SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 46
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Mycobecterium
Miss Hina Asif
Hassaan Bin Nasir
Mustaqeem
Pooja Ropeta
Acid Fast
It is the differential staining
techniques which was first
developed by Ziehl and later on
modified by Neelsen. So this
method is also called Ziehl-
Neelsen staining techniques.
History of Acid Fast Staining
• In 1882 ROBERT KOCH reported the
discovery of the tubercle bacillus and
described the appearance of the bacilli
resulting from a complex staining
procedure.
• During the same time period several
other researchers (Ehrlich, Ziehl,
Rindfleisch, and Neelsen), intending to
improve on Koch’s method, introduced
modifications to the reagents and the
procedure.
• Franz Ziehl was the first to use carbolic
acid (phenol) as the mordant. Friedrich
Neelsen kept Ziehl’s mordant, but changed
the primary stain to the basic fuchsin .
• This method became known as the Ziehl-
Neelsen method in the early to mid 1890s.
•
• Acid fast organisms like Mycobacterium
contain large amounts of lipid substances
within their cell walls called mycolic acids.
These acids resist staining by ordinary
methods such as a Gram stain.
– It can also be used to stain a few other bacteria, such as
Nocardia.
LIPID RICH CELL
WALL
• The stains used are the red colored Carbol
fuchsin that stains the bacteria and a
counter stain like Methylene blue or
Malachite green.
Procedure
ACID FAST STAINING
Basic Requirements
Carbolfuchsin (Red)
Acid Alcohol
Counterstain with
Methylene Blue
Acid - Fast Cells – Red
Non Acid – Fast – Blue
Acid-fast Stain Reaction Explained
• Primary stain: The hot pink appearance of Acid-fast cells is
caused by Carbol fuchsin, the primary (first) stain, which is
driven into acid-fast cells using the heat from a water bath.
– Carbol Fuchsin is a lipid soluble, phenolic compound,
which is able to penetrate the cell wall
• Secondary stain (counterstain): The methylene
blue counterstain imparts Blue color to the
colorless nonacid-fast bacteria, but doesn't
change the color of acid-fast cells.​
Application of Primary Stain
• 1. Carbol fuchsin primary stain of acid-fat stain;
2. Carbol fuchsin being applied to slide that had
been prepared with acid-fast controls and an
unknown bacteria. Blotting paper has been put
on top of the slide. Then the blotting paper is
saturated with stain and heated over water bath;
3. Clothes pins are useful for handling the slide;
4. Blotting paper is discarded and slide is rinsed.
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes
Application of Decolorizer
• 1. Acid alcohol decolorizer for acid-fast stain; 2. Drizzle decolorizer down slide
for 10 - 15 seconds, while watching to see that stain is removed from negative
control; 3. Rinse
Application of Counterstain:
• 1. Secondary stain (counterstain), crystal violet;
• 2. Crystal violet is applied to slide and left for
one minute;
• 3. Rinse; 4. Stained acid fast slide,
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes
Observation
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes
Mycobacterium
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinobacteria
Order: Actinomycetales
Suborder: Corynebacterineae
Family: Mycobacteriaceae
Genus: Mycobacterium
Species: M.tuberculosis
MYCOBACTERIUM-INTRODUCTION
• Mycobacteria are aerobic, Rod shaped and nonmotile bacteria (except
for Mycobacterium marinum, which shows motile within macrophages
• Cell wall –rich in lipids
• Very slow growing (15-20 Hr)
• They do not have capsules, and most do not form endospores.
• are characteristically acid fast.
Cell wall
• The distinguishing characteristic of
all Mycobacterium species is that the cell wall is thicker
than in many other bacteria, being hydrophobic, waxy,
and rich in mycolic acids or mycolates.
• contains a polypeptide layer, a peptidoglycan layer, and
free lipids.
• There are porins in the membrane to facilitate transport.
• Beneath the cell wall, there are layers of arabinogalactan
and peptidoglycan that lie just above the plasma
membrane.
Mycobacterial cell wall:
1-outer lipids, 2-mycolic acid, 3-polysaccharides (arabinogalactan),
4-peptidoglycan, 5-plasma membrane, 6-lipoarabinomannan (LAM),
7-phosphatidylinositol mannoside, 8-cell wall skeleton`
The high concentration of lipids in the cell wall of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis have been associated with these properties of the bacterium:
• Impermeability to stains and dyes
• Resistance to many antibiotics
• Resistance to killing by acidic and alkaline compounds
• Resistance to osmotic lysis via complement deposition
• Resistance to lethal oxidations and survival inside of
