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Final Presentation On Briquetting Of Coal
MUET Jamshoro
          Chemical Engineering Dept



Topic:-
  Analysis of Coal Briquettes using
      Indigenously Fabricated
          Mechanical Press.
Supervised By
                 Dr. Shaheen Aziz
Co-Supervised By
                 Dr. Sohail A. Soomro

Group Members
     Muhammad Faisal Khan Rind(G.L)     08CH75
     Muhammad Naqi Raza       (V.G.L)   08CH65
     Rao Faizan Ahmed                   08CH77
     Syed Ali Haider                    08CH92
     Zahid Soomro                       08CH20
     Rao Muhammad Faheem                08CH84
     Muhammad Tahir                     08CH44
Contents
Introduction
Applications & Advantages
Aims & Objectives
Scope of the Project
Equipment Description
Experimental Work
Results & Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction
 Pakistan has vast coal reserves and ranked 6th
  in coal rich countries.
 185 billion tons of coal reserves are present in
  different regions of the country.
 A coal reserves available in Pakistan are
  mostly Lignite (low grade coal) and therefore
  not safe for combustion from the
  environmental point of view.
Continue…

   The main problem concern with indigenous
    coal is their high amount of moisture and
    sulphur.
   There are also some problems with raw coal
    like Incomplete Combustion, Spontaneous
    Combustion, Handling etc.
Continue…

 Coal briquetting is a process by which raw
  coal, generally low grade coal is converted into
  uniform, usually hard and impact resistance
  agglomeration, making it a useful superior
  quality fuel with good calorific value for
  domestic and industrial purposes.
Applications & Advantages
  Applications
Coal briquettes can be use in:
 Boilers, kilns, gasifiers, blast furnaces, power
  plants, foundries, refugee camps, domestic
  heating, hamams, restaurant, hotels, armed
  forces, rural areas, space heating, poultry
  farms etc.
Advantages
 Following are some advantages of coal briquetting:
 Increase in Heating Value.
 Resistance to weathering.
 Resistance to handling.
 Efficiency as a fuel.
 Create environmental problem but less as compared
  to mineral coal.
 Spontaneous combustion and wastage coals can
  effectively be controlled.
Aims & Objectives

i. Fabrication of Mechanical Press
ii. Briquetting of Coal
iii. Analysis of Coal Briquettes
Scope Of The Project
 In Pakistan there are so many energy crises.
  Shortfall of electricity is upto 4000 to 6000
  MW. While now a days load shedding of gas is
  also start due to decrease in gas reserves.
 As we know that we are 6th rank in coal rich
  counties. But main issue with utilization of
  indigenous coal is pollution. We cannot neglect
  use of coal by saying that it pollute
  environment.
Continue…


   Our project give path to utilize indigenous coal
    reserves without polluting environment.
Equipment Description

Introduction

What is Mechanical Press?
 Mechanical Press is an equipment which is use
  to form compacted coal briquettes.
Continue…
   What is Working Mechanism?
   Make homogenous mixture of coal, additive and
    binder.
   Pour homogeneous mixture into
    molds manually.
   Put press on molds, by using
    hydraulic jack apply pressure for
    2 to 3mins.
   Compacted coal briquettes are taken
    out from mold
Specifications
Type of Machine             Manual type Machine

Pressure                    3 ton hydraulic pressure

Capacity                    14 briquettes

Size of mold                9.5x6.3inch

Material of construction    Medium Carbon steel

Thickness of sheet          3mm
Experimental Work
Mechanical work for fabrication of Mechanical
 Press:
   Sizing
   Cutting
   Welding
   Molding
   Sharping
   Coloring
   Finishing
After Fabrication…

  Front View Of Machine   Side View Of Machine
Continue…

 Mold Of Machine   Press Of Machine
Continue…

  Casing Of Machine with Mold   Casing Of Machine with Press
Briquetting Of Coal
 Material required in coal briquetting are categorized
   as under:
a. Coal
b. Additives
c. Binders
   Coal: Coal mostly available in country is lignite and
   suitable for briquetting. For briquetting we need fine
   coal particles therefore first we crush lump particle
   into jaw crusher and grind into ball mill.
Continue…


