SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 36
Descargar para leer sin conexión
BIOSENSORS
BY HASNAT TARIQ
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 FEATURES OF A BIOSENSOR
 TYPES OF BIOSENSOR
 APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSOR
 NANOBIOSENSORS
 EXAMPLE OF NANOBIOSENSOR
 LAB ON A CHIP
 APPLICATIONS OF LAB ON A CHIP
 EXAMPLE OF BIOSENSORS WITH THEIR WORKING
 FUTURE OF BIOSENSORS 2
INTRODUCTION
• A biosensor is an analytical device
containing an immobilized biological
material (enzyme, antibody, nucleic
acid, hormone, organelle or whole
cell) which can specifically interact
with an analyte and produce physical,
chemical or electrical signals that can
be measured. An analyte is a
compound (e.g. glucose, urea, drug,
pesticide) whose concentration has to
be measured.
3
MAIN COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR
• Sensor
• Transducer
• Amplifier
• Processor
• Display unit
4
• Sensor
It is a sensitive biological element (biological material (eg. tissue,
microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies,
nucleic acids, etc).
• Transducer
Transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to
another form. In biosensors transducers convert the biochemical
activity into electrical energy.
5
6
WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Biosensors are operated based on the principle of signal
transduction.
• Bioreceptor, is allowed to interact with a specific analyte. The
transducer measures this interaction and outputs a signal. The
intensity of the signal output is proportional to the concentration of
the analyte. The signal is then amplified and processed by the
electronic system.
7
FEATURES OF A BIOSENSOR
a) It should be highly specific for the analyte.
b) The reaction used should be independent of manageable factors
like pH, temperature, stirring, etc.
c) The response should be linear over a useful range of analyte
concentrations.
d) The device should be tiny and bio-compatible.
e) The device should be cheap, small, easy to use and capable of
repeated use.
8
TYPES OF BIOSENSOR
1. Calorimetric Biosensors
2. Potentiometric Biosensors
3. Acoustic Wave Biosensors
4. Amperometric Biosensors
5. Optical Biosensors
9
1. Calorimetric Biosensor
Many enzyme catalysed reactions are exothermic, generating
heat which may be used as a basis for measuring the rate of reaction
and, hence, the analyte concentration.
The analyte solution is passed through a small packed bed
column containing immobilized enzyme; the temperature of the
solution is determined just before entry of the solution into the column
and just as it is leaving the column using separate thermistors.
An example is the use of glucose oxidase for determination of
glucose.
10
2. Potentiometric Biosensors
These biosensors use ion-selective electrodes to convert the
biological reaction into electronic signal.
Many reactions generate or use H+ which is detected and
measured by the biosensor.
Urea Biosensor is an example of these biosensors.
11
3. Acoustic Wave Biosensors (Piezoelectric Biosensors)
Acoustic sensors use piezoelectric materials, typically quartz
crystals, in order to generate acoustic waves.
Their surface is usually coated with antibodies which bind to
the complementary antigen present in the sample solution.
This leads to increased mass which reduces their vibrational
frequency; this change is used to determine the amount of antigen
present in the sample solution.
12
4. Amperometric Biosensors
Amperometric biosensors function by the production of a
current when a potential is applied between two electrodes.
The magnitude of current being proportional to the substrate
concentration.
These biosensors are used to measure redox reactions.
13
5. Optical Biosensors
These involve determining changes in light absorption between
the reactants and products of a reaction, or measuring the light
output by a luminescent process.
A most promising biosensor involving luminescence uses
firefly enzyme luciferase for detection of bacteria in food or clinical
samples.
14
APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSOR
• Food analysis
• Study of Biomolecules and their
interactions
• Drug development
• Crime detection
• Medical diagnosis
• Environmental field monitoring
15
• Industrial process control
• Manufacturing of
pharmaceuticals and
replacement of organs
• Monitoring glucose level in
diabetes patients
• Protein engineering
• Wastewater treatment
• Agriculture industry
• Biosensors in Food Industry
Biosensors are used for the detection of pathogens in food.
Presence of Escherichia coli in vegetables, is a bioindicator of faecal
contamination in food. E. coli has been measured by detecting
variation in pH caused by ammonia (produced by urease–E.
coli antibody conjugate) using potentiometric alternating biosensing
systems.
Enzymatic biosensors are also employed in the dairy industry.
16
• Biosensors in Medical field
Glucose biosensors are widely used in clinical applications for
diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
A novel biosensor, based on hafnium oxide (HfO2), has been
