2. PATHOGEN
“A pathogen is a microbe or
microorganism such as a virus (such
as HIV), bacterium (such as staph),
prion, or fungus (such as yeast) that
causes disease in its animal or plant
host”.
First devised in 1880.
3. MAJOR HUMAN PATHOGENS
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium botulinum
Bartonella spp.
Spanish influenza virus
Yersinia pestis
Mycobacterium leprae
4. PATHOGENESIS
“The pathogenesis of a disease is the
mechanism by which the disease is
caused. The term can also be used to
describe the origin and development
of the disease and whether it is
acute, chronic or recurrent”.
5. OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN
“An infectious microorganism that is
normally a commensal or does not harm its
host but can cause disease when the host’s
resistance is low”.
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
“An opportunistic infection is an infection
caused by pathogens, particularly
opportunistic pathogens”.
6. OPPORTUNISTIC CONDITIONS
When the immune system isn’t working
properly, normal flora can overpopulate or
move into areas of the body where they do
not normally occur.
When the balance of normal microbes is
disrupted, for example when a person takes
broad spectrum antibiotics.
Disease can result when normal flora are
traumatically introduced to an area of the
body that is axenic or that they do not
normally occur in.
7. Causes of Immunodeficiency
Malnutrition
Chemotherapy for cancer
Skin damage
Medical procedures
Pregnancy
Immunosuppressing agents for organ transplant
recipients
The concomitant presence of certain underlying
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cystic fibrosis
Side effects of certain medical therapies and drugs
such as corticosteroids
Infection with immunity-destroying microorganisms
Age, both old and young
10. REFERENCES TO STUDY
OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA
There are two main references to study
opportunistic bacteria:
1. Opportunistic bacteria with reference to the
site change.
Example
E.coli
2. Opportunistic bacteria with reference to the
immunocompromised condition.
Example
AIDS and its related opportunistic bacteria.
11. Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an
opportunistic pathogen
member of the Gamma Proteobacteria
Gram-negative, aerobic rod
Belongs to family Pseudomonadaceae.
Oxidase-positive
12. Infections by Pseudomonas
aeroginosa
urinary tract
infections,
respiratory system
infections,
dermatitis,
bacteremia,
bone and joint
infections,
gastrointestinal
infections
13. Infections are caused particularly
in :
Patients with severe burns
cystic fibrosis
cancer
AIDS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is primarily a
nosocomial pathogen.
14. Characteristics contributing to
its success as opportunistic
pathogen
Natural habitat
Ubiquitous in soil and water, and on surfaces in
contact with soil or water
Actively swimming by means of its flagellum.
Metabolism
Respiratory and never fermentative
Can grow in the absence of O2 if NO3 is
available as a respiratory electron
acceptor
15. Nutritional requirements
Minimal nutritional
requirements
Simplest medium for
growth consists of
acetate as a source of
carbon and ammonium
sulfate as a source of
nitrogen.
16. Optimum temperature for growth
37 degrees
Able to grow at temp as high as 42 degrees
Tolerance to physical conditions
Resistant to high conc. of salt, dyes, weak
antiseptics and antibiotics
17. Resistance to antibiotics and phagocytes
Naturally resistant to antibiotics due to the
permeabiliity barrier afforded by its Gram-
negative outer membrane.
Living in association with the bacilli,
actinomycetes and molds; resistant to their
naturally-occuring antibiotics.
Slime layer; anti-phagocytic effect
20. Invasion
Produce extracellular enzymes and toxins that
Break down physical barriers
Damage host cells and immune defence.
Two exocellular proteases involved are:
Elastase
Alkaline protease
Some more proteins are; hemolysins and cytotoxins
21. Dissemination
Involves spread of infection to other parts
Mediated by same extracellular products that
produce localized infection
23. Escherichia coli (E. coli ) is a
Gram-negative,
rod-shaped and
facultative anaerobic bacterium
Commonly found in the lower intestine
of warm-blooded organisms
(endotherms)
Help in food digestion.
24.
25. E.coli as an opportunistic
bacteria:-
Although it lives in a healthy micro
flora of a human body, but only in
specific situation, when it arrive from
intestine to other organs and
tissues, unfortunately, it can cause a
very serious infection and illnesses.
The most frequent are urinary tract
and sexual organs infections.