   Additive: Coal present in Pakistan contain
   high amount of sulphur. Which on combustion
   produce Sulphur dioxide, it is main cause of
   acid rain. Sulphur dioxide is also cause of
   health problems due to this people face asthma
   etc. To over come environmental and health
   hazardous, Calcium Carbonate is used as
   additive in coal briquettes, to convert sulphur
   contents into sulfate.
Continue…
  Following are Chemical Reactions
   CaCO3                CaO+CO2
   S+O2                 SO2
   SO2+1/2O2            SO3
   CaO+SO3              CaSO4
  Above reactions show that CaCO3 react with
    sulphur and form Calcium Sulfate which will
    be collected in the form of ash. So in this way
    briquettes of coal get rid from sulphur
Continue…

   Binder: It is use to bind fine coal particles
   physically. Different types of binding materials
   are used in coal briquettes.
   The binders we select are very less due to their
   availability in market. Binders which we use in
   coal briquetting are listed as follows:

   1. Bentonite   2. Starch 3. White Cement
   4. Molases     5. Portland Cement
Briquetting Procedure
 In this first we make homogeneous mixture    of
  coal, additive and binder.
 Eight samples made with different binders.   In
  five samples lakhra coal is use while        in
  remaining three, Thar coal is used. Tables   in
  next slides show list and composition        of
  samples.
Weight & Composition of Samples
Sample ID           Component                Weight
                                             (g)
LBB                 Coal                     200
                    CaCO3                    50
                    Bentonite                100

LBW                 Coal                     200
                    CaCO3                    50
                    White Cement             80

LBWB                Coal                     200
                    CaCO3                    50
                    Bentonite+White Cement   50+20

LBP                 Coal                     200
                    CaCO3                    50
                    Portland Cement          70
Continue…
  Sample ID   Component            Weight
                                   (g)
 LBSMB        Coal                 1000
              CaCO3                200
              Starch+ Molasses +   200+300
              Bentonite            +200
              Coal                 200
 TBB          CaCO3                30
              Bentonite            100

              Coal                 200
 TBW          CaCO3                30
              White Cement         80
              Coal                 200
 TBP          CaCO3                30
              Portland Cement      70
Binder

                 Mixed &    Briquetted By
 Coal                                           Dried
                  Milled   Mechanical Press


Additive


                                         Briquettes




     Schematic Of Coal Briquettes Preparation
Analysis Of Coal Briquettes

Following tests are carried out to analyze coal
  briquettes:
 Proximate Analysis
 Moisture Test
 Calorific Value Test
 Sulphur Test
Results & Discussions
 Proximate analysis of briquetted and un briquetted
  coal
    S.No    Sample   Moisture     V.M     Ash   T.Carbon    Sulphur     C.V
                ID     (%)        (%)     (%)     (%)        ppm      Kcal/kg

1          IL        8.95       35.81   14.87   49.37      0.027      12134


2          LBB       16.41      36.51   33.35   30.14      0.027      8758


3          LBW       23.52      37.23   30.84   31.93      0.027      9517


4          LBP       20.0       39.34   33.10   27.56      0.027      8832


5          LBWB      21.73      42.26   29.62   28.12      0.027      9144
Continue…
   Proximate analysis of briquetted and un briquetted
    coal
      S.No    Sample   Moisture     V.M     Ash   T.Carbon    Sulphur     C.V
                  ID     (%)        (%)     (%)     (%)        ppm      Kcal/kg

 6           LBSMB     11.60      34.85   65.14   20.21      0.027      7755


 7           IT        7.35       22.36   46.24   31.17      0.027      9223


 8           TBB       19.11      32.38   24.22   43.50      0.027      8758


 9           TBW       23.88      39.17   31.69   29.14      0.027      6947


 10          TBP       20.59      36.62   29.03   34.35      0.027      8636
Briquettes Prepare By Indigenous
        Mechanical Press




        Lakhra Coal Briquettes
Continue…




            Thar Coal briquettes
Sulphur Contents In Briquetted & Un-
                                          Briquetted Coal
                    0.03
Sulphur Contents