used for early stage detection of human interleukin.
These are also used for detection of cardiovascular diseases.
17
• Biosensors in Drug Discovery and Drug Analysis
Enzyme‐based biosensors can be applied in the pharmaceutical
industry for monitoring chemical parameters in the production
process (in bioreactors).
Affinity biosensors are suitable for high‐throughput screening of
bioprocess‐produced antibodies and for drug screening.
Oligonucleotide‐immobilized biosensors for interactions studies
between a surface linked DNA and the target drug or for hybridisation
studies.
18
• Role of Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring
The biosensors find wide application for measurement,
estimation and control of water, air and soil contaminants.
Determination of the pesticides can be made by
potentiometric biosensor.
Amperometric basic sensor can be used for analyses of water
pollution from herbicide.
Concentration of ammonia can be defined with microbe
biosensor with cells of type Nitrosomonas sp.
19
• Epigenetics
Photonic biosensors have been developed, which can detect
tumor cell in a urine sample to an ultra-sensitivity level .
Epigenetic modifications are detected after exploitation of
integrated optical resonators (e.g., post-translational modifications in
histone and DNA methylation) using body fluids of patients suffering
from cancer or other ailments.
20
NANOBIOSENSORS
• Advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of
nanoscale biosensors that have exquisite sensitivity and versatility.
• The ultimate goal of nanobiosensors is to detect any biochemical
and biophysical signal associated with a specific disease at the level
of a single molecule or cell.
• They can be integrated into other technologies such as lab-on-a-
chip to facilitate molecular diagnostics.
• Their applications include detection of microorganisms in various
samples, monitoring of metabolites in body fluids and detection of
tissue pathology such as cancer.
21
22
Advantages of Nanobiosensor
 Enhanced sensitivity
 Reduced instrumentation size
 Improved Speed and specificity in biodiagnostics.
 Low cost
 Reduction in sensor size provides great versatility for incorporation
into multiplexed, transportable, wearable, and even implantable
medical devices.
23
Disadvantage of Nanobiosensor
 The major problem is that the biomolecule is turned into a colloid
by attaching it to a nanocrystal. Because colloids have very different
‘solubility’ from biomolecules, there is always a tendency for
coagulation within biological media.
24
EXAMPLE OF NANOBIOSENSOR
• Nanowire Biosensors
Major sensing components are
made of nanowires coated by biological
molecules such as DNA molecules,
polypeptides, fibrin proteins, and
filamentous bacteriophages.
The nanomaterials transduce the
chemical binding event on their surface
into a change in conductance of the
nanowire in an extremely sensitive,
real time and quantitative fashion.
25
LAB ON A CHIP
• A lab on a chip (LOC) is a device
that integrates one or several
laboratory fucntions on a single
chip of only few millimeters to a
few square centimeters in size.
• Basically, LOC integrate
microfluidics, nanosensors,
microelectrics, biochemistry and
electronic components on the
same chip.
26
APPLICATIONS OF LAB ON A CHIP
• Concentration gradient
generator
• Electrophoretic separator
• Microbio-reactor •PCR chip
for DNA amplification
• Quantitative DNA sensor chip
(capable of detecting single-
pair mismatch)
• Flow cytometer Lab-on-a-Chip
27
• Immunoassay Lab-on-a-
Chipforbacteria(e.g., E.coli, H.
pylori) detection
• Real-Time PCR detection chips
(fordetecting E. coli, cancers, etc)
• Blood sample preparation Lab-on-
a-Chip
• Cellular analysis Lab-on-a-Chip
• Microarrays“(Biochips) DNA
microarrays, Protein microarrays
28
Use of LOC In HIV detection
• 40 million people are infected with HIV..
• 1.3 million of these people receive anti-retroviral treatment. Around 90%
of people with HIV have never been tested for the disease.
• Measuring the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in a person’s blood is an
accurate way to determine if a person has HIV.
• At the moment, flow cytometry is the gold standard for obtaining CD4
counts
• Recently such a cytometer was developed for just $5.
• In such devices it is possible to quickly diagnose and potentially treat
diseases.
29
Use of LOC for Plant Studies
• Lab-on-a-chip devices could be used to characterize pollen
tube guidance.
• Specifically, plant on a chip is a miniaturized device in which pollen
tissues and ovules could be incubated for plant sciences studies.
30
31
HOW GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR WORKS?
32
FUTURE OF BIOSENSORS
• Biosensor Technology Will Detect—and Potentially Prevent—Illness
• Biosensor Technology is on the Verge of Changing how Diabetics
Monitor Their Glucose Levels
• Biosensor Technology Could Put an End to Drunk Driving
• Greater use of nanotechnology and microfluidics (LAB N A CHIP)
• Intelligent control of medication delivery
• Greater use of home-based monitoring and treatment
33
34
35
THANK YOU
36

