Nanotechnology 22 Feb 2017

Nano-biotechnology:Nano-biotechnology:
Theory and Application inTheory and Application in
Agricultural PracticesAgricultural Practices
Dr. Ahmed Abdel-FattahDr. Ahmed Abdel-Fattah
PhD Hamburg University, GermanyPhD Hamburg University, Germany
Plant Protection DepartmentPlant Protection Department
Pesticides Chemistry and Environmental ToxicologyPesticides Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology
University of AlexandriaUniversity of Alexandria
22 Feb. 201722 Feb. 2017

TopicsTopics
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions
History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology
Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications
Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology
The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology

NanotechnologyNanotechnology
Nano-Scale (Metrology)Nano-Scale (Metrology)
Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)
Nano-Technology (Applications)Nano-Technology (Applications)
Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)
Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)

Countries Active NanotechnologyCountries Active Nanotechnology
ProductionProduction

Nanoscale = billionths (10 )Nanoscale = billionths (10 )
6 billion people6 billion people
8000 mile diameter8000 mile diameter
10 billion components10 billion components
8 inch diameter8 inch diameter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth2014
-9

Nanotechnology…?Nanotechnology…?
““Nanotechnology is the art andNanotechnology is the art and
science of manuplating matter atscience of manuplating matter at
nano scale’’nano scale’’
The design, characterizationThe design, characterization
production and application ofproduction and application of
structure, devices and system bystructure, devices and system by
controlling shape and science atcontrolling shape and science at
nanoscalenanoscale

DefinitionDefinition
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control
of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100
nanometers, where unique phenomena enable
novel applications.”
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control
of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 1001 to 100
nanometersnanometers, where unique phenomena enable
novel applications.”

What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?
Materials with at least one external dimension in the size
range from approximately 1-100 nanometers
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March
2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/
Objects with all three external dimensions at the nanoscale
NanomaterialsNanomaterials
NanoparticlesNanoparticles

Examples of Nanomaterials?Examples of Nanomaterials?
Naturally occurringNaturally occurring
volcanic ash & soot from forest firesvolcanic ash & soot from forest fires

Combustion processesCombustion processes
Welding physically and chemically heterogeneous and often
termed ultrafine particles.

Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that useGecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use
intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stickintermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick
firmly to surfaces.firmly to surfaces.
Nano in natureNano in nature
adhesiveadhesive
seal woundsseal wounds

Why Nanoscale?Why Nanoscale?
physical and chemical properties ofphysical and chemical properties of
materials differ significantly from thosematerials differ significantly from those
at a larger scale.at a larger scale.
Surface areaSurface area
enhance its reactivity, strength andenhance its reactivity, strength and
electrical and magnetic properties.electrical and magnetic properties.

Scientific Revolutions
• Lamp and Television
• Transistor
• Integrate Circuit (IC)
• Microprocessors & Personal Computers

The 5th
Generation of Scientific Revolution
Nano-TechnologyNano-Technology

TopicsTopics

HistoryHistory
Three Champions of NanotechnologyThree Champions of Nanotechnology
Feynman Taniguchi Drexler

Richard P. Feynman
1959
One of America’s most notable physicists, 1965.
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued
Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5%
(99.5% similarity)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation

He coined the term Nanotechnology in 1974
Norio TaniguchiNorio Taniguchi

Eric Drexler - 1986Eric Drexler - 1986
Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5%
(99.5% similarity)

Heinrich RohrerGerd Binnig
Nobel Prize 1986

Dome over biosphere in Montreal
A “Buckyball.”
Carbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who
went by the nickname “Bucky.”
FullerenesFullerenes

IsIs NANOTECHNOLOGYNANOTECHNOLOGY
the gateway to the future for humanthe gateway to the future for human
beings on Earth?beings on Earth?

W
here
W
here
YOURYOUR
ImaginationImagination
TakeTakeYouYou ??
doesdoes

Nanotechnology OffersNanotechnology Offers

LighterLighter

StrongerStronger

FasterFaster

SmallerSmaller

More DurableMore Durable

Easier and Clean TechnologyEasier and Clean Technology

Nano Materials Shapes
Nano TubesNano Rodes
Nano Composite Nano Particles

Types of Nano-Materails
• Single Dimensional Nano-Materials
• Bilateral Dimensional Nano-Materials
• Three Dimensional Nano-Materials
Engineered Surfaces
Bio-Polymers & Nano wires
Nanoparticles

HowHow cancan
smallsmall
ScienceScience
havehave
suchsuch
bigbig
ImpactImpact??
aa

Magnetic properties
The large surface area to volume ratio results in different
magnetic coupling with neighboring atoms leading to
differing magnetic properties.

Optical properties
• Gold spheres of 10-20nm exhibit red color
• Gold spheres of 2-5nm exhibit yellow color.
• Gold spheres of >20nm exhibit purple color

TopicsTopics

3737
can transform inorganic metal ions into metalcan transform inorganic metal ions into metal
nanoparticlesnanoparticles
Many biological systems
including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria ,including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria ,
yeast , fungi , and human cellsyeast , fungi , and human cells
via the reductive capacities of the proteins andvia the reductive capacities of the proteins and
metabolites present in these organisms.metabolites present in these organisms.