macrophages
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex
• M. tuberculosis
• M. bovis (subsp. bovis and caprae)
• vaccine strain M. bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin)
• M. africanum
• M. canettii
• M. microti
• M. pinnipedii
These species are, with the exception of M. bovis BCG, considered to cause
tuberculosis (TB) in humans and animals. Despite their close genetic similarity,
these organisms differ considerably with regard to epidemiology, pathogenicity
and their host spectrum.
Habitate
• Mycobacteria are widespread organisms,
typically living in water (including tap
water treated with chlorine) and food
sources. Some, however, including the
tuberculosis and the leprosy organisms,
appear to be obligate parasites and are not
found as free-living members of the genus.
Myobacterium Division
• A natural division occurs between slowly– and rapidly–
growing species.
– Mycobacteria that form colonies clearly visible to the
naked eye within seven days on subculture are termed
rapid growers,
– - while those requiring longer periods are termed slow
growers
• Two media are used to grow MTB
1- Middlebrook's medium
-which is an agar based medium and
2- Lowenstein-Jensen medium which is an
egg based medium.
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes
“Tuberculosis is defined as an infectious disease
caused by a bacterium; that most commonly
affects the lungs.”
It can also be a crippling and deadly disease, and
is on the rise in both developed and developing
worlds. Globally, it is the leading cause of deaths
resulting from a single infectious disease.
 Currently, it kills “three million people” a year
and could claim up to 30 million lives if not
controlled.
What is Tuberculosis?
Types of Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium which is carried by humans.
Mycobacterium T.B. can present it self in the
human body in different forms effecting any
where from “the intestines, bones, joints, skin,
and the genito urinary, lymphatic, and nervous
systems.”
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes
The primary stage of the disease may
be symptom-free, or the individual may
experience a flu-like illness. This is
called the “inactive stage.”
Within the active stage of the disease,
there might be a slight fever, night
sweats, weight loss, fatigue.
The symptoms may vary depending
on what type of tuberculosis you
contract.
Symptoms of Tuberculosis
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes
PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS
INTRODUCTION
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious
disease that mainly affect the lungs
parenchyma.
TB is a contagious bacterial (M. tuberculosis)
infection that mainly affects the lungs
parenchyma, but may spread to other organs.
TB is an ancient disease. Signs of skeletal TB
(pott disease) were evident in Europe from
Neolithic times, ancient Egypt, and in the pre-
Columbian New World.
Physicians in ancient Greece called this illness
as “phthisis” reflecting its wasting character.
TB has remained an enemy of human society for all age.
TB is not only a problem for the person suffering from it
or their families but a public health problem of the entire
world.
TB spread from person to person by airborne transmission.
Infected person release droplet nuclei (1-5 micro meter in
diameter) through,
Talking
Coughing
Sneezing
Laughing
Singing
If not treated properly, TB can be fatal.
Clinical presentation of
Pulmonary TB
• Chronic cough
• Weight loss
• Pyrexia of unknown origin
• Unresolved pneumonia
• Chest pain
• fatigue
SIGNIFICANT LAB TEST
Tuberculin skin test:
Injecting a small amount of protein from
tuberculosis bacteria between the derived
layer of the skin (usually forearm).
Sputum examination and Cultures;
Is examined under a microscope to look for
tuberculosis bacteria and used to grow the
bacteria in a culture.
Interferon-gamma Blood test;
A simple blood is mixed with synthetic proteins
similar to those produced by the tuberculosis
bacteria.
If people are infected with tuberculosis
bacteria, their white blood cells produce certain
substances (interferons) in response to the
synthetic proteins.
SIGNIFICANT LAB TEST
IMAGING CONSIDERATION
Chest CT Scan
Chest X-ray
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes
Treatment
Anti TB drugs:
Duration 9 months:
Isoniazid along with pyridoxine (vit B6)
Rifampicin
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide
Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Pathogenesis of tuberculosis
Pathogenesis of tuberculosis Pathogenesis of tuberculosis
Pathogenesis of tuberculosis
 
