therapy / classical conditioning therapy.
• one must first be taught relaxation skills in order to control fear and
anxiety responses to specific phobias.
• Then use the skills to react towards and overcome situations in an
established hierarchy of fears. The goal: an individual will learn to cope
and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy, which will lead to
overcoming the last step of the fear in the hierarchy.
• Systematic desensitization is sometimes called graduated exposure
therapy.

74. Behavior therapy/ Behavior modification ---Aversion therapy
• in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously
being subjected to some form of discomfort.
• Principle: punishment of operant conditioning, intend to cause the
patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to
stop the specific behavior.
• The major use: currently for the treatment of addiction to alcohol and
other drugs
• For example: pairing the use of an emetic with the experience of
alcohol; or pairing behavior with electric shocks of various intensities.
placing unpleasant-tasting substances on the fingernails to discourage
nail-chewing
• Key points: the stimulus is always available to the specific behavior;
the stimulus indeed causes definite aversion; the therapy continues
until the specific behavior disappears completely; reinforcement

75. Behavior therapy/ behavior modification ---operant conditioning, Positive
reinforcement
• Set up new social behavior via e.g. reward, a stimulus immediately following a
response.
• Method, e.g. token economy, the original proposal for such a system emphasized
reinforcing positive behavior by awarding "tokens" for meeting positive behavioral
goals.
• "Patients earn tokens, which they can exchange for privileges, such as time
watching television or walks on the hospital grounds, by completing assigned
duties (such as making their beds) or even just by engaging in appropriate
conversations with others"
• Early during the program, a participant would be required to spend all of his or
her tokens daily to emphasize the reinforcement activity early, and as time
passed and success was made, participants would be allowed (or required) to
accumulate their tokens over the course of longer time periods. This, as a
variable-rate scheduling system, helped prevent extinction of the behavior after
the program's termination.

76. Behavior therapy/ behavior modification ---Modeling (observational learning)
Albert Bandura (social learning modeling): people can learn new
information and behaviors by watching other people.
Three basic models of observational learning:
6) A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior.
7) A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior.
8) A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in
books, films, television programs, or online media.
Four conditions required for a person to successfully model the behavior of
someone else:
12) Attention to the model: a person must first pay attention to a person engaging in a certain
behavior (the model)
13) Retention of details: Once attending to the observed behavior, the observer must be able
to effectively remember what the model has done
14) Motor reproduction: the observer must be able to replicate the behavior being observed.
15) Motivation and Opportunity: the observer must be motivated to carry out the action they
have observed and remembered, and must have the opportunity to do so.

77. Some specific approaches
Cognitive therapy
• developed by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s,
seeks to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic"
ways of thinking, and to influence emotion and behavior.
• the way in which the clients perceived and interpreted and
attributed meaning—a process known scientifically as
cognition—in their daily lives was a key to therapy.
• Schema-Focused Therapy, clinical depression is typically
associated with negatively biased thinking and irrational
thoughts---a patient acquire a negative schema of the world
in childhood and adolescence through negative events.
When encounters a situation that resembles the conditions
in which the original schema was learned, the negative
schemas of the person are activated.
• a negative triad: A negative schema helps give rise to the

78. • Schema-Focused Therapy, clinical depression is typically
associated with negatively biased thinking and irrational
thoughts---a patient acquire a negative schema of the
world in childhood and adolescence through negative
events. When encounters a situation that resembles the
conditions in which the original schema was learned, the
negative schemas of the person are activated.
• a negative triad: A negative schema helps give rise to the
cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the
negative schema.
• depressed people also often have the following cognitive
biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction,
overgeneralization, magnification and minimization.

79. Cognitive therapy /The ABCs of Irrational Beliefs
A major aid in cognitive therapy is what Albert Ellis called the ABC
Technique of Irrational Beliefs.
The first three steps analyze the process by which a person has developed
irrational beliefs:
• A - Activating Event or objective situation. The first column records the
objective situation, that is, an event that ultimately leads to some type
of high emotional response or negative dysfunctional thinking.
• B - Beliefs. In the second column, the client writes down the negative
thoughts that occurred to him or her.
• C - Consequence. The third column is for the negative disturbed
feelings and dysfunctional behaviors that ensued. The negative
thoughts of the second column are seen as a connecting bridge
between the situation and the distressing feelings. The third column C
is next explained by describing emotions or negative thoughts that the
client believes are caused by A.

80. Cognitive therapy /THE A-B-C-D-E THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
The therapeutic interventions referred to by D are three parts of disputation. When
irrational beliefs are disputed, the client will experience E, a new effect. In
essences, the client will have a logical philosophy that allows her to challenge
her own irrational beliefs.
Disputing irrational beliefs is the major therapeutic technique, often done in three
parts:
1) Detecting – the client and therapist detect the irrational beliefs that
underlie activating events.
2) Discriminating – the therapist and client discriminate irrational from
rational beliefs.
3) Accepting 1 and 2, knowing that insight does not automatically change
people, and working hard to effect change.
• E (Effect): Developing an effective philosophy in which
irrational beliefs have been replaced by rational beliefs.

81. Some specific approaches
Client-centered therapy
• developed by the humanist psychologist Carl Rogers in the
1940s and 1950s.
• The basic elements: to have a more personal relationship with
the patient to help the patient reach a state of realization that
they can help themselves.
Carl Ransom
Rogers(1902 -1987)
• is used to help a person achieve personal growth and/or come to
terms with a specific event or problem they are having.
• based on the principle of talking therapy and is a non-directive
approach. The therapist encourages the patient to express their
feelings and does not suggest how the person might wish to
change, but by listening and then mirroring back what the patient
reveals to them, helps them to explore and understand their
feelings for themselves. The patient is then able to decide what
kind of changes they would like to make and can achieve
personal growth.

