This document provides information about Entrepreneur India magazine from May 2015. It includes an editorial note, information about the magazine's publisher and associates, and advertisements for books and projects related to various industries. The middle section provides details about the publisher, NPCS marketing Associates, including that it offers technical consultancy services and collaborations to support business diversification and startups. It notes the company's experience in identifying new project opportunities and sourcing technology and industrial know-how from various countries.
3. ENTREPRENEUR INDIA, MAY 2015 3Visit us at : www.niir.org
Vol. 21 No. 5
MAY 2015
EDITOR
AJAY KR. GUPTA
D.M.S, M.B.A.
Entrepreneurship Management
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
P.K. TRIPATHI
Printed, published & Edited by Ajay Kr.
Gupta on behalf of “NIIR PROJECT
CONSULTANCY SERVICES” 106-E,
Kamla Nagar, Delhi-7 and Printed at M/
s.New Gian Offset Printers, 495, DDA
complex, Shahazada Bagh, Delhi-35.
Registered RNI No.61509/95
Postal LicenseG-3/DL(N)/114/2015-2017
andVideU.LicenceNo.U(DN)154/2015-17
LicensedtoPostwithoutPrepaymentatDelhi
R.M.S., Delhi - 110 006
ABOUT US
NPCS marketing Associates of National Institute of Industrial Research, NIIR an ISO 9001 : 2008
CERTIFIED COMPANY is a reliable name in industrial world for offering integrated technical
consultancy service and also technical collaborations. At NPCS, we provide prudent advice
regarding a business when diversification is on the anvil, when an entrepreneur is up against lack
of information before starting a project, we strive to provide them with technology evaluation, sourcing
and assimilation of detailed project reports, market survey studies and research through our advanced
Industrial, Business and Commercial Database.
We have successfully achieved top-notch quality standards with a high level of customer appreciation
resulting in long lasting relation and large amount of referal work through technological breakthrough
and innovative concepts. Over the years, NPCS has become a well-known name in the industrial
world for offering integrated technical consultancy service. Due diligence reports are prepared on
behalf of the proposed buyers and sellers of the business. We provide the services through
comprehensive knowledge of equipment and practices through our excellent team at very economical
price.
A large number of our Indian and NRI clients have appreciated our expertise for excellence by giving
us report orders which speak volumes about our commitment in providing complete customer
satisfaction. We have successfully handled a number of NGO projects. NPCS is manned by a
dedicated team of highly qualified and experienced and consultants Engineers. Economist and
Technologists from various disciplines. We have undertaken extensive work in identifying new
project opportunities sourcing technology and industial mnow-how from European, South Asian +
USA etc and keeping in step with changing industiral scene and growing needs of entrepreneurs and
business houses in India and Abroad.
RNI NO. 61509/95
strength than copper and excellent compatibility with
most common insulation used by the wire and cable
industry. During 2010-2015, the Indian equipment
manufacturing will grow at 5.5 times the growth rate
of global electronic equipment production. Therefore,
it is a good project for entrepreneurs to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• All Aluminium Alloy
Conductor : 10 MT/Day
• Aluminium Conductor
Steel Reinforced : 10 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 580 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 1141 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 27.36%
Break Even Point : 56.24%
Cement Plant
Cement is a material with adhesive and
cohesive properties which make it capable
of bonding minerals fragments into a compact
whole. It can be defined as any substance, which
can join unite two or more pieces of some other
substance together to form a unit mass. It is an
inorganic, non-metallic substance with hydraulic
binding properties, and is used as a bonding agent
in building materials. It is a fine powder, usually
gray in color that consists of a mixture of the
hydraulic cement minerals to which one or more
forms of calcium sulfate have been added. Mixed
with water it forms a paste, which hardens due
to formation of cement mineral hydrates. Cement
is the binding agent in concrete, which is a
combination of cement, mineral aggregates and
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Aluminium Bare Conductors
Awire or combination or wires not insulated
from one another, suitable for carrying a single
electric current is called conductor. The term
conductor is not to include a combination of
conductors insulated from one another, which
would be suitable for carrying several different
electric currents. Aluminium is a metal
characterized by high resistance to corrosion,
good electrical and thermal conductivity, and a
density which is about one-third or less that of
steel, copper, or nickel. Aluminium can be used
as a power conductor, or for wire and cable
shielding.
Aluminium provides a lower weight to current-
carrying ratio compared to copper. Aluminium has a
lower tensile strength than copper, but approaches
that of copper for the equivalent ampacity. When
terminated with appropriate plating, hardware and
processes as stipulated by the governing standards,
Aluminium bussing, wiring and terminations prove
to be as reliable as copper. Finally, the choice of
Aluminium conductors can provide a significant cost
savings.
Aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors are
the preferred and dominant conductors in several
areas of power distribution. The major areas
dominated by aluminium and aluminium alloy
conductors are non-insulated overhead power
transmission, insulated overhead power transmission
and non overhead power distribution. Aluminium
and aluminium alloy conductors offer good
conductivity, light weight, excellent resistance to
corrosion, good bending properties, greater tensile Continue on page 7
4. ENTREPRENEUR INDIA, MAY 2015Visit us at : www.niir.org4
NAME OF BOOKS ````` /US$
CHEMICALS, FINE CHEMICALS, VITAMINS, AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS
* Handbook On Chemical Industries (Alcohol Based) 750 /- 100
* Industrial Chemicals Technology Handbook 1100/-125
* The Complete Technology Book On Chemical Industries 975/-100
* Modern Technology Of Industrial Chemicals 1100/-125
* The Complete Technology Book On Fine Chemicals 1100/-125
* Handbook On Fine Chemicals, Vitamins, Amino Acids And Proteins 1450/-150
* The Complete Book on Electroplating & Allied Chemicals 1975/-200
PHARMACEUTICAL, DRUGS
* Drugs & Pharmaceutical Technology Handbook 1075/-125
PESTICIDES, INSECTICIDES
* The Complete Technology Book On Pesticides, Insecticides, Fungicides and
Herbicides With Formulae & Processes 1100/-100
* Biopesticides Handbook 1575/-150
STARCH & ITS DERIVATIVES
* The Complete Technology Book On Starch & Its Derivatives 1100/-125
WAX & POLISHES
* The Complete Technology Book On WaxAnd Polishes 1675/-150
BIO-TECHNOLOGY, NANOTECHNOLOGY, ENZYMES,
FOOD BIO-TECHNOLOGY, VERMICULTURE, VERMICOMPOST,
BIO-FERTILIZER, ORGANIC FARMING, BIOGAS, MUSHROOM
* Bio-TechnologyHandbook 1100/-125
* PlantBiotechnologyHandbook 1100/-125
* EnzymesBio-TechnologyHandbook 1100/-125
* The Complete Book on Biotechnology Based Bulk Drugs 1050/-125
* Handbook On Food Bio-Technology 1100/-125
* Handbook On Plants And Cell Tissue Culture 1275/-125
* The Complete Technology Book On Vermiculture And Vermicompost 750/-100
* The Complete Technology Book On Bio-FertilizerAnd Organic Farming (2nd Rev.Ed.) 1400/-150
* Handbook On Biogas And Its Applications 975/-100
* Handbook On Mushroom Cultivation And Processing
(With Dehydration, Preservation And Canning) 1275/-125
* The Complete Book on Organic Farming and Production of Organic Compost 1275/-125
* NanotechnologyHandbook 1675/-150
* Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Handbook 1675/-150
* Manufacture of Biofertilizer and Organic Farming 975/-100
* Integrated Organic Farming Handbook 1275/-125
* Handbook on Organic Farming and Processing 1275/-125
PRINTING, PACKAGING, PRINTING INK
* Handbook On Modern Packaging Industries (2nd Revised Edition) 1675/-150
* Modern Technology Of Printing & Writing Inks 750/-100
* The Complete Technology Book On Printing Inks 1000/-100
* The Complete Book On Printing Technology 1100/-125
* Handbook On Printing Technology (Offset, Gravure, Flexo, Screen) (2nd Rev.Ed.) 1275/-125
* Screen Printing Technology Handbook 1000/-100
* Modern Printing Technology 250/- 50
PAPER, PULP & PAPER CONVERSION
* Modern Technology Of Pulp, PaperAnd Paper Conversion Industries 1000/-100
* The Complete Technology Book On Pulp & Paper Industries 1100/-125
* Handbook on Pulp and Paper Processing 1875/-150
AGRO BASED, CEREAL FOOD, MILK, COCOA, CHOCOLATE, ICE CREAM, PLANTATION,
FARMING, FOOD & BEVERAGES, FRUITS, DAIRY, CONFECTIONERY, VEGETABLES, SPICES,
OILS & FATS, BAKERY, SNACKS, FISHERIES, MEAT, COCONUTS
* Cultivation Of Fruits, Vegetables And Floriculture 1100/-125
* Cultivation Of Tropical, Subtropical, Vegetables, Spices, Medicinal And Aromatic Plants 1075/- 125
* Tropical, Subtropical Fruits And Flowers Cultivation 1075/-125
* Food Packaging Technology Handbook (2nd Rev. Edn.) 1475/-150
* Modern Technology On Food Preservation (2nd Rev. Edn.) 1275/-125
* Modern Technology Of Food Processing &Agro Based Industries 2nd
Edn 1575/-150
* Modern Technology Of Confectionery Industries With Formulae & Processes (2nd
Rev.Ed.) 600/-100
* Modern Technology Of Agro Processing & Agricultural Waste Products 975/-100
* Handbook On Spices 975/- 100
* Modern Technology Of Oils, Fats & Its Derivatives (2nd Rev. Edn.) 1875/-150
* Modern Technology Of Milk Processing & Dairy Products (4th Revised Edition). 1475/-150
* The Complete Technology Book On Dairy & Poultry Industries With Farming &
Processing (2nd Rev. Edn.) 1275/-125
* The Complete Technology Book Of Cocoa, Chocolate,
Ice Cream And Other Milk Products 1275/-125
* The Complete Technology Book On Flavoured Ice Cream 975/-100
* Wheat, Rice, Corn, Oat, Barley And Sorghum Processing Handbook
(Cereal Food Technology) 975/-100
* The Complete Book On Spices & Condiments
(With Cultivation, Processing & Uses) (2nd Revised Edition) 2275/-200
* The Complete Book On Coconut & Coconut Products (Cultivation And Processing) 1100/-125
* Rabbit, Goat, Sheep, Poultry, FishAnd Pig Farming With Feed Technology 1100/-125
* The Complete Technology Book On Bakery Products
(Baking Science with Formulation & Production (3rd Rev. Edition) 1675/-150
* The Complete Technology Book On Snack Foods (2nd Rev. Edn.) 1475/-150
* The Complete Technology Book On Processing, Dehydration, Canning,
Preservation Of Fruits & Vegetables 1575/-150
* Handbook On Fruits, Vegetable & Food Processing
With Canning & Preservation (3rd Rev. Edn.) 1475/-150
* Handbook On FisheriesAndAquaculture Technology 1100/-125
* Fresh Meat Technology Handbook 975/-100
* The Complete Book On Meat ProcessingAnd Preservation With Packaging Technology 1275/-125
* Preservation Of Meat And Poultry Products 1100/-125
* Potato and Potato Products Cultivation, Seed Production,
Manuring, Harvesting, Organic Farming, Storage and Processing 1275/-125
* Handbook on Rice Cultivation and Processing 1075/-125
PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
BOOKS (Limited Editions)
Only photostat copy available
````` US $
Chemical/Jute/Pharma/
Drugs/Bio-Tech Hi-Tech
Projects
Detailed Project Profiles on Chemical
Industries (Vol. II) 2nd
Rev.Edn. 1695/- 150
Detailed Project Profiles on 9 Selected
Chemical Industries. 2nd
Rev.Edn.1995/- 150
Hand Book on 100% Export
Oriented Jute & Jute Products
(Eco Friendly Projects) 695/- 100
Investment Opportunity in
Drugs & Pharmaceutical
Projects 1895/- 150
Bio-Tech & Pharmaceutical
HandBook 1895/- 200
Hand Book on Projects in Export
Thrust Area with International
Market Survey (Bio-Tech &
Pharmaceutical Technology) 1095/- 100
Detailed Project Profiles on
Selected Hi-Tech Projects
(Project Reports) 795/- 100
Cereal Food/Food &
Beverages/Dairy/Plantation/
AgroBased/Farming
Manufacture of Food &
Beverages (2nd
Edn.) 1895/- 150
Detailed Project Profiles on Dairy
& Dairy Products (2nd
Edn.) 1495/- 150
Detailed Project Profiles on
Plantation (Agro Based
Projects) 1095/- 100
Profitable Agro Based Projects
with Project Profiles
(Cereal Food Technology) 1895/- 150
(2nd
Rev. Edn.)