Culture media
Culture media Culture media
Culture media
 
Bacterial growth curves
Bacterial growth curvesBacterial growth curves
Bacterial growth curves
 
Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests
Antibiotic Sensitivity TestsAntibiotic Sensitivity Tests
Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests
 
Microbiology of HIV VIRUSES
Microbiology of HIV VIRUSESMicrobiology of HIV VIRUSES
Microbiology of HIV VIRUSES
 
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis
 
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Antimicrobial susceptibility testingAntimicrobial susceptibility testing
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium  tuberculosisMycobacterium  tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 
SDA culture media
SDA culture media SDA culture media
SDA culture media
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 
Tuberculosis
TuberculosisTuberculosis
Tuberculosis
 
Types of culture media
Types of culture mediaTypes of culture media
Types of culture media
 
Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis
 
antibiotic susceptibility testing
antibiotic susceptibility testingantibiotic susceptibility testing
antibiotic susceptibility testing
 
Medical Microbiology - Mycology
Medical Microbiology - MycologyMedical Microbiology - Mycology
Medical Microbiology - Mycology
 
Staphylococci
StaphylococciStaphylococci
Staphylococci
 
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing – disk diffusion methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing – disk diffusion methodsAntimicrobial susceptibility testing – disk diffusion methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing – disk diffusion methods
 
Gram stain
 Gram stain  Gram stain
Gram stain
 
Tb path & pathogenesis
Tb path & pathogenesisTb path & pathogenesis
Tb path & pathogenesis
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 

Similar a Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes

Tuberculosis - Diagnosis and Treatment
Tuberculosis - Diagnosis and TreatmentTuberculosis - Diagnosis and Treatment
Tuberculosis - Diagnosis and TreatmentMayur D. Chauhan
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosisDr. Mukta Sharma
 
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...imam univarsity , college of medicine .
 
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahMycobacterium Tuberculosis by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
 
Part- 1. Pathophysiology of TB and 1st and 2nd line AKT, DR. Kiran G. Piparva...
Part- 1. Pathophysiology of TB and 1st and 2nd line AKT, DR. Kiran G. Piparva...Part- 1. Pathophysiology of TB and 1st and 2nd line AKT, DR. Kiran G. Piparva...
Part- 1. Pathophysiology of TB and 1st and 2nd line AKT, DR. Kiran G. Piparva...DrKGPiparvaPharmalec
 
mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosismycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosisMrsP6
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosisAwaaz Batazoo
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TBMycobacterium tuberculosis-TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TBSelvajeyanthi S
 
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,sana sana
 
Microbiology
MicrobiologyMicrobiology
MicrobiologyGie21
 
Basic microbiology aid nurses
Basic microbiology aid nursesBasic microbiology aid nurses
Basic microbiology aid nursesRUBINAAKBAR1
 
Pathogenicity of bacteria
Pathogenicity of bacteriaPathogenicity of bacteria
Pathogenicity of bacteriassuser33be23
 

Similar a Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes (20)

Tuberculosis - Diagnosis and Treatment
Tuberculosis - Diagnosis and TreatmentTuberculosis - Diagnosis and Treatment
Tuberculosis - Diagnosis and Treatment
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...
 
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahMycobacterium Tuberculosis by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
 
Part- 1. Pathophysiology of TB and 1st and 2nd line AKT, DR. Kiran G. Piparva...
Part- 1. Pathophysiology of TB and 1st and 2nd line AKT, DR. Kiran G. Piparva...Part- 1. Pathophysiology of TB and 1st and 2nd line AKT, DR. Kiran G. Piparva...
Part- 1. Pathophysiology of TB and 1st and 2nd line AKT, DR. Kiran G. Piparva...
 
Mycobacterium
MycobacteriumMycobacterium
Mycobacterium
 
Mycobacteria
MycobacteriaMycobacteria
Mycobacteria
 
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
 
Mycobacteria.pptx
Mycobacteria.pptxMycobacteria.pptx
Mycobacteria.pptx
 
mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosismycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
 
Tuberculosis
TuberculosisTuberculosis
Tuberculosis
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TBMycobacterium tuberculosis-TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TB
 
Mycobacterium
MycobacteriumMycobacterium
Mycobacterium
 
Mycobacterium
MycobacteriumMycobacterium
Mycobacterium
 
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,
 
Microbiology
MicrobiologyMicrobiology
Microbiology
 
Tuberculosis mimics
Tuberculosis mimicsTuberculosis mimics
Tuberculosis mimics
 
Basic microbiology aid nurses
Basic microbiology aid nursesBasic microbiology aid nurses
Basic microbiology aid nurses
 
Pathogenicity of bacteria
Pathogenicity of bacteriaPathogenicity of bacteria
Pathogenicity of bacteria
 

Último

MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptxORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptxNIKITA BHUTE
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...Shubhanshu Gaurav
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptPradnya Wadekar
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets barmohitRahangdale
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismusChandrasekar Reddy
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondSujoy Dasgupta
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE Mamatha Lakka
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communicationskatiequigley33
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024EwoutSteyerberg1
 

Último (20)

MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
How to master Steroid (glucocorticoids) prescription, different scenarios, ca...
 
