INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY, HISTORY, CULTURE MEDIA

1. PHARMACEUTICAL
MICROBIOLOGY (UNIT 1)
HIMANSHU KAMBOJ
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GGSCOP, YNR(HR)

2. Microbiology
Contents
• Introduction
• History of microbiology

3. Unit-1

4. What is Microbiology?
Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are
usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye.
What are some examples of microbes?
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples!
Some are pathogenic
“Germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell.

5. Microbes (benefits):
• Decompose organic waste
• Are producers in the ecosystem by
photosynthesis
• Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl
alcohol and acetone
• Produce fermented foods such as vinegar,
cheese, and bread

7. • Knowledge of Microbes allows humans to Prevent food
spoilage
• Prevent disease occurrence
• Led to aseptic techniques to prevent
contamination in medicine and in microbiology
laboratories.

8. History of Microbiology
Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth.

9. History of Microbiology
The first microbes were observed in 1673.
In 1665, Robert Hooke (Englishman) reported that
living things were composed of little boxes or
cells.
Developed Compound microscope
• 1st to coin the term ‘Cell’

10. History of Microbiology
1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described
live microorganisms that he observed in teeth
scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

11. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek [1632-1723]:
• 1st to observe and describe single celled organisms, “animalcules”,
we now refer to as microorganisms.
• Described different morphological forms of bacteria
• 1st to record observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa
and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels).

12. History of Microbiology
Many believed spontaneous generation: life can arise from
non-living matter
In 1668, the Italian physician Francesco Redi performed an
experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.

13. History of Microbiology
Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.
Conditions Results
3 jars covered with No maggots
fine net
3 open jars Maggots appeared

14. Redi placed meat in three containers. One was uncovered, a
second was covered with paper, and the third was covered with
fine gauze that would exclude flies.
Flies laid their eggs on the uncovered meat and maggots
developed.
The other two pieces of meat did not produce maggots
spontaneously.

15. Read up on the historical
contribution(s) of microbiology
made by:
John Needem (1713-1781)
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
Theodore Schwann (1810-1882)
Theodorvon Dusch (1824-1890)

16. History of Microbiology
1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that
microorganisms are present in the air.
Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed Microbial growth
in flask, heated, not
sealed
Nutrient broth placed No microbial growth

17. • Pasteur first filtered air through cotton and found that
objects resembling plant spores had been trapped.
• If a piece of the cotton was placed in sterile medium after
air had been filtered through it, microbial growth occurred.
• Next he placed nutrients solutions in flasks, heated their
necks in a flame, and drew them out into a variety of curves.
Pasteur experiment–

18. The swan neck flasks that he produced in this way had necks
open to the atmosphere.
Pasteur then boiled the solutions for a few minutes and
allowed them to cool. No growth took place even though the
contents of the flasks were exposed to the air.
Pasteur pointed out that no growth occurred because dust
and germs had been trapped on the walls of the curved
necks.
If the neck were broken, growth commenced immediately.

20. • Established that Fermentation was caused by microbial
agents
• Demonstrated anaerobic fermentation by both bacteria and
yeasts (bacteria produce acid and yeast produce alcohol)
• Developed pasteurization to prevent spoilage of wine by
bacteria
• Noted that different types of fermentations were
associated with different kinds of microbes
• Development of methods and techniques of Bacteriology
• proved that microbes arise only from their like
• Introduction of sterilization techniques: development of
steam sterilizer, autoclave and hot-air oven

21. History of Microbiology
Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. These
experiments form the basis of aseptic technique

22. The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)
Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship
between microbes and disease, microbes and fermentation, immunity,
and antimicrobial drugs.
Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation (Germ
theory of fermentation).
Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer
and wine.
Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food.
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning
it to vinegar (acetic acid).

23. History of Microbiology
Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could
be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate
the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a
short time is called pasteurization.

24. The Germ Theory of Disease
1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a
fungus.
1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a
protozoan.
1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent
transmission of puerperal fever from one ob patient to another.

25. The Germ Theory of Disease
• 1860s: Joseph Lister (1827-1912) used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical
wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air,
can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
• Father of Antiseptic surgery
• Professor of surgery
• Applied Pasteur’s work and introduced Antiseptic techniques in Surgery
• Use of Carbolic acid in Antiseptic surgery
• Resulted in drop in morbidity and mortality due to surgical sepsis

26. 1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910) provided proof that a bacterium
causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s
postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a
specific disease.
Father of Bacteriology
• Introduced methods for isolation of pure culture
• use of solid media for isolation of bacteria
• Staining techniques
• discovered Anthrax bacillus (1876), Tubercle bacillus (1882) and
cholera vibrios (1883)

27. Koch's Postulates are used to prove the cause of an
infectious disease.
Koch's Postulates are a sequence of experimental
steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific
disease.

28.  A young milkmaid informed the physician EDWARD JENNER that she could
not get smallpox because she had already been sick from cowpox.
 1796: EDWARD JENNER inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person
was then protected from smallpox.
 Called vaccination from vacca for cow the protection is called immunity
 Observed that the milk maids who had milder form of cowpox were not prone
to smallpox.
 After observing cases of cowpox and smallpox for few years, in 1796 he
removed the fluid of a cowpox from milkmaid and inoculated JAMES PHIPPS,
an eight-year-old boy, who soon came down with cowpox.
 Six weeks later, he inoculated the boy with smallpox. The boy remained healthy.
 Jenner had proved his theory that the pus in the blisters which milkmaids
received

29. Chemotherapy – treatment with chemicals
• Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can
be synthetic drugs or antibiotics.
• Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that
inhibit or kill other microbes.
• Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.

30. 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic,
penicillin, that killed
S. aureus (bacteria).
1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass
produced.
Left his Staphylococcus culture on an agar plate for 2 weeks
→
went on vacation → came back & found mold on his plate
which
prevented bacterial growth

31. “
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