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III. Soil Classification
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1. Purpose ,[object Object],Simple indices GSD, LL, PI Classification system (Language) Estimate engineering properties Achieve engineering purposes Use the accumulated experience Communicate between engineers
2. Classification Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) Origin of USCS: This system was first developed by Professor A. Casagrande (1948) for the purpose of airfield construction during World War II. Afterwards, it was modified by Professor Casagrande, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to enable the system to be applicable to dams, foundations, and other construction  (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981). ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.1 Definition of Grain Size Boulders Cobbles Gravel Sand Silt and Clay Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Medium 300 mm 75 mm 19 mm No.4 4.75 mm No.10 2.0 mm No.40 0.425 mm No.200 0.075 mm No specific grain size-use Atterberg limits
3.2 General Guidance Required tests: Sieve analysis Atterberg limit   LL>50 LL <50 50% Coarse-grained soils: Gravel  Sand Fine-grained soils: Silt  Clay NO.200 0.075 mm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],50 % NO. 4 4.75 mm
3.3 Symbols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example: SW, Well-graded sand   SC, Clayey sand SM, Silty sand,  MH, Elastic silt
3.4 Plasticity Chart ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981) LL PI H L
3.5 Procedures for Classification Coarse-grained material Grain size distribution Fine-grained material LL, PI (Santamarina et al., 2001) Highly
3.6 Example Passing No.200 sieve 30 % Passing No.4 sieve 70 % (Santamarina et al., 2001) Passing No.200 sieve 30 % Passing No.4 sieve 70 % LL= 33 PI= 12 Highly LL= 33 PI= 12 PI= 0.73(LL-20), A-line PI=0.73(33-20)=9.49 SC  (  15% gravel) Clayey sand with gravel
3.7 Organic Soils ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.8 Borderline Cases (Dual Symbols) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.8 Borderline Cases (Summary) (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials system (AASHTO)  Origin of AASHTO: (For road construction) This system was originally developed by Hogentogler and Terzaghi in 1929 as the  Public Roads Classification System. Afterwards, there are several revisions. The present AASHTO  (1978) system is primarily based on the version in 1945.  (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
4.1 Definition of Grain Size Boulders Gravel Sand Silt-Clay Coarse Fine 75 mm No.4 4.75 mm No.40 0.425 mm No.200 0.075 mm No specific grain size-use Atterberg limits
4.2 General Guidance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Using LL and PI separates silty materials from clayey materials Using LL and PI separates silty materials from clayey materials (only for A2 group) A4 ~ A7 A1 ~ A3 Granular Materials    35% pass No. 200 sieve Silt-clay Materials    36% pass No. 200 sieve
4.3 Group Index For Group A-2-6 and A-2-7 The first term is determined by the LL The second term is determined by the PI In general, the rating for a pavement subgrade is inversely proportional to the group index, GI. use the second term only F200: percentage passing through the No.200 sieve
4.4 Classification Das, 1998
4.4 Classification (Cont.) Das, 1998 Note:  The first group  from the left  to fit the test data is the correct AASHTO classification.
4.4 Example Passing No.200  86% LL=70, PI=32 LL-30=40 > PI=32 A-7-5(33) Passing No.200  86% LL=70, PI=32 LL-30=40 > PI=32 Round off
5. Suggested Homework ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
6. References ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Soil Classification

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. 3.1 Definition of Grain Size Boulders Cobbles Gravel Sand Silt and Clay Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Medium 300 mm 75 mm 19 mm No.4 4.75 mm No.10 2.0 mm No.40 0.425 mm No.200 0.075 mm No specific grain size-use Atterberg limits
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. 3.5 Procedures for Classification Coarse-grained material Grain size distribution Fine-grained material LL, PI (Santamarina et al., 2001) Highly
  • 11. 3.6 Example Passing No.200 sieve 30 % Passing No.4 sieve 70 % (Santamarina et al., 2001) Passing No.200 sieve 30 % Passing No.4 sieve 70 % LL= 33 PI= 12 Highly LL= 33 PI= 12 PI= 0.73(LL-20), A-line PI=0.73(33-20)=9.49 SC (  15% gravel) Clayey sand with gravel
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. 3.8 Borderline Cases (Summary) (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
  • 15. 4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials system (AASHTO) Origin of AASHTO: (For road construction) This system was originally developed by Hogentogler and Terzaghi in 1929 as the Public Roads Classification System. Afterwards, there are several revisions. The present AASHTO (1978) system is primarily based on the version in 1945. (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
  • 16. 4.1 Definition of Grain Size Boulders Gravel Sand Silt-Clay Coarse Fine 75 mm No.4 4.75 mm No.40 0.425 mm No.200 0.075 mm No specific grain size-use Atterberg limits
  • 17.
  • 18. 4.3 Group Index For Group A-2-6 and A-2-7 The first term is determined by the LL The second term is determined by the PI In general, the rating for a pavement subgrade is inversely proportional to the group index, GI. use the second term only F200: percentage passing through the No.200 sieve
  • 20. 4.4 Classification (Cont.) Das, 1998 Note: The first group from the left to fit the test data is the correct AASHTO classification.
  • 21. 4.4 Example Passing No.200 86% LL=70, PI=32 LL-30=40 > PI=32 A-7-5(33) Passing No.200 86% LL=70, PI=32 LL-30=40 > PI=32 Round off
  • 22.
  • 23.