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Production of enzymes
Production of enzymesProduction of enzymes
Production of enzymesAdarsh Patil
 
Hybridoma Technology
Hybridoma TechnologyHybridoma Technology
Hybridoma TechnologyNirali Mistry
 
Citric Acid Production
Citric Acid ProductionCitric Acid Production
Citric Acid ProductionDinesh S
 
Upstream and down stream process
Upstream and down stream processUpstream and down stream process
Upstream and down stream processDr NEETHU ASOKAN
 
Enzyme Immobilization and Applications
Enzyme Immobilization and ApplicationsEnzyme Immobilization and Applications
Enzyme Immobilization and ApplicationsMadhukar Vedantham
 
amylases enzymes production
amylases enzymes productionamylases enzymes production
amylases enzymes productionNOMI KhanS
 
Immobilization of enzymes
Immobilization of enzymesImmobilization of enzymes
Immobilization of enzymeskamblesai2611
 
Application of rDNA technology to produce Interferon, Hepatitis-B Vaccine & I...
Application of rDNA technology to produce Interferon, Hepatitis-B Vaccine & I...Application of rDNA technology to produce Interferon, Hepatitis-B Vaccine & I...
Application of rDNA technology to produce Interferon, Hepatitis-B Vaccine & I...Pulipati Sowjanya
 
Biosensors and it’s application
Biosensors and it’s applicationBiosensors and it’s application
Biosensors and it’s applicationJoy Karmakar
 
Enzymes & their Production
Enzymes & their ProductionEnzymes & their Production
Enzymes & their ProductionMayur D. Chauhan
 
PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CELLS (HORMONES AND I...
PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CELLS (HORMONES AND I...PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CELLS (HORMONES AND I...
PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CELLS (HORMONES AND I...Prabhu Thirusangu
 
Protein engineering
Protein engineeringProtein engineering
Protein engineeringAdarsh Patil
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Production of enzymes
Production of enzymesProduction of enzymes
Production of enzymes
 
Protein engineering
Protein engineeringProtein engineering
Protein engineering
 
Hybridoma Technology
Hybridoma TechnologyHybridoma Technology
Hybridoma Technology
 
Protein engineering
Protein engineeringProtein engineering
Protein engineering
 
Microbial Biotransformation
Microbial BiotransformationMicrobial Biotransformation
Microbial Biotransformation
 
Citric Acid Production
Citric Acid ProductionCitric Acid Production
Citric Acid Production
 
Fermentation technology
Fermentation technology Fermentation technology
Fermentation technology
 
Upstream and down stream process
Upstream and down stream processUpstream and down stream process
Upstream and down stream process
 
Biosensor
BiosensorBiosensor
Biosensor
 
Enzyme Immobilization and Applications
Enzyme Immobilization and ApplicationsEnzyme Immobilization and Applications
Enzyme Immobilization and Applications
 