Hand Book on Agro Based
Industries (2nd
Rev. Edn.) 1595/- 150
Profitable Farming & Allied
Projects (2nd
Rev. Edn.) 1495/- 150
Contact :
TERMS
&
CONDITIONS
(FOR INDIA ONLY)
Send full payment in
advance
by Draft in favour of
“NIIR PROJECT
CONSULTANCY SERVICES”
Delhi. add ````` 85/- towards
shipping charge for
each book
AN ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Company
106-E, KAMLA NAGAR,
DELHI - 110 007 (INDIA)
PH.(O) 91-11-23843955, 23845886,
23845654 (M) 9811043595
FAX 91-11-23841561
E-mail : npcs.india@gmail.com,
info@niir.org
6. ENTREPRENEUR INDIA, MAY 2015Visit us at : www.niir.org6
* The Complete Book on Textile Processing and Silk Reeling Technology 1750/-150
* The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (With Cultvation & Processing) 1175/-125
* AConcise Guide on Textile Dyes, PigmentsAnd Dye Intermediates With Textile
Printing Technology 1675/-150
ELECTROPLATING, ANODIZING & METAL TREATMENT, POWDER COATING
AND METAL FINISHING
* Electroplating, Anodizing & Metal Treatment Handbook 1475/-150
* The Complete Technology Book On Electroplating, Phosphating,
Powder Coating And Metal Finishing 1100/-125
RUBBER PROCESSING AND COMPOUNDING
* The Complete Book On Rubber ProcessingAnd Compounding Technology 1575/-150
* The Complete Book on Rubber Chemicals 1575/-150
SURFACE COATING, PAINTS, VARNISHES & LACQUERS
* Modern Technology Of Surface Coating With Formulae & TheirApplications 975/-100
* Paints, Pigments, VarnishesAnd Enamels Technology Handbook 1100/-125
* Modern Technology Of Paints, Varnishes & Lacquers 2nd
Edn. 1075/-125
* Handbook on Paints and Enamels 1275/- 125
* Surface Coating Technology Handbook 1475/- 125
* Spirit Varnishes Technology Handbook (with Testing and Analysis) 1275/- 150
* The Testing Manual of Paints, Varnishes and Resins 1875/- 150
* Handbook on Paint Testing Methods 1575/- 150
GUMS,ADHESIVES & SEALANTS, ROSIN & DERIVATIVES, RESINS AND OLEORESINS
* Gums,Adhesives & Sealants Technology (with Formulae & theirApplications) 2nd
Rev.Edn.1475/- 150
* AdhesivesFormularyHandbook 1275/-125
* Handbook On Speciality Gums, Adhesives, Oils, Rosin & Derivatives, Resins,
Oleoresins, Katha, Chemicals With Other Natural Products 1275/-125
* The Complete Book onAdhesives, Glues & Resins Technology 1450/-150
* Phenolic Resins Technology Handbook 1275/-125
* The Complete Technology Book on IndustrialAdhesives 1675/-150
* The Complete Book on Gums and Stabilizers for Food Industry 1275/-125
* The Complete Book on Water Soluble Gums and Resins 1675/-150
* Handbook on Tall Oil Rosin Production, Processing and Utilization 1575/-150
SYNTHETIC RESINS
* Modern Technology Of Synthetic Resins & TheirApplications 975/-100
* Synthetic ResinsTechnology Handbook 1100/-125
* The Complete Technology Book On Synthetic Resins With Formulae & Processes 1150/-125
* Alkyd ResinsTechnology Handbook 1100/-125
PETROLEUM, GREASES, PETROCHEMICALS, LUBRICANTS
* Modern Technology Of Petroleum, Greases, Lubricants & Petrochemicals 1875/-150
(2nd Revised Edition)
* The Complete Book On Distillation And Refining Of Petroleum
Products (Lubricants, Waxes And Petrochemicals) 975/-100
WASTE MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTS FROM WASTE, MEDICAL, MUNICIPAL WASTE
* Products From Waste (Industrial & Agro Waste) 2nd
Edition 975/-100
* Modern Technology Of Waste Management: Pollution
Control, Recycling, Treatment & Utilization 975/-100
* Medical, Municipal And Plastic Waste Management Handbook 1275/-125
* Water and Air Effluents Treatment Handbook 1275/- 125
* The Complete Guide on Industrial Pollution Control 1275/- 125
* The Complete Book on Managing Food Processing Industry Waste 1275/- 125
* The Complete Book on Biological Waste Treatment and their Utilization 1675/- 150
* Handbook on Medical and Surgical Disposable Products (Blood Bags, Plastic Gloves, I.V.
