1. Ryan’s Bio Final
Project
An in depth look at what
happened in Shap’s room from
February to June

2. Biology
Biology is the study
of living organisms
‘nuff said

3. Lab Safety
• ALWAYS wear your safety goggles when
doing labs
• Don’t fool around in the lab
• Always know what’s going on around you

4. Scientific Method
The scientific method is the
systematic pursuit of knowledge
involving the recognition and
formulation of a problem

5. Scientific Method steps
• Name the problem or question
• Form a hypothesis
• Test hypothesis by doing an
experiment
• Check and interpret your results

6. Nature of life
To be alive, something must…
1. BE COMPOSED OF CELLS
2. HAVE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
3. USE ENERGY
4. RESPOND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT
5. GROW
6. REPRODUCE
7. ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENT

8. Microscopy…
…is the technical field of using
microscopes to view samples or
objects.
Scientists use microscopes to
view cells and other microscopic
organisms. Without microscopes,
science and technology wouldn’t
be nearly as advanced as it is
now.

9. Animal Cells
• Mitochondrion-site of cellular
respiration
• Endoplasmic Reticulum-
transports chemicals
between cells and within
cells
• Vacuole-store insoluble
wastes
• Golgi App.-modifies
chemicals to make them
functional
• Centrioles-forms spindle
fibers to separate
chromosomes during cell
division
• Nucleus- the control center of the cell

10. Plant Cells
Same organelles as
animal cell except…
• Chloroplasts-the site
of photosynthesis

11. Cell function
The cell is a self-replicating unit
that may exist as functional
independent unit of life or as sub-
unit in a multicellular organism
that is specialized into carrying out
particular functions towards the
cause of the organism as a whole.

12. Mitosis
Mitosis is the splitting of a cell. It
occurs in four phases.
• Prophase- Formation of paired chromosomes disappearance
of nuclear membrane, appearance of the achromatic spindle,
formation of polar bodies
• Metaphase- arrangement of chromosomes in the equatorial
plane
• Anaphase-the two groups of daughter chromosomes
separate and move along the fibers of the central spindle,
each toward one of the asters, forming the diaster.
• Telophase-two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm
divides, forming two complete daughter cells.

14. Diffusion
Diffusion is the passive movement
of molecules or particles along a
concentration gradient, or from
regions of higher to regions of
lower concentration
This is one way things are
transported in and out of the cell

15. Osmosis
Osmosis is tendency of water to flow
from a hypotonic solution (low
concentration of dissolved substances)
to hypertonic solution (higher
concentration of dissolved substances)
across a semipermiable membrane
This is another way for the
transportation of things in and out
of the cell

16. Active transport
Osmosis and diffusion all occur by
themselves through changes in
pressure and concentration. When
something needs to be moved by
other means, it is called active
transport. An example of this is
Contranslational transport which is
the process whereby a protein is
moved across a membrane as it is
being synthesised.

17. Biochemical reactions
Biochemical reactions occur when
chemicals interact and cause a
reaction. These occur all the time
and are aided by enzymes (see
next slide) EXAMPLES
•Making cholesterol
•Photosynthesis
•Cellular respiration
•Vinegar and baking soda

18. Enzymes
An enzyme is a catalyst or a
chemical produced by cells to
speed up specific chemical
reaction
Enzymes work in cells. The
Lysosome is a digestive enzyme.

20. Gregor Mendel
Monk who did experiments with pea plants
to see how genes are passed on to
offspring and how traits are inherited. He
was the first person to trace the
characteristics of successive generations
of a living thing.

21. Meiosis
Meiosis is the splitting of gametes
or sex cells. Each cell has half as
many chromosomes because it
needs to match up with another of
the opposite sex to form a zygote.

22. Punnett Squares
Used to predict which genes the
offspring of two parents will inherit

23. Inheritance
The offspring of two
parents INHERIT the
parents traits. If both the
male and female have
dominant brown hair traits,
the offspring will INHERIT
brown hair.

24. (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Say that 5 times fast.
DNA is a double-stranded
nucleic acid that contains the
genetic information for cell
growth, division, and function.

25. Structure (of dna)
• DNA is made up of subunits which scientists called nucleotides.
• Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a base.
• There are 4 different bases in a DNA molecule:
1. adenine (a purine)
2. cytosine (a pyrimidine)
3. guanine (a purine)
1. thymine (a pyrimidine)
• The number of purine bases equals the number of pyrimidine
bases
• The number of adenine bases equals the number of thymine
bases
• The number of guanine bases equals the number of cytosine
bases
• The basic structure of the DNA molecule is helical, with the
bases being stacked on top of each other

26. Replication (of dna)
When replicating, the double helix structure
uncoils so that each strand of DNA can be
exposed. When they uncoil, the nucleotides are
exposed so that the freely available nucleotides
can pair up with them. When all nucleotides are
paired up with their new partners, they re-coil into
the double helix. As there are two strands of DNA
involved in replication, the first double helix
produces 2 copies of itself via each strand.