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
 
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptxORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
 
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
FDMA FLAP - The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap is used mainly for...
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
 
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and BeyondMale Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
Male Infertility, Antioxidants and Beyond
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
 
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
 

Acid fast bacillus - Myobecterium Tuberculaes

  • 2. Miss Hina Asif Hassaan Bin Nasir Mustaqeem Pooja Ropeta
  • 3. Acid Fast It is the differential staining techniques which was first developed by Ziehl and later on modified by Neelsen. So this method is also called Ziehl- Neelsen staining techniques.
  • 4. History of Acid Fast Staining • In 1882 ROBERT KOCH reported the discovery of the tubercle bacillus and described the appearance of the bacilli resulting from a complex staining procedure. • During the same time period several other researchers (Ehrlich, Ziehl, Rindfleisch, and Neelsen), intending to improve on Koch’s method, introduced modifications to the reagents and the procedure.
  • 5. • Franz Ziehl was the first to use carbolic acid (phenol) as the mordant. Friedrich Neelsen kept Ziehl’s mordant, but changed the primary stain to the basic fuchsin . • This method became known as the Ziehl- Neelsen method in the early to mid 1890s. •
  • 6. • Acid fast organisms like Mycobacterium contain large amounts of lipid substances within their cell walls called mycolic acids. These acids resist staining by ordinary methods such as a Gram stain. – It can also be used to stain a few other bacteria, such as Nocardia.
  • 8. • The stains used are the red colored Carbol fuchsin that stains the bacteria and a counter stain like Methylene blue or Malachite green.
  • 10. Basic Requirements Carbolfuchsin (Red) Acid Alcohol Counterstain with Methylene Blue Acid - Fast Cells – Red Non Acid – Fast – Blue
  • 11. Acid-fast Stain Reaction Explained • Primary stain: The hot pink appearance of Acid-fast cells is caused by Carbol fuchsin, the primary (first) stain, which is driven into acid-fast cells using the heat from a water bath. – Carbol Fuchsin is a lipid soluble, phenolic compound, which is able to penetrate the cell wall
  • 12. • Secondary stain (counterstain): The methylene blue counterstain imparts Blue color to the colorless nonacid-fast bacteria, but doesn't change the color of acid-fast cells.​
  • 13. Application of Primary Stain • 1. Carbol fuchsin primary stain of acid-fat stain; 2. Carbol fuchsin being applied to slide that had been prepared with acid-fast controls and an unknown bacteria. Blotting paper has been put on top of the slide. Then the blotting paper is saturated with stain and heated over water bath; 3. Clothes pins are useful for handling the slide; 4. Blotting paper is discarded and slide is rinsed.
  • 15. Application of Decolorizer • 1. Acid alcohol decolorizer for acid-fast stain; 2. Drizzle decolorizer down slide for 10 - 15 seconds, while watching to see that stain is removed from negative control; 3. Rinse
  • 16. Application of Counterstain: • 1. Secondary stain (counterstain), crystal violet; • 2. Crystal violet is applied to slide and left for one minute; • 3. Rinse; 4. Stained acid fast slide,
  • 20. Mycobacterium Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Suborder: Corynebacterineae Family: Mycobacteriaceae Genus: Mycobacterium Species: M.tuberculosis
  • 21. MYCOBACTERIUM-INTRODUCTION • Mycobacteria are aerobic, Rod shaped and nonmotile bacteria (except for Mycobacterium marinum, which shows motile within macrophages • Cell wall –rich in lipids • Very slow growing (15-20 Hr) • They do not have capsules, and most do not form endospores. • are characteristically acid fast.
  • 22. Cell wall • The distinguishing characteristic of all Mycobacterium species is that the cell wall is thicker than in many other bacteria, being hydrophobic, waxy, and rich in mycolic acids or mycolates. • contains a polypeptide layer, a peptidoglycan layer, and free lipids. • There are porins in the membrane to facilitate transport. • Beneath the cell wall, there are layers of arabinogalactan and peptidoglycan that lie just above the plasma membrane.
  • 23. Mycobacterial cell wall: 1-outer lipids, 2-mycolic acid, 3-polysaccharides (arabinogalactan), 4-peptidoglycan, 5-plasma membrane, 6-lipoarabinomannan (LAM), 7-phosphatidylinositol mannoside, 8-cell wall skeleton`