26. Infections:-
Virulent strains of E. coli can cause
Gastroenteritis (inflammation of
stomach and small intestine)
Urinary tract infections and
Neonatal meningitis (colonisation
of new born’s intestine)
27. In rarer cases, virulent strains are also
responsible for
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Peritonitis (inflammation of
peritoneum)
Mastitis (inflammation of breast
tissues)
Septicemia (inflammation of whole
body) and
Gram-negative pneumonia.
28. Classification of E.coli:-
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
diarrhea (without fever) in humans, pigs, sheep,
goats, cattle, dogs, and horses
Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC)
diarrhea in humans, rabbits, dogs, cats and
horses
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
found only in humans
Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)
found in humans, cattle, and goats
Enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC)
found only in humans
29.
30. Serotypes
Pathogenic E.coli strains can be
categorised as follows:-
O antigen: part of lipopolysaccharide
layer
K antigen: capsule
H antigen: flagellin
F antigen: MR fimbriae (rare)
For example E.coli strain EDL933 is of
the O157:H7 group.
31. Symptoms:-
Bad stomach cramps
Belly pain
Vomiting
Diarrhea, sometimes with blood in it
Painful urination
Children are more likely than adults
to have symptoms. 3 or 4 days
32. Causes of infection:-
E. coli in food
During meat processing.
Meat is not cooked to 160°F (71°C).
Food come in contact with raw meat
E. coli from person-to-person contact
When an infected person does not wash
his hands well after a bowel movement.
33. E. coli in water
Human or animal feces infected
with E. coli sometimes get into lakes,
pools, and water supplies. People can
become infected when a
contaminated city or town water
supply has not been properly treated
with chlorine or when people
accidentally swallow contaminated
water.
34. Precautions:-
Cook all types of beef to at least 160°F (71°C).
Wash any tools or kitchen surfaces that have
touched raw meat.
Wash your hands properly after using washroom.
Use only pasteurized milk, dairy, and juice
products.
Use only treated, or chlorinated, drinking water.
35. Summary
In summary, E. coli is an opportunistic
pathogen that can produce a variety
of symptoms in its host. However, if
precautionary measures are taken, E.
coli infections can be limited or
eliminated.
36. GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Retrovirus
CD4 T cells, macrophages and dendrite cells.
Cellular immunity is lost.
leaves individuals susceptible to various
opportunistic infections
37. Opportunistic infections
association with HIV and AIDS
HIV does not kill anybody directly.
People with HIV can get many infections called
opportunistic infections.
Many of these illnesses are very serious, and they
need to be treated and some can be prevented.
People with advanced HIV infections are
vulnerable to infections and malignancies.
Opportunistic Infections are caused by various
pathogenic microorganisms such as
bacteria, fungi, virus and parasites.
38. OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIAL
PATHOGENS
Bacterial pathogens are associated with the
significant proportion of morbidity and mortality.
The following genera of pathogens are most
common in person infected with HIV.
Salmonella
Campylobacter Shigella
Flavobacterium Staphylococcus
Haemophilus Streptococcus
Mycobacterium Treponema
Nocardia Yersinia
Pseudomonas
Rhodococcus
39. Campylobacterr
Campylobacter
Campylobacter is a genus that belongs to Family
Campylobacteraceae of Kingdom Bacteria.
Twisted bacteria with spiral or corkscrew
appearance.
These are motile with either unipolar or bipolar
flagella
Gram-negative.
Microaerophilic
Oxidase positive test.
40. Campylobacter &AIDS
Campylobacter infections are among the most
common bacterial infections in humans.
Diarrhoea
Bacteremia
C. jejuni is usually the most common cause of
community-acquired inflammatory enteritis.
Symptoms Includes abdominal
pain, cramping, dehydration and fever.
41. Flavobacterium
Flavobacterium is a genus
that belongs to Family
Flavobacteriaceae.
Gram-negative bacteria.
Rod shaped bacteria
They maybe motile or non-motile
Found in soil and fresh water
42. Flavobacterium & AIDS
Flavobacterium spp. may play a pathogenic
role in patients with advanced HIV disease
Endocarditis
Pneumonia
Bacteremia
F. meningosepticum is the most imp example of
this genus.
43. Haemophilus
Haemophilus is a genus that belongs to
the Pasteurellaceae family
Gram-negative bacteria.
Pleomorphic bacteria (wide range of shapes
they occasionally assume)
Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic.