27. Rna
Transfers information to the
protein forming system of
the cell
Fun fact-RNA is the genetic
material of some viruses

28. Biotechnology…
…is the technology that
allows for the alteration of
an organisms genetics and
DNA.

29. Genetic engineering
A form of biotechnology. Plants
can be genetically modified to be
immune of all herbicides so that
farmers have a healthier crop.
Anything can be genetically
engineered to produce a desired
effect.

30. Genetic disorders
A genetic disorder is a condition
caused by abnormalities in genes
or chromosomes. Certain
diseases can be the result of a
genetic disorder.

32. Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin did
extensive research and
was one of the firsts to
document evolution. He
did his research on the
Galapagos Islands. Here
he found many species
that had adapted to their
environments.
HOME

33. Evolution
This whole theory of transformation is based
on the fact that when random genetic
mutations occur within an organism's genetic
code, the beneficial mutations are preserved
because they aid survival, a process known
as natural selection.

34. Natural selection
Natural Selection is the idea formulated by
Darwin that consists of differential survival and
reproduction among members of a population
or species in nature, due to variation in the
possession of adaptive genetic traits. Natural
selection, the major driving force of evolution, is
a process leading to greater adaptation of
organisms to their environment.

35. Sexual selection
Selection which promotes traits that will
increase an organism's success in mating and
ensuring that its gametes are successful in
fertilization. This is distinct from natural
selection which acts simply on traits which
influence fecundity and survival.

36. Classification (the 5 Kingdoms)
Monera
•Unicellular
(single-celled)
•Cell wall
usually
•Bacteria
•Cyano-
bacteria (blue-
green algae)
Protista
•Unicellular
•Paramecium
•Amoeba
•Some algae
•Slime
moulds
Fungi
•Unicellular
or
multicellula
r (many-
celled)
•Cell wall
•No
chloroplast
s
•Mushroom
s
•Moulds
•Yeast
Plantae
•Unicellular
or
multicellular
•Cell wall
•Chloroplast
s for
photosynthe
sis
•Ferns
•Pine trees
•Roses
Animalia
•Unicellular
or
multicellular
•No cell
walls nor
chloroplasts
•Humans
•Coral
•Spider

38. Ecosystems
An ecosystem is The complex of
a community of organisms and
its environment functioning as
an ecological unit

39. Interactions in Ecology
EXAMPLES OF INTERACTONS:
1. The food web-predators and prey
2. Mating-sexual reproduction
3. Fighting- competition
4. Co-evolution-plant and animal adapt only
to each other

40. Food webs
A diagram of what eats what in a
certain environment.

41. Population Studies
Many scientific experiments can be done by
testing and doing studies on a certain
organism population. For instance, if the
population of fish in a pond is 200 in 2001,
then only 100 in 2003, scientists can use
this information to find out why the
population decreased.

42. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by
which plants convert water and carbon
dioxide into carbohydrates, using
sunlight as the source of energy and
the aid of chlorophyll.

43. Greenhouse effects
The greenhouse effect is
when energy is
absorbed from the sun
and stays inside the
particular environment,
resulting in a constant
recycling of energy
inside the environment.

44. Human impact in the biosphere
Humans have a huge impact in the
biosphere. Every time we run our cars,
dump our trash, and release toxins into the
environment, we pollute the atmosphere
and hurt the earth. Humans also help the
biosphere by planting crops and trees,
decomposing nutrient rich compost, and
breeding animals.

45. Bibliography
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/excite/files_in_use/steps_of_the
_scientific_method.htm
• http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/cells.htm
• http://www.biology-online.org
• http://infohost.nmt.edu/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm
• http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/DNA_structure.php

46. Bio-Related Movie Clip &
explanation from…

47. Jurassic Park movie clip
This Clip relates to biology because of the way the
dinosaurs were born and the way they reproduced. The
dinosaurs were reincarnated by scientists using genetic
engineering and biotechnology. The DNA of a dinosaur
found in the prehistoric mosquito was spliced in with the
DNA of a frog. When the frog mated, a dinosaur was
conceived.
Also, all the dinosaurs put in the theme park were
females. They then changed into males because of the frog
DNA. In the clip, it was mentioned that the frog could
change spontaneously from a female into a male. This
explains how the dinosaurs mated and had eggs. A more
probable explanation would have been that the dinosaurs
inherited a trait that would allow for asexual reproduction.