Fermentor
Fermentor   Fermentor
Fermentor
 
amylases enzymes production
amylases enzymes productionamylases enzymes production
amylases enzymes production
 
enzyme immobilization
enzyme immobilizationenzyme immobilization
enzyme immobilization
 
Immobilization of enzymes
Immobilization of enzymesImmobilization of enzymes
Immobilization of enzymes
 
Application of rDNA technology to produce Interferon, Hepatitis-B Vaccine & I...
Application of rDNA technology to produce Interferon, Hepatitis-B Vaccine & I...Application of rDNA technology to produce Interferon, Hepatitis-B Vaccine & I...
Application of rDNA technology to produce Interferon, Hepatitis-B Vaccine & I...
 
Biosensors and it’s application
Biosensors and it’s applicationBiosensors and it’s application
Biosensors and it’s application
 
Enzymes & their Production
Enzymes & their ProductionEnzymes & their Production
Enzymes & their Production
 
PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CELLS (HORMONES AND I...
PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CELLS (HORMONES AND I...PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CELLS (HORMONES AND I...
PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CELLS (HORMONES AND I...
 
Protein engineering
Protein engineeringProtein engineering
Protein engineering
 
Cloning vectors
Cloning vectorsCloning vectors
Cloning vectors
 

Similar a Biosensors (20)

Biosensors.pptx
Biosensors.pptxBiosensors.pptx
Biosensors.pptx
 
Biosensors.pdf
Biosensors.pdfBiosensors.pdf
Biosensors.pdf
 
Biosensors
BiosensorsBiosensors
Biosensors
 
Biosensor
Biosensor Biosensor
Biosensor
 
Biosensors ppt
Biosensors pptBiosensors ppt
Biosensors ppt
 
Biosensor
BiosensorBiosensor
Biosensor
 
Biosensors and its applications
Biosensors and its applicationsBiosensors and its applications
Biosensors and its applications
 
Enzyme based Biosensors
Enzyme based  Biosensors Enzyme based  Biosensors
Enzyme based Biosensors
 
BIOSENORS.pptx
BIOSENORS.pptxBIOSENORS.pptx
BIOSENORS.pptx
 
Biosensor .pptx
Biosensor .pptxBiosensor .pptx
Biosensor .pptx
 
BIOSENSOR.pptx
BIOSENSOR.pptxBIOSENSOR.pptx
BIOSENSOR.pptx
 
biosensors.pptx
biosensors.pptxbiosensors.pptx
biosensors.pptx
 
Biosensors in diagnostic purpose
Biosensors in diagnostic purposeBiosensors in diagnostic purpose
Biosensors in diagnostic purpose
 
Biosensor ppt
Biosensor pptBiosensor ppt
Biosensor ppt
 
Biosensors An analytical Device
Biosensors An analytical Device Biosensors An analytical Device
Biosensors An analytical Device
 
Biosensor by Syekat
Biosensor by SyekatBiosensor by Syekat
Biosensor by Syekat
 
BIOSENSOR .pptx
BIOSENSOR .pptxBIOSENSOR .pptx
BIOSENSOR .pptx
 
Biosensors ppt
Biosensors pptBiosensors ppt
Biosensors ppt
 
nanobiosensor and its application
nanobiosensor and  its applicationnanobiosensor and  its application
nanobiosensor and its application
 
biosensor and its utilization in environment
biosensor and its utilization in environmentbiosensor and its utilization in environment
biosensor and its utilization in environment
 

Más de Hasnat Tariq

Bacteria and cancer
Bacteria and cancerBacteria and cancer
Bacteria and cancerHasnat Tariq
 
TAPPING THE RNA WORLD FOR THERAPEUTICS
TAPPING THE RNA WORLD FOR THERAPEUTICSTAPPING THE RNA WORLD FOR THERAPEUTICS
TAPPING THE RNA WORLD FOR THERAPEUTICSHasnat Tariq
 
Anticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid models
Anticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid modelsAnticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid models
Anticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid modelsHasnat Tariq
 
Intraoperative bioprinting
Intraoperative bioprintingIntraoperative bioprinting
Intraoperative bioprintingHasnat Tariq
 