The genus includes commensal
and pathogenic organisms
44. Haemophilus & AIDS
Meningitis is one of the most common
bacterial infections occurring in persons
infected with HIV caused by Haemophilus
influenzae,
Pneumonia
Upper respiratory tract infections, such as
otitis and sinusitis
Genital infections.
Recently HIV infection increases the risk of
acquiring invasive H. influenza infection.
45. OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIAL
PATHOGENS
Oppertunistic infections are also caused by
abnormal immune system of host
Because of this reason such infections are
most common in person infected with
HIV.
We will discuss the effect of five bacterial
genera as oppertunistic pathogens due to
weak immune system of the host
46. Nocardia
Nocardia is a gram positive actinomycete.
Human infection is rare and
contracted through inhalation.
Infection is more
common among immunocompromised
patients,
especially those with impaired cell mediated
immunity.
The patient may have other infections e.g
tuberculosis.
47. Rhodococcus
Pneumonia is the most common
manifestation of Rhodococcus infection.
Very most of cases originally reported were in
patients who were immunocompromised due
to malignancies, immunosuppressive.
Pulmonary infection occurs by the inhalation
of the Rhodococcus particularly Rhodococcus
equi
48. Salmonella
Salmonella infection has an increased incidence
in HIV infected populations.
Salmonellosis and bacteremia are occurring at
an increased rate in person with HIV.
A characteristic feature of Salmonellosis in AIDS
is the relapses that occur during appropriate
antibiotic therapy.
S. typhimurium and S. enteridis are the two most
common serotypes isolated from the blood of
patients with AIDS in the United States
49. Yersinia
Yersinia is responsible for causing plague in
peoples infected with AIDS
Y. pestis is a gram-negative, facultatively
aerobic rod it is primarily a rodent pathogen.
The vactor for this bacterium is a rat flea ,
Xenopsylla cheopis.
Rat flea is actually an insect which transmits
that bacterium between two hosts.
50. Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis is an unquestionably, the most
potent opportunistic bacterial infection
complicating HIV infection caused by
Mycobacerium tuberculosis.
It is responsible for more than 2 million deaths
and 8 million new cases annually
In India, tuberculosis is the most common
opportunistic infection.
About a third of the HIV positive population
worldwide is coinfected with M. tuberculosis.
52. General characteristics
facultatively anaerobic
Non-lactose fermenting
non-motile
Infection
spread from human to human via the
fecal-oral route
major cause of diarrheal disease
HIV-infected persons are at increased risk
for infection
54. General characteristics
facultative anaerobe
immobile
Coagulase Positive
Are resistant to
122 °F temperatures
high salt concentrations (<10%)
drying
Infection
common flora: skin, nasal cavity, pharynx,
gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract
55. A bacteremia may result in
seeding other internal
abscesses, other skin
lesions, or infections in the
lung, kidney, heart,
skeletal muscle or
meninges.
common cause of
community-acquired (CA)
or hospital-acquired (HA)
bacterial skin and soft-
tissue infections among
patients with HIV infection.
56. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Taxonomy
genus Pseudomonas
family Pseudomonadaceae
Morphology
rod-shape
1-5 µm long and 0.5-1.0 µm
wide
monoflagellated
57. gram-negative
Infection
it often colonizes immuno compromised
patients, like those with cystic fibrosis,
cancer, or AIDS .
takes advantage of an individual's weakened
immune system .
produces tissue-damaging toxins.
causes urinary tract infections, respiratory
system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue
infections, bone and joint infections,
gastrointestinal infections .
58. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Taxonomy
Genus Streptococcus
family Streptococcaceae.
Morphology
Cocci
0.5-1.2um
often Arranged in Pairs or
Chains
Gram-positive
59. General characteristics
Non motile
Carbohydrates fermenters
Infection
spontaneously cause disease in humans,
monkeys, rabbits, horses, mice and guinea pigs.
Patients with HIV infection are at increased risk
for bacterial pneumonia
60. Treponema pallidum
Taxonomy
genus Treponema
family Spirochaetaceae.
Morphology
spiral-shaped
0.2 µm in diameter and 6-
15 µm in length
Gram negative
61. General characteristics
mobile
endoflagella
Infection
transmitted by direct contact
Infection is initiated when T. pallidum penetrates
dermal micro abrasions or intact mucous
membranes.
Neurosyphilis is most common in patients with
HIV infection.
headache, meningeal irritation and nerve
abnormalities.