Cannula, Infusion Set, Gowns, Masks, Catheter, Cotton and Bandage, Surgical Wear, Syringes) 1775/- 150
* Disposable Products Manufacturing Handbook (Plastic Cups, Cutlery, Paper Cups,
Banana Leaf Plates, Facial Tissues, Wet Wipes, Toilet Paper Roll, Sanitary Napkins,
Baby Diapers, Thermocol Products, PET Bottles) 1575/- 150
* The Complete Book on Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels,
Activated Carbon) 1575/- 150
* The Complete Technology Book on E-Waste Recycling (Printed Circuit Board, LCD,
Cell Phone, Battery, Computers) 1975/- 150
WOOD AND ITS DERIVATIVES
* The Complete Technology Book On WoodAnd Its Derivatives 1100/-125
* Bamboo Plantation and Utilization Handbook 1475/-150
HERBAL PRODUCTS, AYURVEDIC, HERBAL & UNANI MEDICINES, DRUGS, NEEM, HERBS
& MEDICINAL PLANTS CULTIVATION, COSMETICS, NATURAL PRODUCTS, JATROPHA
* Handbook On Unani Medicines With Formulae, Processes, Uses And Analysis 1100/-125
* Handbook On Herbal Drugs And Its Plant Sources 1000/-100
* Herbal FoodsAnd Its Medicinal Values 1275/-125
* Herbal Cosmetics &Ayurvedic Medicines (Eou) (3rd Rev. Edn.) 1475/-150
* Handbook OnAyurvedic Medicines With Formulae, rocesses & Their Uses (2nd
Rev. Edn.)1475/- 150
* Herbal Cosmetics Handbook 1500/-150
* The Complete Technology Book On Herbal Beauty Products
With Formulations And Processes 1100/-125
* Modern Technology Of Cosmetics 1100/-100
* Handbook Of Herbal Products (Medicines, Cosmetics, Toiletries, Perfumes) 2 Vols. 1500/-220
* Herbs Cultivation & Medicinal Uses 975/-100
* Herbs Cultivation & Their Utilization 800/-100
* Medicinal Plants Cultivation & Their Uses 975/-100
* Compendium Of Medicinal Plants 875/-100
* Compendium Of Herbal Plants 975/-100
* Cultivation And Processing Of Selected Medicinal Plants 1175/-125
* Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing And Uses 975/-100
* Cultivation And Utilization Of Aromatic Plants 1100/-125
* The Complete Book On Jatropha (Bio-Diesel) With Ashwagandha,
Stevia, Brahmi & Jatamansi Herbs (Cultivation, Processing & Uses) 1500/-150
* Handbook On Medicinal Herbs With Uses 1075/-125
* Aloe Vera Handbook Cultivation, Research Findings, Products, Formulations,
Extraction & Processing 1275/-125
* Handbook On Herbs Cultivation & Processing 875/-100
* The Complete Technology Book On Natural Products (Forest Based) 1275/-125
NAME OF BOOKS ````` /US$TheCompleteBookon
Ferroalloys (Ferro
Manganese, Ferro
Molybdenum,Ferro
Niobium,FerroBoron,
FerroTitanium,Ferro
Tungsten,Ferro Silicon,
FerroNickel,Ferro
Chrome)
` 2775/- US$250
STEELANDIRON
HANDBOOK
`1775/-
US$150
The Complete Book on
Production of Automobile
Components & Allied
Products (Engine Parts,
Piston, Pin, Piston Ring,
Valve, Control Cable, Engine
Mounting, Auto Lock, Disc
Brake, Drum, Gear, Leaf
Spring, Shock Absorber,
Silencer, Chain, Cylinder
Block, Chassis, Battery, Tyre
& Flaps)
` 2275/- US$200
Handbook on
Steel Bars, Wires,
Tubes, Pipes, S.S.
Sheets Production
with Ferrous Metal
Casting &
Processing
` 1775/- US$150
THECOMPLETEBOOKON
FERROUS, NON-
FERROUS METALS
WITH CASTING
AND FORGING
TECHNOLOGY
` 1575/-
US$ 150
BOOK ON STEEL/ALUMINIUM
You can deposit the
amount in
NPCS
Account with
ICICI Bank
CA - 038705000543
HDFC BANK
03392320000423
Market Survey Cum Detailed Techno
Economic Feasibility Report on All
Above Projects are Available. Contact:
NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES
106-E,KamlaNagar,Delhi-110007,
Ph.:91-11-23843955,23845886,23845654
Mob.:9811043595Fax:91-11-23841561
E-mail:npcs.india@gmail.com
AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY
7. ENTREPRENEUR INDIA, MAY 2015 7Visit us at : www.niir.org
* Handbook Of Neem & Allied Products 975/-100
* Handbook On Herbal Medicines 750/-100
* Handbook on Cosmetics (Processes, Formulae with Testing Methods) 1675/-150
* Handbook on Drugs from Natural Sources 1175/-125
ESSENTIAL OILS, AROMATIC CHEMICALS, PERFUMES, FLAVOURS, FOOD COLOURS
* The Complete Technology Book Of Essential Oils (Aromatic Chemicals) (Reprint 2011) 1275/-125
* Essential Oil Hand Book 975/-100
* The Complete Technology Book On Herbal Perfumes & Cosmetics (2nd
Rev.Edn.) 1275/-125
* Modern Technology Of Perfumes, FlavoursAnd Essential Oils 2nd
Edn. 975/-100
* Food Colours, FlavoursAndAdditives Technology Handbook 1000/-100
* Food FlavoursTechnology Handbook 1075/-125
* The Complete Technology Book on Flavours, Fragrances and Perfumes 1675/-150
* Perfumes and Flavours Technology Handbook 1875/-150
SOAPS, DETERGENTS,ACID SLURRY, TOILETRIES
* Modern Technology Of Soaps, Detergents & Toiletries
(With Formulae & Project Profiles) (3rd Revised Edn.) 750/-100
* Herbal Soaps & Detergents Handbook 975/-100
* Handbook On Soaps, Detergents &Acid Slurry (3rd Rev. Edn.) 1575/-150
* The Complete Technology Book On Detergents (2nd Revised Edn.) 1100/-125
* The Complete Technology Book On Soaps 800/-100
* Soaps, Detergents and DisinfectantsTechnology Handbook 1275/-125
GLASS, CERAMICS AND MINERALS
* The Complete Book On Glass & Ceramics Technology 1275/-125
* The Complete Book on Glass Technology 1625/-150
* The Complete Technology Book on Minerals & Mineral Processing 2200/-200
* Handbook on Rare Earth Metals and Alloys (Properties, Extraction, Preparation
and Applications) 1875/- 150
ALUMINIUM, STEEL, FERROUS, NON-FERROUS
METALS WITH CASTING AND FORGING
* The Complete Technology Book On Hot Rolling Of Steel 1575/-150
* Steel Rolling Technology Handbook 1100/-125
* The Complete Book On Ferrous, Non-Ferrous Metals With Casting And
Forging Technology 1575/-150
* The Complete Technology Book onAluminiumAndAluminium Products 1450/-150
* The Complete Technology Book on Steel and Steel Products (Fasteners, Seamless
Tubes, Casting, Rolling of flat Products & others) 1625/-150
* The Complete Book on Ferroalloys (Ferro Manganese, Ferro Molybdenum, Ferro