  • 24. The high concentration of lipids in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been associated with these properties of the bacterium: • Impermeability to stains and dyes • Resistance to many antibiotics • Resistance to killing by acidic and alkaline compounds • Resistance to osmotic lysis via complement deposition • Resistance to lethal oxidations and survival inside of macrophages
  • 26. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex • M. tuberculosis • M. bovis (subsp. bovis and caprae) • vaccine strain M. bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) • M. africanum • M. canettii • M. microti • M. pinnipedii These species are, with the exception of M. bovis BCG, considered to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans and animals. Despite their close genetic similarity, these organisms differ considerably with regard to epidemiology, pathogenicity and their host spectrum.
  • 27. Habitate • Mycobacteria are widespread organisms, typically living in water (including tap water treated with chlorine) and food sources. Some, however, including the tuberculosis and the leprosy organisms, appear to be obligate parasites and are not found as free-living members of the genus.
  • 28. Myobacterium Division • A natural division occurs between slowly– and rapidly– growing species. – Mycobacteria that form colonies clearly visible to the naked eye within seven days on subculture are termed rapid growers, – - while those requiring longer periods are termed slow growers
  • 29. • Two media are used to grow MTB 1- Middlebrook's medium -which is an agar based medium and 2- Lowenstein-Jensen medium which is an egg based medium.
  • 31. “Tuberculosis is defined as an infectious disease caused by a bacterium; that most commonly affects the lungs.” It can also be a crippling and deadly disease, and is on the rise in both developed and developing worlds. Globally, it is the leading cause of deaths resulting from a single infectious disease.  Currently, it kills “three million people” a year and could claim up to 30 million lives if not controlled. What is Tuberculosis?
  • 32. Types of Tuberculosis Mycobacterium which is carried by humans. Mycobacterium T.B. can present it self in the human body in different forms effecting any where from “the intestines, bones, joints, skin, and the genito urinary, lymphatic, and nervous systems.”
  • 34. The primary stage of the disease may be symptom-free, or the individual may experience a flu-like illness. This is called the “inactive stage.” Within the active stage of the disease, there might be a slight fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue. The symptoms may vary depending on what type of tuberculosis you contract. Symptoms of Tuberculosis
  • 37. INTRODUCTION Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that mainly affect the lungs parenchyma. TB is a contagious bacterial (M. tuberculosis) infection that mainly affects the lungs parenchyma, but may spread to other organs. TB is an ancient disease. Signs of skeletal TB (pott disease) were evident in Europe from Neolithic times, ancient Egypt, and in the pre- Columbian New World. Physicians in ancient Greece called this illness as “phthisis” reflecting its wasting character.
  • 38. TB has remained an enemy of human society for all age. TB is not only a problem for the person suffering from it or their families but a public health problem of the entire world.
  • 39. TB spread from person to person by airborne transmission. Infected person release droplet nuclei (1-5 micro meter in diameter) through, Talking Coughing Sneezing Laughing Singing If not treated properly, TB can be fatal.
  • 40. Clinical presentation of Pulmonary TB • Chronic cough • Weight loss • Pyrexia of unknown origin • Unresolved pneumonia • Chest pain • fatigue
  • 41. SIGNIFICANT LAB TEST Tuberculin skin test: Injecting a small amount of protein from tuberculosis bacteria between the derived layer of the skin (usually forearm). Sputum examination and Cultures; Is examined under a microscope to look for tuberculosis bacteria and used to grow the bacteria in a culture.
  • 42. Interferon-gamma Blood test; A simple blood is mixed with synthetic proteins similar to those produced by the tuberculosis bacteria. If people are infected with tuberculosis bacteria, their white blood cells produce certain substances (interferons) in response to the synthetic proteins. SIGNIFICANT LAB TEST
  • 43. IMAGING CONSIDERATION Chest CT Scan Chest X-ray
  • 45. Treatment Anti TB drugs: Duration 9 months: Isoniazid along with pyridoxine (vit B6) Rifampicin Ethambutol Pyrazinamide