3838
Make nanoparticles.Make nanoparticles.
Soak filter in nanoparticles.Soak filter in nanoparticles.
““Inoculate” plate.Inoculate” plate.
Check results.Check results.

3939
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles
2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.
Start with a compound that has silver in it.Start with a compound that has silver in it.
Our solution is silver nitrate.Our solution is silver nitrate.

4040
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube.in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.

Heating it will speed the reaction.Heating it will speed the reaction.

4141
Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.

Carefully add the sodium citrate;Carefully add the sodium citrate;
the solution isthe solution is HOT!HOT!

Allows silver to formAllows silver to form
stable nanoparticlesstable nanoparticles

4242
Continue heating — wait for silverContinue heating — wait for silver
nanoparticles to form.nanoparticles to form.

Watch for a change in color to indicate theWatch for a change in color to indicate the
silver has formed.silver has formed.

Let it heat a few more minutes to be sure theLet it heat a few more minutes to be sure the
color change is complete.color change is complete.

4343
Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticlesContinue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles
to form.to form.

4444
Growth of BacteriaGrowth of Bacteria
Bacteria may grow asBacteria may grow as
a group =a group = colonycolony
Bacteria may coverBacteria may cover
surface of plate =surface of plate =
lawnlawn

4545
Bacterial Antibiotic SensitivityBacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity
Antibiotics mayAntibiotics may
inhibit the growth ofinhibit the growth of
some bacteria.some bacteria.
Evidence of this is aEvidence of this is a
“halo”.“halo”.
A halo indicates aA halo indicates a
zone where bacteriazone where bacteria
are not present.are not present.

Silver NanopariclesSilver Nanoparicles
Fourier-transform infrared
Biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs

Nanospider for electrospinningNanospider for electrospinning
SEM images ofSEM images of
electrospunelectrospun
nanofibersnanofibers
ready toready to
encapsulateencapsulate
bio-surfactantsbio-surfactants
Abdel-Megeed et al., (2012). Fabrication of electrospun antimicrobial nanofibers containing
metronidazole using nanospider technology. Fibers And Polymers. 13 : 6 (709-717).

Assembling NanomaterialsAssembling Nanomaterials
Bottom up or top downBottom up or top down

Tools used to characterizeTools used to characterize
nanoparticlesnanoparticles

Scanning Electronic Microscopy

Measurement of zeta potential and electrophoreticMeasurement of zeta potential and electrophoretic
mobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersionsmobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersions
using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.
The Zetasizer Nano Z

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
InteractivityInteractivity
Functional groupsFunctional groups
FTIRFTIR

NANOMATERIALSNANOMATERIALS
ANDAND AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and
pervasive. It is an emerging field in all
areas of science, engineering and
technology

Nanotechnology ScopeNanotechnology Scope

The goals fall into several categoriesThe goals fall into several categories
Increase production rates and yieldIncrease production rates and yield
Increase efficiency of resource utilizationIncrease efficiency of resource utilization
Minimize waste productionMinimize waste production
Nano-based treatment of agricultural wasteNano-based treatment of agricultural waste
NanosensorsNanosensors
Specific application includeSpecific application include
Nano-fertilizerNano-fertilizer
Nano-pesticideNano-pesticide

Crop improvementCrop improvement
Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology

•Gene therapy for plant: used of 3-nm mesoporous
silica nanoparticle (MSN) for smuggling foreign
DNA into cells.
Peterson et al., 2014

DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology
Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors
Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic
acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA
Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12):
4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z
tetrahedron DNA

DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology
Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors
Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic
acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA
Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12):
4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z

•Bio-Nanotechnology has designed sensor which
give increased sensitivity and earlier response to
environmental change and link into GPS
•These monitor soil condition and crops growth
over vast areas
•Such sensor has already been employed in US
and Australia
Precision farmingPrecision farming

•100% growth inhibition was seen in the
Rhyzotonia solani, showed at 10
ppm nanosized silica-
silver
Abdel-Megeed et al., 2013 & Park et al., 2009
Plant pathologyPlant pathology

Nanotech-based soil binder called SoilSet
employed to avoid soil erosion
Sequoia pacfic research of Utah (USA)
Soil remediationSoil remediation

Ligand based nanocoating can be utilized
for effective removal of heavy metals as
these have high absorption tendency
M. Sc. Thesis in Progress 2016
Removal of heavy metalsRemoval of heavy metals

Magnetic (iron oxide) nanocrystals to
capture and remove arsenic from
contaminated water.
researchers at Rice university
Water treatmentWater treatment

Animal scienceAnimal science
Nano micelles, liposomes, nano emulsionNano micelles, liposomes, nano emulsion
complexes improves the utilization ofcomplexes improves the utilization of
efficiency of nutrients in fodderefficiency of nutrients in fodder

Nano coating of agriculture tool to increaseNano coating of agriculture tool to increase
their resistant against the wear andtheir resistant against the wear and
corrosioncorrosion
Agriculture Engineering issues