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer Treatment
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentNanotechnology and its Application in Cancer Treatment
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
 
Chemicals used in pcr
Chemicals used in pcrChemicals used in pcr
Chemicals used in pcrHasnat Tariq
 
Introduction to stem cells
Introduction to stem cellsIntroduction to stem cells
Introduction to stem cellsHasnat Tariq
 
Carbohydrates and their classification
Carbohydrates and their classificationCarbohydrates and their classification
Carbohydrates and their classificationHasnat Tariq
 
Cancer Immunotherapy
Cancer ImmunotherapyCancer Immunotherapy
Cancer ImmunotherapyHasnat Tariq
 
Transgenic animal technology ppt
Transgenic animal technology pptTransgenic animal technology ppt
Transgenic animal technology pptHasnat Tariq
 
Bacterial genetics
Bacterial genetics Bacterial genetics
Bacterial genetics Hasnat Tariq
 
Introduction to computer
Introduction to computerIntroduction to computer
Introduction to computerHasnat Tariq
 
Effect of lead on plants and animals
Effect of lead on plants and animals Effect of lead on plants and animals
Effect of lead on plants and animals Hasnat Tariq
 
Telomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and aging
Telomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and agingTelomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and aging
Telomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and agingHasnat Tariq
 

Más de Hasnat Tariq (18)

Bacteria and cancer
Bacteria and cancerBacteria and cancer
Bacteria and cancer
 
TAPPING THE RNA WORLD FOR THERAPEUTICS
TAPPING THE RNA WORLD FOR THERAPEUTICSTAPPING THE RNA WORLD FOR THERAPEUTICS
TAPPING THE RNA WORLD FOR THERAPEUTICS
 
Anticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid models
Anticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid modelsAnticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid models
Anticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid models
 
Intraoperative bioprinting
Intraoperative bioprintingIntraoperative bioprinting
Intraoperative bioprinting
 
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer Treatment
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentNanotechnology and its Application in Cancer Treatment
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer Treatment
 
Chemicals used in pcr
Chemicals used in pcrChemicals used in pcr
Chemicals used in pcr
 
Vaccines
VaccinesVaccines
Vaccines
 
Introduction to stem cells
Introduction to stem cellsIntroduction to stem cells
Introduction to stem cells
 
Carbohydrates and their classification
Carbohydrates and their classificationCarbohydrates and their classification
Carbohydrates and their classification
 
Crispr cas9
Crispr cas9Crispr cas9
Crispr cas9
 
Cancer Immunotherapy
Cancer ImmunotherapyCancer Immunotherapy
Cancer Immunotherapy
 
Transcription
Transcription Transcription
Transcription
 
Transgenic animal technology ppt
Transgenic animal technology pptTransgenic animal technology ppt
Transgenic animal technology ppt
 
Bacterial genetics
Bacterial genetics Bacterial genetics
Bacterial genetics
 
Introduction to computer
Introduction to computerIntroduction to computer
Introduction to computer
 
Effect of lead on plants and animals
Effect of lead on plants and animals Effect of lead on plants and animals
Effect of lead on plants and animals
 
Ultrafiltration
UltrafiltrationUltrafiltration
Ultrafiltration
 
Telomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and aging
Telomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and agingTelomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and aging
Telomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and aging
 

Último

Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptxRole of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptxVaishnaviAware
 
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentControlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentRahulVishwakarma71547
 
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रKrishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रKrashi Coaching
 
Applied Biochemistry feedback_M Ahwad 2023.docx
Applied Biochemistry feedback_M Ahwad 2023.docxApplied Biochemistry feedback_M Ahwad 2023.docx
Applied Biochemistry feedback_M Ahwad 2023.docxmarwaahmad357
 
Lehninger_Chapter 17_Fatty acid Oxid.ppt
Lehninger_Chapter 17_Fatty acid Oxid.pptLehninger_Chapter 17_Fatty acid Oxid.ppt
Lehninger_Chapter 17_Fatty acid Oxid.pptSachin Teotia
 
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...Sérgio Sacani
 
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPRPests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPRPirithiRaju
 