Niobium, Ferro Boron, Ferro Titanium, Ferro Tungsten, Ferro Silicon, Ferro Nickel,
Ferro Chrome) 2775/-250
* Steel and Iron Handbook 1775/-150
* Handbook on Steel Bars, Wires, Tubes, Pipes, S.S. Sheets Production with Ferrous
Metal Casting & Processing 1775/-150
* The Complete Book on Production of Automobile Components & Allied Products
(Engine Parts, Piston, Pin, Piston Ring, Valve, Control Cable, Engine Mounting,
Auto Lock, Disc Brake, Drum, Gear, Leaf Spring, Shock Absorber, Silencer, Chain,
Cylinder Block, Chassis, Battery, Tyre & Flaps) 2275/-200
FORMULARY (FORMULATION) BOOKS
* Selected Formulary Book on Cosmetics, Drugs, Cleaners, Soaps, Detergents,
Dentrices and Depilatories 1500/-150
* Selected Formulary Book on Inks, Paints, Lacquers, Varnishes and Enamels 1475/- 150
* SelectedFormularyHandbook 1475/-150
* Selected Formulary Book on Petroleum, Lubricants, Fats, Polishes, Glass, Ceramics,
Nitrogenous Fertilizers, Emulsions, Leather and Insecticides 2275/-200
CONSTURCTION MATERIALS, CEMENT, BRICKS, ASBESTOS
* The Complete Book on Construction Materials 1475/-150
* The Complete Technology Book on Bricks, Cement andAsbestos 1400/-150
EMULSIFIERS AND OLEORESINS
* The Complete Book on Emulsifiers with Uses, Formulae and Processes. 2nd
Rev.Edn. 1400/-150
* Handbook on Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals (Rosin, Terpene, Derivaties, Tall Oil,
Resin & Dimer Acids 2200/-200
DIRECTORY OF HERBS & HERBAL, WORLD WIDE IMPORTERS REGISTER,
INTERNATIONAL BUYERS DIRECTORY
* World Wide Importers Register (International Buyers Directory) 5th Edn.On CD-Rom 6742/-250
* Directory Of Foreign & Multinational Corporations/ Companies In India (MNCs) 750/-100
* Herbs & Herbal Products Finder (Directory Of Herbs, Herbal Medicines, Cosmetics,
Herbal Products, Essential Oils, Perfumes, Pan Masala & Tobacco Products) 1600/-220
NAME OF BOOKS ````` /US$ THE COMPLETE
BOOK ON BIOMASS
BASED PRODUCTS
(BIOCHEMICALS,
BIOFUELS,
ACTIVATED
CARBON)
` 1575/- US$ 150
The Complete
Technology Book on
E-WASTE
RECYCLING PRINTED
CIRCUIT BOARD,
LCD, Cell Phone, Battery,
Computers)
` 1975/- US$ 150
MEDICAL,
MUNICIPAL
AND PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
HANDBOOK
` 1275/-
US$ 125
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Disposable Products
Manufacturing
Handbook
(Plastic Cups, Cutlery,
Paper Cups, Banana Leaf
Plates, Facial Tissues,
Wet Wipes, Toilet Paper
Roll, Sanitary Napkins,
Baby Diapers, Thermocol
Products, PET Bottles)
` 1575/- US$150
HandbookonMedicaland
SurgicalDisposable
Products(BloodBags,
PlasticGloves,I.V.Cannula,
InfusionSet,Gowns,Masks,
Catheter,Cottonand
Bandage,SurgicalWear,
Syringes)
` 1775/- US$150
water. Concrete is a key building material for a
variety of applications.
Cement, as used in construction industries,
which when mixed with water and allowed to set
and harden can join different components or
members together to give a mechanically strong
structure. Thus cement can be used as bonding
material for bricks or for bonding solid particles of
different sizes (rubber masonry) to form a monolith.
The most common use for cement is in the
production of concrete. Concrete is a composite
material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand),
cement, and water. As a construction material,
concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired,
and once hardened, can become a structural (load
bearing) element. Indian cement industry, a leading
manufacturing sub-sector in India, entered a new
era after the partial decontrol in 1982 and near total
free market in 1989, ahead of the dawn of the
liberalisation era in the country. The industry was
totally delicensed in 1991 under the Industries
Development and Regulation Act. India is the second
largest producer of cement in the world after China.
It is followed by Japan and the USA. As a whole it is
a good project for entrepreneurs to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Cement : 200 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 755 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 1254 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 17.22%
Break Even Point : 61.78%
8. ENTREPRENEUR INDIA, MAY 2015Visit us at : www.niir.org8
plant over the past ten years. There has also
been a proliferation in the variety of feed sources
used, including seawater, surface waters and,
increasingly, effluents of varying qualities. Not
surprisingly, therefore, is the parallel increase in
the degree of scaling and fouling, resulting in the
need for not only novel preventative antiscalant
products in the field, but also new and improved
cleaners where deposition has occurred. An
essential part of the ability to correctly select and
apply the most appropriate products lies in the
development of laboratory analysis and predictive
tools.
Fouling potential is an inherent characteristic of
membrane module design. The high membrane
packing density required for good production rates
results in low voidage for feed water flow. However,
this need not result in detrimental performance.
Fouling has been widely documented and researched
since the first commercial use of membrane
separations. It is important that this subject is
addressed because membrane replacement is a
considerable expense in the operation of an RO plant.
In the case of large municipal and industrial systems,
this cost can be prohibitive.
Pre-treatment systems for RO plants are designed
to produce a feedwater with a reduced fouling
potential by removing potential fouling species prior
to membrane treatment. Common foulants include:
Calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate scales,
Organic matter, Iron, Colloidal material, Bio-film and
microorganisms, Silica, Natural humic and fulvic acids.
Fumaric Acid Polymers are used as Antiscalants.