Foliar application of nano Phosphorous as fertilizer
640 mg ha-1
) and soil application of phosphorous
ertilizer (80 kg ha-1
) yielded equally in cluster bean
and pearl millet under arid environment.
Tarafdar et al., 2012
Nano-fertilizer technologyNano-fertilizer technology

NanopesticidesNanopesticides
Nano-scale either active ingredients with a particle sizeNano-scale either active ingredients with a particle size
of 100 nm or lessof 100 nm or less
Formulation of a pesticidesFormulation of a pesticides
Nano emulsionNano emulsion
Nano suspensionNano suspension
Nano encapsulationNano encapsulation
NanoparticlesNanoparticles

UsesUses
ProtectionProtection
Increase solubilityIncrease solubility
Reduce the contact of active ingredients withReduce the contact of active ingredients with
agriculture workersagriculture workers
Environments reducing run off ratesEnvironments reducing run off rates
MohdzobirMohdzobir et alet al., 2011., 2011

Bio-Energy or
Products
Single molecule detection to determine enzyme/substrate
interactions (e.g. cellulases in production of ethanol).
Materials from biomass
Agrochemical
Delivery
Delivery of pesticides, fertilizers, and other agrichemicals
more efficiently (e.g. only when needed or for better
absorption).
Animal Production Delivery of growth hormone in a controlled fashion.
Identity preservation and tracking.
Animal or Plant
Health
Detect animal pathogens, such as foot and mouth disease
virus. Detect plant pathogens early.
Animal Medicine Deliver animal vaccines.
Selected Categories of Nanotechnology
Applied to Food and Agriculture

Plant Production Delivery of DNA to plants towards certain tissues (i.e.
targeted genetic engineering).
Sensing Detect chemicals or foodborne pathogens; biodegradable
sensors for temperature, moisture history, etc.
Safety Selectively bind and remove chemicals or pathogens.
Packaging Prevent or respond to spoilage. Sensing features for
contaminants or pathogens.
Healthy Food Better availability and dispersion of nutrients, nutraceuticals,
or additives.
Selected Categories of Nanotechnology
Applied to Food and Agriculture

Nano-Technology betweenNano-Technology between
ScientificScientific FictionFiction & Reality& Reality

TopicsTopics

Special Features of NanoparticlesSpecial Features of Nanoparticles
A double-edged swordA double-edged sword
Promise Pitfalls
Increased surface area Increased reactivity?
Increased bioavailability and targeted to
certain tissues
Increased toxicity?
Lower doses effective Lower doses toxic?
Penetration ability for remediation Impair subsurface ecosystems
Skin, membrane penetration may speed
onset of action
Toxicity through nontraditional routes of
administration?

Health IssueHealth Issue
Nanoparticle clouds be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed throughNanoparticle clouds be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through
skin.skin.
They trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system andThey trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system and
interfere with regulatory mechanism of enzymes and protein.interfere with regulatory mechanism of enzymes and protein.
Environmental IssueEnvironmental Issue
Nanoparticle clouds accumulates in soil, water and plants.Nanoparticle clouds accumulates in soil, water and plants.

New risk assessment method are neededNew risk assessment method are needed
National and international agencies are beginning to studyNational and international agencies are beginning to study
the riskthe risk
Result will lead to new regulation.Result will lead to new regulation.

TopicsTopics
The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology

Research is being carried out to develop nanocapsulesResearch is being carried out to develop nanocapsules
containing nutrients that would be released whencontaining nutrients that would be released when
nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body.nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body.
Nanomaterials are being developed to improve theNanomaterials are being developed to improve the
taste, colour, and texture of foods. For exampletaste, colour, and texture of foods. For example
“interactive” foods are being developed that would“interactive” foods are being developed that would
allow you to choose which flavour and colour a foodallow you to choose which flavour and colour a food
has!has!

Modern biotechnologies involve making useful
products from whole organisms or parts of organisms,
such as molecules, cells, tissues and organs.
Recent developments in biotechnology
include genetically modified plants and animals,
cell therapies and nanotechnology.
These products are not in everyday use but may be of
benefit to us in the future.
ConclusionConclusion

Welcome toWelcome to
NanoWorld!NanoWorld!
Thank You for Your AttentionThank You for Your Attention

References and websites:References and websites:

Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010)Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010)

Handbook of NanotechnologyHandbook of Nanotechnology, B. Bhushan, ed. (2004), B. Bhushan, ed. (2004)

Molecular NanotechnologyMolecular Nanotechnology, D. E. Newton, ed. (2002), D. E. Newton, ed. (2002)

Integrated Chemical SystemsIntegrated Chemical Systems, A. J. Bard (1994), A. J. Bard (1994)

Engines of CreationEngines of Creation, K. Eric Drexler (1986), K. Eric Drexler (1986)
( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ )( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ )

““There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)
( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html )( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html )

National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ )National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ )

Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ )Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ )

Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com )Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com )

Thank YouThank You
Dr. nat.Sci. Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
Ph.D Germany, Hamburg University
Associate Professor, Plant Protection Dept.
Faculty of Agriculture- Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
P.O. BOX 21531
Homepage: http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75164/de
fault.aspx

Nanotechnology 22 Feb 2017

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