82. Some specific approaches
Morita therapy (Japanese psychiatrist Shoma Morita)
• People from different times and cultures actually do think differently.
• Shinkeishitsu (an anxiety-based disorder), a world of which most of us
at one time or another are living in, where we become lost in a stress,
pain and the aftermath of trauma. Morita Therapy Methods (MTM) is
structured for the person who needs a guide for self-rescue. It helps
patients find, and use, a well of inner strength deep within themselves
that enables them to make powerful changes in their life.
• Simple acceptance of what is, allows for active responding to what
needs doing.
• aims at building character to enable one to take action responsively in
life regardless of symptoms, natural fears, and wishes.

83. Morita therapy: The Four Areas of Treatment
• Phase one: the “rest phase”, a period of learning to separate ourselves from the
constant assault on our senses and thought processes by a loud and intrusive
world.
• Phase two: “light and monotonous work that is conducted in silence”. One of the
keystones of this stage of self-treatment is journal writing. Our thoughts and
feelings come to us in indistinguishable waves and flood our minds. Writing in our
personal journals helps us learn to separate our thoughts from our feelings and
define their different effects on our lives. In this phase we also go outside.
• Phase three is one of more strenuous work. Dr. Morita had his patients engage in
hard physical work outdoors. This is what we call the “chopping wood” phase.
• Phase four is when Morita would send patients outside the hospital setting. They
would apply what they had learned in the first three phases and use it to help the
with the challenge of reintegration into the non-treatment world.

84. Some specific approaches
Hypnotherapy
• therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis
(means "sleep of the nervous system“), a wakeful
state of focused attention and heightened
suggestibility, with diminished peripheral awareness.
• According to the American Psychological
Association's Division 30, hypnosis may bring about Asklepios, Greek god of
"...changes in subjective experience, alterations in medicine, healing, and
perception, sensation, emotion, thought or behavior.“ hypnosis, was said to
oversee the treatment of
sick people in "dream
• The hypnotic state may also facilitate change in the healing temples."
body: it has been successfully used as a treatment for
irritable bowel syndrome.

85. Some Specific schools and approaches
Hypnotherapy
• Skeptics point out the difficulty distinguishing
between hypnosis and the placebo effect,
proposing that the state called hypnosis is
"so heavily reliant upon the effects of
suggestion and belief that it would be hard
to imagine how a credible placebo control
could ever be devised for a hypnotism
study.“
• Self-hypnosis is popularly used by people
who want to quit smoking and reduce stress,
while stage hypnosis can be used to
Professor Charcot (left) of Paris'
persuade people to perform unusual public
Salpêtrière demonstrates
feats. hypnosis on a "hysterical"
patient, "Blanche" (Marie)
Wittman, who is supported by
Dr. Joseph Babinski.

86. Relaxation and Hypnosis
Many internal and external factors affect how we think, feel, and
behave.
The internal factors influencing state of mind: relaxation and hypnosis.
Relaxation
 a focusing on the mind and a relaxing of the body's muscles.
 being too tense and/or living with too much stress has significant
negative impacts on lives: physical illnesses and many
psychological issues.
 different forms of relaxation: breathing exercises, deep muscle
relaxation, imagery, meditation, yoga, etc. with the main goal to
relax the body's muscles and focus the mind.
 Since the body and the mind cannot be separated, both of the
components must be present for any relaxation technique to
work.

87. Hypnosis
 similar to relaxation: the same two components of physical and mental
must be addressed together.
 a very deep state of relaxation where your mind is more focused and the
connection between your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are more
clear.
 a hypnotherapist is typically a licensed professional who uses hypnosis
as part of a treatment regimen for certain psychological disorders.
 most beneficial when used with relaxation and talk-therapy for a more
rounded therapeutic approach.
 many factors affect individual susceptibility: belief in hypnosis, trust for the
therapist, etc. and the absence of external factors such as noise,
uncomfortable temperature, and physical comfort.
 the key to successful hypnosis: the ability to focus on your body and mind
and to trust and believe in your therapist.

88. Some specific approaches
Biofeedback therapy
• providing the user access to physiological information about which he or
she is generally unaware, allows users to gain control of physical
processes previously considered an automatic response of the
autonomous nervous system.
• measuring a subject's quantifiable bodily functions (blood pressure,
heart rate, skin temperature, muscle tension) conveying the information
to the patient in real-time, which raises the patient's awareness and
conscious control of their unconscious physiological activities.

89. Some specific approaches
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
• a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a
medical device called a brain pacemaker, which
sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain.
• remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise
treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders
such as chronic pain, PD, tremor and dystonia.
• Despite the long history of DBS, its underlying
principles and mechanisms are still unclear.
• directly changes brain activity in a controlled manner,
its effects are reversible (unlike those of lesioning
techniques) and is one of only a few neurosurgical
methods that allows blinded studies.
• has been used to treat various affective disorders,
including major depression.
• there is potential for serious complications and side
effects.

90. Thank you for listening I
hope you enjoyed the
presentation
Safe Journey Home
That Presentation was
Hypnotherapy
Who, when, where and why?
What is it and how did it evolve?
Therapy for Psychological Disorders
Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHS
Registered Clinical Hypnotherapist
www.HypnoFix.co.uk
advice@HypnoFix.co.uk