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery SystemsM.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery SystemsSumathi Arumugam
 
Alternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabus
Alternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabusAlternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabus
Alternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabusPradnya Wadekar
 
Q3W4part1-SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSCI.pptx
Q3W4part1-SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSCI.pptxQ3W4part1-SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSCI.pptx
Q3W4part1-SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSCI.pptxArdeniel
 
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky WayShiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky WaySérgio Sacani
 
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsgeometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsHassan Jolany
 
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENTMARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENTjipexe1248
 
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPirithiRaju
 
MARSILEA notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
MARSILEA  notes in detail for II year Botany.pptMARSILEA  notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
MARSILEA notes in detail for II year Botany.pptaigil2
 
Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & Research
Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & ResearchExploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & Research
Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & ResearchPrachya Adhyayan
 
Physics Serway Jewett 6th edition for Scientists and Engineers
Physics Serway Jewett 6th edition for Scientists and EngineersPhysics Serway Jewett 6th edition for Scientists and Engineers
Physics Serway Jewett 6th edition for Scientists and EngineersAndreaLucarelli
 
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptxTHE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptxAkinrotimiOluwadunsi
 
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxCW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxmarwaahmad357
 

Último (20)

Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptxRole of herbs in hair care  Amla and  heena.pptx
Role of herbs in hair care Amla and heena.pptx
 
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentControlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
 
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्रKrishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
Krishi Vigyan Kendras - कृषि विज्ञान केंद्र
 
Applied Biochemistry feedback_M Ahwad 2023.docx
Applied Biochemistry feedback_M Ahwad 2023.docxApplied Biochemistry feedback_M Ahwad 2023.docx
Applied Biochemistry feedback_M Ahwad 2023.docx
 
Lehninger_Chapter 17_Fatty acid Oxid.ppt
Lehninger_Chapter 17_Fatty acid Oxid.pptLehninger_Chapter 17_Fatty acid Oxid.ppt
Lehninger_Chapter 17_Fatty acid Oxid.ppt
 
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms...
 
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPRPests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
 
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery SystemsM.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
 
Alternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabus
Alternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabusAlternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabus
Alternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabus
 
Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analyt...
Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analyt...Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analyt...
Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analyt...
 
Q3W4part1-SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSCI.pptx
Q3W4part1-SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSCI.pptxQ3W4part1-SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSCI.pptx
Q3W4part1-SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSCI.pptx
 
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky WayShiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way
 
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsgeometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
 
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENTMARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
 
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
 
MARSILEA notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
MARSILEA  notes in detail for II year Botany.pptMARSILEA  notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
MARSILEA notes in detail for II year Botany.ppt
 
Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & Research
Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & ResearchExploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & Research
Exploration Method’s in Archaeological Studies & Research
 
Physics Serway Jewett 6th edition for Scientists and Engineers
Physics Serway Jewett 6th edition for Scientists and EngineersPhysics Serway Jewett 6th edition for Scientists and Engineers
Physics Serway Jewett 6th edition for Scientists and Engineers
 
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptxTHE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2024.pptx
 
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docxCW  marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
CW marking grid Analytical BS - M Ahmad.docx
 