                   0.025
                    0.02
      ppm




                   0.015
                    0.01
                   0.005
                       0
                           IL




                                                              IT
                                                         B
                                     BW




                                                                        BW
                                BB




                                                                   BB
                                          BP




                                                                             BP
                                                 B

                                                        M
                                               BW
                                L




                                          L




                                                                   T




                                                                             T
                                     L




                                                                        T
                                                     BS
                                               L

                                                     L
                                                   Coal Samples



                    Graph shows that sulphur contents are same
                     in all samples. Sulphur contents in briquetted
                     samples are determined after combustion in
                     furnace.
14000

                               12134
                  12000


                  10000                                                                     9223
Calorific Value


                                                  9517
                                                                      9144
                                         8758                                                        8758              8636
                                                           8832
   Kcal /kg



                   8000                                                         7755
                                                                                                              6947
                   6000


                   4000


                   2000


                     0
                          IL           LBB      LBW      LBP       LBWB      LBSMB     IT          TBB      TBW      TBP

                                                                  Coal Samples


       Variation in calorific values is due to moisture
        contents.
Moisture Contents In Briquetted & Un-
                                         Briquetted Coal
                    30
Moisture Contents



                    25                       23.52                                             23.88
                                                               21.73
                    20                                20                             19.11 20.59
      (%)




                    15               16.41
                    10                                                 11.6
                              8.95                                            7.35
                     5
                     0
                         IL




                                                                        IT
                                                                B
                                     BW




                                                                                     BW
                              BB




                                                                              BB
                                             BP




                                                                                           BP
                                                       B

                                                               M
                                                     BW
                              L




                                             L




                                                                              T




                                                                                          T
                                     L




                                                                                     T
                                                            BS
                                                  L

                                                           L
                                                          Coal Samples


     Variation is because of un properly drying of
      coal briquettes if we give proper time for
      drying then moisture can be reduced.
Continue…

   Our results shows reduction of sulphur in coal
    briquettes clearly while increment in calorific
    is also sure if we dry coal briquettes properly
    either in sun or in drier.
Conclusion
 Pakistan face lot of problems in energy sector
  specially now a days country face shortage of
  gas due to this our industries going to be close
  day by day.
 Coal briquetting is a easiest and economical
  technology to solve our country energy
  problems without affecting environment
  because CaCO3 used in briquettes to reduce or
  vanish sulphur.
Continue…

   Coal briquetting is solution of all those
    problems which we face in raw coal like
    incomplete      combustion,       spontaneous
    combustion, handling etc.
   We can get complete combustion by increasing
    heating time and reduce or vanish emission of
    CO.
   Coal briquetting is a solution of spontaneous
    combustion.
Continue…
   Spontaneous combustion is the self oxidation
    of coals and start burning itself if exposed to
    atmosphere losing heat potential of coal.
    Spontaneous combustion is due to aerial
    oxidation of coal in presence of moisture.
   Briquetting is a best way to utilize a
    indigenous coal reserves.
   Over all conclusion of coal briquetting is:
  Energy saving
  Less air pollution
Final Presentation On Briquetting Of Coal

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Final Presentation On Briquetting Of Coal