The synthesis of the fumaric acid polymers follows a
novel process that avoids the insolubility and low
reactivity of fumaric acid in free radical reactions and
that produces the polymer in high yield.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Antiscalants : 5MT/Day
• Membrane Cleaners : 5 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 88 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 613 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 27.82%
Break Even Point : 63.96%
Restaurant
(with Micro Brewery)
A restaurant is simply a place to have food
outside your home. It is smaller in size than a
hotel as it does not have accommodation facilities.
It is an establishment that serves the customers
with prepared food and beverages to order, to be
consumed on the premises. The term covers a
multiplicity of venues and a diversity of styles of
cuisine. The one and only feature of a restaurant
is the kind of food and/or beverages it serves to
its customers. There are all sorts of restaurants
in all cities of the world ranging from budget to
very expensive ones where international cuisine
is served and the ambience is great.
Some restaurants also serve alcoholic drinks for
which they obtain a license from the administration.
Some are specialized restaurants where a particular
cuisine is served such as Chinese, Italian, Thai,
Japanese, and so on. Restaurants range from
unpretentious lunching or dining places catering to
Leather Bags and Wallets
Leather is considered as a symbol of fashion,
uniqueness, trend and styles. The demand
for quality leather products as well as accessories
never ceases among the consumers. Individuals
that are style sensitive and elegant always want
to enhance their overall appearance by preferring
quality leather products.
Use of leather goods is increasing day by day.
Now-a-days fancy leather goods are being used by
the people of even remotest area of country, because
lifestyle has been changing very fast. Fancy leather
products are durable and beautiful to look at in
comparison to other similar products.
People use shopping bags to carry things to home,
which they purchase from market. Different material
like cloth, nylon, plastic etc are used for manufacturing
of bags. But they are less durable and lack aesthetic
appeal. Leather can be used for manufacturing high
quality shopping bags to carry grocery, cloth, cosmetics
and other such similar items. Most of the women
used leather hand bags in India. The raw material
availability is high in Tribal areas of AP and Orissa
state. The industry depends on taning industry.
The Indian leather industry is the 8th
largest
foreign exchange earner for the country. The product
variation covers: (a) semi and finished leather, (b)
footwear and footwear components, (c) garments for
ladies and gents, (d) handbags for ladies and gents,
(e) wallets, diaries and cardholders, (f) gloves and
fashion accessories, (g) tableware, (h) upholstery (for
houses, offices and vehicles), and (i) luggage and
portfolio bags. Handbags, footwear and leather
garments have the largest export growth potential in
the leather sector, according to a study undertaken
by the Export-Import Bank of India. Any entrepreneur
venture into this field will be successful.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Business Card Case : 100 Pcs/Day
• Accordion Wallet : 100 Pcs/Day
• Billfold Wallet Type 01 : 100 Pcs/Day
• Billfold Wallet Type 02 : 100 Pcs/Day
• Billfold Wallet Type 03 : 100 Pcs/Day
• Passport Wallet : 100 Pcs/Day
• Money Clutch : 100 Pcs/Day
• Wash Bags : 100 Pcs/Day
• City Bags : 100 Pcs/Day
• Laptop Backpack : 100 Pcs/Day
• Business Document
Briefcase : 100 Pcs/Day
• Business Laptop
Briefcase : 100 Pcs/Day
• Business Triple
Compartment Bags : 100 Pcs/Day
• Weekender Bags : 100 Pcs/Day
• Wheeled Luggage : 100 Pcs/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 28 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 264 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 26.37%
Break Even Point : 58.01%
Water Treatment Chemicals
(Antiscalants and Membrane Cleaners)
There has been a dramatic increase in the
number of reverse osmosis and nano-filtration
NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES
AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY
Market Survey Cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report on All Above Projects are Available. Contact :
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Delhi-7, Ph.:91-11-23843955, 23845886, 23845654
Mob. : 9811043595 Fax : 91-11-23841561 E-mail : npcs.india@gmail.com
9. ENTREPRENEUR INDIA, MAY 2015 9Visit us at : www.niir.org
people working nearby, with simple food and fixed
menu served in simple settings at low prices, to
expensive establishments serving expensive
speciality food and wines in a formal setting. In the
former case, customers usually wear casual clothing.
In the latter case, depending on culture and local
traditions, customers might wear semi-casual, semi-
formal, or even in rare cases formal wear. Typically,
customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a
waiter, who brings the food when it is ready, and the
customers pay the bill before leaving.
INDIA is one of the world’s largest producers as
well as consumers of food. Changing food consumption
patterns of India’s population is expected to not only
increase consumption volume in absolute terms to
US$230 billion but also shift people’s diet qualitatively
towards richer, processed foods, which will force
increased commodity requirements. The industry
players say that they are observing a healthy business
growth in the Millennium City and there are areas
where the business has observed an exceptional
response. Thus, due to demand it is a good project
for entrepreneurs to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Restaurant
(Veg. Non-Veg.) : 150 Nos/Day
• Beer : 330 Pitchers/Day
• Alcohol : 100 Nos/Day
• Fresh Fruit Juice : 500 Nos/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 189 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 392 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 27.28%
Break Even Point : 63.08%
Aluminium Collapsible Tubes
(Printed)
A collapsible tube is defined as a cylinder of
pliable metal that can be sealed in such a
manner that its contents, although readily
discharged in any desired quantity, are protected
from contact with air or moisture. Products so
packaged must flow under pressure low enough
not to damage the tube. Collapsible tubes are
widely used as handy flexible packages for pastes
and semi-liquids. As the tube is flattened out to
expel its contents, the capacity of the tube is
proportionately reduced without the introduction
of air and the material in the tube does not suffer
any deterioration.
These are fabricated readily, and are strong
enough to withstand processing, they are light in
weight, easy to handle, and fairly cheap. They can be
handled on high speed machines. This type of cans
are properly sealed after filling the measured quantity,
to keep the customer’s faith on sealed material sealing
also prevents dusting and other bad materials to mix
with the product.