Biosensors

  • 2. CONTENTS  INTRODUCTION  MAIN COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR  WORKING PRINCIPLE  FEATURES OF A BIOSENSOR  TYPES OF BIOSENSOR  APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSOR  NANOBIOSENSORS  EXAMPLE OF NANOBIOSENSOR  LAB ON A CHIP  APPLICATIONS OF LAB ON A CHIP  EXAMPLE OF BIOSENSORS WITH THEIR WORKING  FUTURE OF BIOSENSORS 2
  • 3. INTRODUCTION • A biosensor is an analytical device containing an immobilized biological material (enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle or whole cell) which can specifically interact with an analyte and produce physical, chemical or electrical signals that can be measured. An analyte is a compound (e.g. glucose, urea, drug, pesticide) whose concentration has to be measured. 3
  • 4. MAIN COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR • Sensor • Transducer • Amplifier • Processor • Display unit 4
  • 5. • Sensor It is a sensitive biological element (biological material (eg. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc). • Transducer Transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another form. In biosensors transducers convert the biochemical activity into electrical energy. 5
  • 6. 6
  • 7. WORKING PRINCIPLE • Biosensors are operated based on the principle of signal transduction. • Bioreceptor, is allowed to interact with a specific analyte. The transducer measures this interaction and outputs a signal. The intensity of the signal output is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The signal is then amplified and processed by the electronic system. 7
  • 8. FEATURES OF A BIOSENSOR a) It should be highly specific for the analyte. b) The reaction used should be independent of manageable factors like pH, temperature, stirring, etc. c) The response should be linear over a useful range of analyte concentrations. d) The device should be tiny and bio-compatible. e) The device should be cheap, small, easy to use and capable of repeated use. 8
  • 9. TYPES OF BIOSENSOR 1. Calorimetric Biosensors 2. Potentiometric Biosensors 3. Acoustic Wave Biosensors 4. Amperometric Biosensors 5. Optical Biosensors 9
  • 10. 1. Calorimetric Biosensor Many enzyme catalysed reactions are exothermic, generating heat which may be used as a basis for measuring the rate of reaction and, hence, the analyte concentration. The analyte solution is passed through a small packed bed column containing immobilized enzyme; the temperature of the solution is determined just before entry of the solution into the column and just as it is leaving the column using separate thermistors. An example is the use of glucose oxidase for determination of glucose. 10
  • 11. 2. Potentiometric Biosensors These biosensors use ion-selective electrodes to convert the biological reaction into electronic signal. Many reactions generate or use H+ which is detected and measured by the biosensor. Urea Biosensor is an example of these biosensors. 11
  • 12. 3. Acoustic Wave Biosensors (Piezoelectric Biosensors) Acoustic sensors use piezoelectric materials, typically quartz crystals, in order to generate acoustic waves. Their surface is usually coated with antibodies which bind to the complementary antigen present in the sample solution. This leads to increased mass which reduces their vibrational frequency; this change is used to determine the amount of antigen present in the sample solution. 12
  • 13. 4. Amperometric Biosensors Amperometric biosensors function by the production of a current when a potential is applied between two electrodes. The magnitude of current being proportional to the substrate concentration. These biosensors are used to measure redox reactions. 13
  • 14. 5. Optical Biosensors These involve determining changes in light absorption between the reactants and products of a reaction, or measuring the light output by a luminescent process. A most promising biosensor involving luminescence uses firefly enzyme luciferase for detection of bacteria in food or clinical samples. 14
  • 15. APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSOR • Food analysis • Study of Biomolecules and their interactions • Drug development • Crime detection • Medical diagnosis • Environmental field monitoring 15 • Industrial process control • Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement of organs • Monitoring glucose level in diabetes patients • Protein engineering • Wastewater treatment • Agriculture industry
  • 16. • Biosensors in Food Industry Biosensors are used for the detection of pathogens in food. Presence of Escherichia coli in vegetables, is a bioindicator of faecal contamination in food. E. coli has been measured by detecting variation in pH caused by ammonia (produced by urease–E. coli antibody conjugate) using potentiometric alternating biosensing systems. Enzymatic biosensors are also employed in the dairy industry. 16
  • 17. • Biosensors in Medical field Glucose biosensors are widely used in clinical applications for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A novel biosensor, based on hafnium oxide (HfO2), has been used for early stage detection of human interleukin. These are also used for detection of cardiovascular diseases. 17