  • 2. MUET Jamshoro Chemical Engineering Dept Topic:- Analysis of Coal Briquettes using Indigenously Fabricated Mechanical Press.
  • 3. Supervised By Dr. Shaheen Aziz Co-Supervised By Dr. Sohail A. Soomro Group Members Muhammad Faisal Khan Rind(G.L) 08CH75 Muhammad Naqi Raza (V.G.L) 08CH65 Rao Faizan Ahmed 08CH77 Syed Ali Haider 08CH92 Zahid Soomro 08CH20 Rao Muhammad Faheem 08CH84 Muhammad Tahir 08CH44
  • 4. Contents Introduction Applications & Advantages Aims & Objectives Scope of the Project Equipment Description Experimental Work Results & Discussion Conclusion
  • 5. Introduction  Pakistan has vast coal reserves and ranked 6th in coal rich countries.  185 billion tons of coal reserves are present in different regions of the country.  A coal reserves available in Pakistan are mostly Lignite (low grade coal) and therefore not safe for combustion from the environmental point of view.
  • 6. Continue…  The main problem concern with indigenous coal is their high amount of moisture and sulphur.  There are also some problems with raw coal like Incomplete Combustion, Spontaneous Combustion, Handling etc.
  • 7. Continue… Coal briquetting is a process by which raw coal, generally low grade coal is converted into uniform, usually hard and impact resistance agglomeration, making it a useful superior quality fuel with good calorific value for domestic and industrial purposes.
  • 8. Applications & Advantages Applications Coal briquettes can be use in:  Boilers, kilns, gasifiers, blast furnaces, power plants, foundries, refugee camps, domestic heating, hamams, restaurant, hotels, armed forces, rural areas, space heating, poultry farms etc.
  • 9. Advantages  Following are some advantages of coal briquetting:  Increase in Heating Value.  Resistance to weathering.  Resistance to handling.  Efficiency as a fuel.  Create environmental problem but less as compared to mineral coal.  Spontaneous combustion and wastage coals can effectively be controlled.
  • 10. Aims & Objectives i. Fabrication of Mechanical Press ii. Briquetting of Coal iii. Analysis of Coal Briquettes
  • 11. Scope Of The Project  In Pakistan there are so many energy crises. Shortfall of electricity is upto 4000 to 6000 MW. While now a days load shedding of gas is also start due to decrease in gas reserves.  As we know that we are 6th rank in coal rich counties. But main issue with utilization of indigenous coal is pollution. We cannot neglect use of coal by saying that it pollute environment.
  • 12. Continue…  Our project give path to utilize indigenous coal reserves without polluting environment.
  • 13. Equipment Description Introduction What is Mechanical Press?  Mechanical Press is an equipment which is use to form compacted coal briquettes.
  • 14. Continue…  What is Working Mechanism?  Make homogenous mixture of coal, additive and binder.  Pour homogeneous mixture into molds manually.  Put press on molds, by using hydraulic jack apply pressure for 2 to 3mins.  Compacted coal briquettes are taken out from mold
  • 15. Specifications Type of Machine Manual type Machine Pressure 3 ton hydraulic pressure Capacity 14 briquettes Size of mold 9.5x6.3inch Material of construction Medium Carbon steel Thickness of sheet 3mm
  • 16. Experimental Work Mechanical work for fabrication of Mechanical Press:  Sizing  Cutting  Welding  Molding  Sharping  Coloring  Finishing
  • 17. After Fabrication… Front View Of Machine Side View Of Machine
  • 18. Continue… Mold Of Machine Press Of Machine
  • 19. Continue… Casing Of Machine with Mold Casing Of Machine with Press
  • 20. Briquetting Of Coal  Material required in coal briquetting are categorized as under: a. Coal b. Additives c. Binders Coal: Coal mostly available in country is lignite and suitable for briquetting. For briquetting we need fine coal particles therefore first we crush lump particle into jaw crusher and grind into ball mill.
  • 21. Continue… Additive: Coal present in Pakistan contain high amount of sulphur. Which on combustion produce Sulphur dioxide, it is main cause of acid rain. Sulphur dioxide is also cause of health problems due to this people face asthma etc. To over come environmental and health hazardous, Calcium Carbonate is used as additive in coal briquettes, to convert sulphur contents into sulfate.
  • 22. Continue… Following are Chemical Reactions  CaCO3 CaO+CO2  S+O2 SO2  SO2+1/2O2 SO3  CaO+SO3 CaSO4 Above reactions show that CaCO3 react with sulphur and form Calcium Sulfate which will be collected in the form of ash. So in this way briquettes of coal get rid from sulphur