Collapsible tubes are made from aluminium, tin
coated lead, or lead tin alloy by cold extrusion. They
consist of three parts, the main tube, a shoulder to
one end of which a screened nozzle with orifice is
fitted, and a molded cap to close the orifice, sometimes
application of various design are attached to the
nozzle with the help of mechanical or hand operated
filling machines, the end is sealed by folding and
crimping. Collapsible tubes were initially introduced
for packing artists oil color. However, now its use has
spread for packing a wide variety of products. These
tubes are used for filling tooth paste, shaving creams,
ointment and inks, etc.
It is hygienic, non-toxic and non-absorbent and
has a high heat transfer rate. Consequently,
aluminium is an ideal tubing material for several
process industry applications. Aluminium tubes look
attractive in its natural state and its appearance can
be further enhanced by a variety of finishes.
In the packaging sector, aluminium is used in
foils, cans, collapsible tubes and bottle caps. Hence,
globally, the growth of the packaging industry hinges
on growth in sectors like foods, beverages, and
medicines. Any entrepreneur venture into this field
will be successful.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Aluminium Collapsible
Tubes (Printed) : 2,00,000 Nos/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 608 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 1158 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 28.40%
Break Even Point : 41.58%
Cattle Feed
The principal feed resources for animal
consumption in the country are crop residues
like straws of wheat, rice and other cereals and
stovers, which are very poor in feed value. Even
these are in short supply. These are
supplemented to some extent by relatively better
quality fodders like cultivated leguminous and
non-leguminous fodder grasses and
concentrates. The latter are formulated largely
from agro-industrial by-product and forest wastes
and small quantities of low-grade cereals with
the present stock of feed and fodder resources
available in the country, it is impossible to meet
the nutrient requirements of even the present
day low-producing cattle and buffaloes. Such a
situation is bound to aggravate difficulties in the
feeding of better producing livestock such as cross
bred lows in exploiting their full genetic
potentiality for early growth, better reproduction
and higher milk production.
Foods are the basic need of every one, similarly
feed for cattle’s is also very important and necessary
as well. Without this, no one can live as well as good
nutritive meal increase the productivity as well as
the growth of an animal. Thus, the requirement of
good cattle feed is always exists and it will further
increase with the increase in population of cattle’s.
Therefore, it is a good project for entrepreneurs to
invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Cattle Feed : 100 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 277 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 869 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 25.22%
Break Even Point : 48.23%
Neem Oil
Azadirachta indica (Neem) tree belongs to the
Meliaceae family. It is a multipurpose and an
NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES
AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY
Market Survey Cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report on All Above Projects are Available. Contact :
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Delhi-7, Ph.:91-11-23843955, 23845886, 23845654
Mob. : 9811043595 Fax : 91-11-23841561 E-mail : npcs.india@gmail.com
10. ENTREPRENEUR INDIA, MAY 2015Visit us at : www.niir.org10
evergreen tree, 12–18 m tall, which can grow in
almost all kinds of soil including clay, saline,
alkaline, dry, stony, shallow soils and even on
solid having high calcareous soil. It is native to
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Burma, Malaya,
Indonesia, Japan, and the tropical regions of
Australia. It thrives well in arid and semi-arid
climate with maximum shade temperature as high
as 49°C and the rainfall is as low as 250 mm. It
can be raised by directly sowing its seed or by
transplanting nursery-raised seedlings in
monsoon rains. It reaches maximum productivity
after 15 years and has a life span of 150–200
years. Planting is usually done at a density of 400
plants per hectare. The productivity of Neem oil
mainly varies from 2 to 4 t/ha/yr and a mature
Neem tree produces 30–50 kg fruit. The seed of
the fruit contains 20–30 wt% oil and kernels
contain 40–50% of an acrid green to brown
colored oil.
Neem is an omnipotent tree and a sacred gift of
nature. Neem tree is mainly cultivated in the Indian
subcontinent. Neem is a member of the mahogany
family, Meliaceae. Today it is known by the botanical
name Azadirachta indica (A. indica) A. Juss. Neem
has been used extensively by humankind to treat
various ailments before the availability of written
records which recorded the beginning of history. Since
prehistoric times, neem has been used by humankind.
The internal medicinal uses of Neem include
malaria, tuberculosis, rheumatism, arthritis, jaundice
and intestinal worms as well as skin diseases. It also
has alternative (increases vitality) properties. The oil
is NOT normally taken internally - but as a decoction
made from the leaves. The extract of Neem leaves
has also demonstrated significant anti-diabetic
potential.
Neem oil is acried, yellow, bitter in taste and has
a disagreeable garlic like odour. It is best used in
pharmaceutical and pesticides industry. It is used as
antifeedant, repellant, insecticide and growth
disruptor. Refined neem oil is used for manufacture
of technical oleic acid, stearic acid and production of
quality soaps, shampoos, hand and body lotions and
creams. It is used to treat skin diseases like scrofula
indolent, ulcer, sores and ringworms. Neem is used
externally for ringworm, eczema, psoriasis, lice, fungal
infection as well as for painful joints and muscles.
The cosmetic use of Neem oil includes the fighting of
acne and pimples as well as improving skin elasticity.
As a whole it is a good project for entrepreneurs to
invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Neem Oil : 5 MT/Day
• Neem Cake as By
Product : 42 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 75 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 320 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 24.74%
Break Even Point : 62.91%
Precipitated Calcium
Carbonate
Sizing Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC)—
also known as purified, refined or synthetic
calcium carbonate. It has the same chemical
formula as other types of calcium carbonate, such
as limestone, marble and chalk: CaCO3. The
calcium, carbon and oxygen atoms can arrange
themselves in three different ways, to form three
different calcium carbonate minerals. The most
common arrangement for both precipitated and
ground calcium carbonates is the hexagonal form
known as calcite.
Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), a
manufactured form of calcium carbonate, is made by
first hydrating high-calcium quicklime, and then
reacting the resulting slurry or “milk-of lime” with
carbon dioxide. The resulting product is extremely
white and has a uniformly small particle size. It has
numerous uses, most notably in the paper industry.
With the trend in papermaking toward using the
alkaline over the acid process, PCC is being used
increasingly as a filler and coating pigment for
premium quality paper. The trend is to produce PCC
in slurry form at satellite plants located near the
paper mills, using commercial quicklime, although it
is also produced and sold commercially.
PCC is used to enhance the brightness, color,
smoothness, and bulk of the paper, replacing more
expensive paper pulp. Approximately 75% of
worldwide PCC production is used for this purpose.