  • 18. • Biosensors in Drug Discovery and Drug Analysis Enzyme‐based biosensors can be applied in the pharmaceutical industry for monitoring chemical parameters in the production process (in bioreactors). Affinity biosensors are suitable for high‐throughput screening of bioprocess‐produced antibodies and for drug screening. Oligonucleotide‐immobilized biosensors for interactions studies between a surface linked DNA and the target drug or for hybridisation studies. 18
  • 19. • Role of Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring The biosensors find wide application for measurement, estimation and control of water, air and soil contaminants. Determination of the pesticides can be made by potentiometric biosensor. Amperometric basic sensor can be used for analyses of water pollution from herbicide. Concentration of ammonia can be defined with microbe biosensor with cells of type Nitrosomonas sp. 19
  • 20. • Epigenetics Photonic biosensors have been developed, which can detect tumor cell in a urine sample to an ultra-sensitivity level . Epigenetic modifications are detected after exploitation of integrated optical resonators (e.g., post-translational modifications in histone and DNA methylation) using body fluids of patients suffering from cancer or other ailments. 20
  • 21. NANOBIOSENSORS • Advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of nanoscale biosensors that have exquisite sensitivity and versatility. • The ultimate goal of nanobiosensors is to detect any biochemical and biophysical signal associated with a specific disease at the level of a single molecule or cell. • They can be integrated into other technologies such as lab-on-a- chip to facilitate molecular diagnostics. • Their applications include detection of microorganisms in various samples, monitoring of metabolites in body fluids and detection of tissue pathology such as cancer. 21
  • 22. 22
  • 23. Advantages of Nanobiosensor  Enhanced sensitivity  Reduced instrumentation size  Improved Speed and specificity in biodiagnostics.  Low cost  Reduction in sensor size provides great versatility for incorporation into multiplexed, transportable, wearable, and even implantable medical devices. 23
  • 24. Disadvantage of Nanobiosensor  The major problem is that the biomolecule is turned into a colloid by attaching it to a nanocrystal. Because colloids have very different ‘solubility’ from biomolecules, there is always a tendency for coagulation within biological media. 24
  • 25. EXAMPLE OF NANOBIOSENSOR • Nanowire Biosensors Major sensing components are made of nanowires coated by biological molecules such as DNA molecules, polypeptides, fibrin proteins, and filamentous bacteriophages. The nanomaterials transduce the chemical binding event on their surface into a change in conductance of the nanowire in an extremely sensitive, real time and quantitative fashion. 25
  • 26. LAB ON A CHIP • A lab on a chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or several laboratory fucntions on a single chip of only few millimeters to a few square centimeters in size. • Basically, LOC integrate microfluidics, nanosensors, microelectrics, biochemistry and electronic components on the same chip. 26
  • 27. APPLICATIONS OF LAB ON A CHIP • Concentration gradient generator • Electrophoretic separator • Microbio-reactor •PCR chip for DNA amplification • Quantitative DNA sensor chip (capable of detecting single- pair mismatch) • Flow cytometer Lab-on-a-Chip 27 • Immunoassay Lab-on-a- Chipforbacteria(e.g., E.coli, H. pylori) detection • Real-Time PCR detection chips (fordetecting E. coli, cancers, etc) • Blood sample preparation Lab-on- a-Chip • Cellular analysis Lab-on-a-Chip • Microarrays“(Biochips) DNA microarrays, Protein microarrays
  • 28. 28
  • 29. Use of LOC In HIV detection • 40 million people are infected with HIV.. • 1.3 million of these people receive anti-retroviral treatment. Around 90% of people with HIV have never been tested for the disease. • Measuring the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in a person’s blood is an accurate way to determine if a person has HIV. • At the moment, flow cytometry is the gold standard for obtaining CD4 counts • Recently such a cytometer was developed for just $5. • In such devices it is possible to quickly diagnose and potentially treat diseases. 29
  • 30. Use of LOC for Plant Studies • Lab-on-a-chip devices could be used to characterize pollen tube guidance. • Specifically, plant on a chip is a miniaturized device in which pollen tissues and ovules could be incubated for plant sciences studies. 30
  • 31. 31
  • 33. FUTURE OF BIOSENSORS • Biosensor Technology Will Detect—and Potentially Prevent—Illness • Biosensor Technology is on the Verge of Changing how Diabetics Monitor Their Glucose Levels • Biosensor Technology Could Put an End to Drunk Driving • Greater use of nanotechnology and microfluidics (LAB N A CHIP) • Intelligent control of medication delivery • Greater use of home-based monitoring and treatment 33
  • 34. 34
  • 35. 35