  • 23. Continue… Binder: It is use to bind fine coal particles physically. Different types of binding materials are used in coal briquettes. The binders we select are very less due to their availability in market. Binders which we use in coal briquetting are listed as follows: 1. Bentonite 2. Starch 3. White Cement 4. Molases 5. Portland Cement
  • 24. Briquetting Procedure  In this first we make homogeneous mixture of coal, additive and binder.  Eight samples made with different binders. In five samples lakhra coal is use while in remaining three, Thar coal is used. Tables in next slides show list and composition of samples.
  • 25. Weight & Composition of Samples Sample ID Component Weight (g) LBB Coal 200 CaCO3 50 Bentonite 100 LBW Coal 200 CaCO3 50 White Cement 80 LBWB Coal 200 CaCO3 50 Bentonite+White Cement 50+20 LBP Coal 200 CaCO3 50 Portland Cement 70
  • 26. Continue… Sample ID Component Weight (g) LBSMB Coal 1000 CaCO3 200 Starch+ Molasses + 200+300 Bentonite +200 Coal 200 TBB CaCO3 30 Bentonite 100 Coal 200 TBW CaCO3 30 White Cement 80 Coal 200 TBP CaCO3 30 Portland Cement 70
  • 27. Binder Mixed & Briquetted By Coal Dried Milled Mechanical Press Additive Briquettes Schematic Of Coal Briquettes Preparation
  • 28. Analysis Of Coal Briquettes Following tests are carried out to analyze coal briquettes:  Proximate Analysis  Moisture Test  Calorific Value Test  Sulphur Test
  • 29. Results & Discussions  Proximate analysis of briquetted and un briquetted coal S.No Sample Moisture V.M Ash T.Carbon Sulphur C.V ID (%) (%) (%) (%) ppm Kcal/kg 1 IL 8.95 35.81 14.87 49.37 0.027 12134 2 LBB 16.41 36.51 33.35 30.14 0.027 8758 3 LBW 23.52 37.23 30.84 31.93 0.027 9517 4 LBP 20.0 39.34 33.10 27.56 0.027 8832 5 LBWB 21.73 42.26 29.62 28.12 0.027 9144
  • 30. Continue…  Proximate analysis of briquetted and un briquetted coal S.No Sample Moisture V.M Ash T.Carbon Sulphur C.V ID (%) (%) (%) (%) ppm Kcal/kg 6 LBSMB 11.60 34.85 65.14 20.21 0.027 7755 7 IT 7.35 22.36 46.24 31.17 0.027 9223 8 TBB 19.11 32.38 24.22 43.50 0.027 8758 9 TBW 23.88 39.17 31.69 29.14 0.027 6947 10 TBP 20.59 36.62 29.03 34.35 0.027 8636
  • 31. Briquettes Prepare By Indigenous Mechanical Press Lakhra Coal Briquettes
  • 32. Continue… Thar Coal briquettes
  • 33. Sulphur Contents In Briquetted & Un- Briquetted Coal 0.03 Sulphur Contents 0.025 0.02 ppm 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 IL IT B BW BW BB BB BP BP B M BW L L T T L T BS L L Coal Samples  Graph shows that sulphur contents are same in all samples. Sulphur contents in briquetted samples are determined after combustion in furnace.
  • 34. 14000 12134 12000 10000 9223 Calorific Value 9517 9144 8758 8758 8636 8832 Kcal /kg 8000 7755 6947 6000 4000 2000 0 IL LBB LBW LBP LBWB LBSMB IT TBB TBW TBP Coal Samples  Variation in calorific values is due to moisture contents.
  • 35. Moisture Contents In Briquetted & Un- Briquetted Coal 30 Moisture Contents 25 23.52 23.88 21.73 20 20 19.11 20.59 (%) 15 16.41 10 11.6 8.95 7.35 5 0 IL IT B BW BW BB BB BP BP B M BW L L T T L T BS L L Coal Samples  Variation is because of un properly drying of coal briquettes if we give proper time for drying then moisture can be reduced.
  • 36. Continue…  Our results shows reduction of sulphur in coal briquettes clearly while increment in calorific is also sure if we dry coal briquettes properly either in sun or in drier.
  • 37. Conclusion  Pakistan face lot of problems in energy sector specially now a days country face shortage of gas due to this our industries going to be close day by day.  Coal briquetting is a easiest and economical technology to solve our country energy problems without affecting environment because CaCO3 used in briquettes to reduce or vanish sulphur.
  • 38. Continue…  Coal briquetting is solution of all those problems which we face in raw coal like incomplete combustion, spontaneous combustion, handling etc.  We can get complete combustion by increasing heating time and reduce or vanish emission of CO.  Coal briquetting is a solution of spontaneous combustion.
  • 39. Continue…  Spontaneous combustion is the self oxidation of coals and start burning itself if exposed to atmosphere losing heat potential of coal. Spontaneous combustion is due to aerial oxidation of coal in presence of moisture.  Briquetting is a best way to utilize a indigenous coal reserves.  Over all conclusion of coal briquetting is: Energy saving Less air pollution