According to GIA, Global market for Calcium
Carbonate is projected to reach 94 million tons by
2018, driven by the rising consumption in paper and
plastic industries and the growing demand for PCC
and GCC in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle
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Processingof
Selected
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` 1175/- US$ 125
HAND BOOK ON
HERBS
CULTIVATION AND
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` 875/- US$ 100
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HEARBS CULTIVATION & MEDICINAL USES / ` 975/- US$ 100
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CULTIVATION,
PROCESSING AND
USES
` 975/- US$ 100
Compendium
Of Herbal
Plants
` 975/- US$ 100
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Flavours,
Fragrances and
Perfumes
` 1675/- US$ 150
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&TheirUtilization
` 800/- US$ 100
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Cultivation
& Their Uses
` 975/- US$ 100
CULTIVATION AND
UTILIZATION
OF AROMATIC
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` 1100/- US$ 125
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Continue on page 12
East. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is an inorganic
mineral that finds extensive use as functional and
commercial filler in plastic, paper, rubber, coatings,
light chemicals, and architectural materials, among
others. Growth in the Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
(PCC) market would be driven by the increasing
number of paper mills and rising demand from plastics
sector. Any entrepreneur venture into this field will
be successful.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Precipitated Calcium
Carbonate : 25 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 715 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 1138 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 20.65%
Break Even Point : 52.58%
Sanitary Napkins (Ultra Thin
& Cotton Core Type)
Sanitary Napkin comes under Nonwoven
fabrics which as a whole come under
technical textile. Technical textiles are defined
as textile materials and products used primarily
for their technical performance and functional
properties rather than their aesthetic or
decorative characteristics. Thus Sanitary Napkin
comes under Nonwoven fabrics which as a whole
come under technical textile.
Non woven Fabrics are broadly defined as sheet
or web structures bonded together by entangling fibre
or filaments (and by perforating films) mechanically,
thermally or chemically. They are flat, porous sheets
made directly from separate fibres or from molten
plastic or plastic film. They are not made by weaving
or knitting and do not require converting the fibres
to yarn.
A sanitary napkin or a sanitary towel is an
absorbent item used by a woman while she is
menstruating or in any other situation where it is
necessary to absorb a flow of blood. It also serves to
protect clothing and furnishings.Not only must the
sanitary napkin provide comfort and safety, but also
enhance every woman’s health and lifestyle. Thus,
due to demand it is a good project for entrepreneurs
to invest.
Uses
Sanitary Napkins are exclusively used by adult
girls & Ladies around the world during for maintaining
physical aid & to avoid wetting or staining of the
clothes.
India’s sanitary napkin market has significant
profit potential. The demand for such products is
stable; purchases are recurring and not subject to
normal business cycles. Historically, the price of
feminine hygiene products have been relatively
expensive, but that is changing as small and large
businesses enter the market and make an accessible,
lower-priced offering to a wider consumer base. Any
entrepreneur venture into this field will be successful.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Sanitary Napkins Ultra
Thin Type : 15000 Pkts/Day
• Sanitary Napkins
Cotton Core Type : 15000 Pkts/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 345 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 755 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 27.92%
Break Even Point : 40.85%
Cashew Nut Processing
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) is a
tropical evergreen tree that produces the
cashew nut and the cashew apple. It can grow as
high as 14 metres (46 ft), but the dwarf cashew,
growing up to 6 metres (20 ft), has proved more
profitable, with earlier maturity and higher yields.
The cashew nut is served as a snack or used in
recipes, like other nuts, although it is actually a
seed. The cashew apple is a fruit, whose pulp
can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit
drink or distilled into liqueur.
The shell of the cashew nut yields derivatives
that can be used in many applications from lubricants
to paints, and other parts of the tree have traditionally
been used for snake-bites and other folk remedies.
Health Benefits of the Cashew Nut: Prevents Cancer,
Healthy Heart, Lowers High Blood Pressure, Healthy
Bones, Helps in Weight Loss Anti-oxidants etc.
Cashew nut was brought to India primarily as a
soil conservation crop. Slowly India realized the
commercial relevance of the nut and emerged as the
largest producer of cashew. India plays a major role
in the international trade on cashew nuts and
kernels. The production of cashew nut is very low as
compared to its increasing demand in India. Indian
cashew is known for its quality, appearance and taste
in the international market. India is the largest
producer and exporter of cashew kernels in the world.
Over 65 per cent of the world export of cashew
kernels is accounted for by India. Indian cashews are
consumed in as many as 60 countries all over the
world. Thus, due to demand it is a good project for
entrepreneurs to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Cashew Nuts : 600 Kgs/Day
• Cashew Nut Shell
by product : 1650 Kgs/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 53 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 126 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 25.45%
Break Even Point : 56.36%
Chilli Oleoresin
The paprika oleoresins are produced by solvent
extraction of dried, ground red pepper fruits,
using a solvent-system compatible with the
lipophilic/hydrophilic characteristics of the
extract sought and subsequent solvent-system
removal. The solvents most commonly used for
paprika oleoresin extraction are
trichloroethylene, ethylacetate, acetone, propan-
2- ol, methanol, ethanol and n-hexane.
Paprika powder originally was retailed and the
product used in the kitchen only. Now the product
finds a huge market for applications in the food
ingredient industry; mainly meat processing, sauces
and snack food segments. Since the 1960’s
requirements arose for the standardization of
application in the food ingredient industry. Methods
were developed to measure the concentration of the
pigments, carotenoids, in paprika powder. Capsaicin
is used as an analgesic in topical ointments, nasal
sprays (Sinol-M), and dermal patches to relieve pain,
typically in concentrations between 0.025% and
0.25%. It may be applied in cream form for the
temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles
and joints associated with arthritis, backache, strains
and sprains, often in compounds.
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VERMICULTURE,VERMICOMPOST,BIO-FERTILIZER,ORGANICFARMING
Integrated
OrganicFarming
Handbook
` 1275/-
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onOrganicFarming
and Production of
OrganicCompost
` 1275/- US$ 125
Manufacture of
Biofertilizerand
OrganicFarming
` 975/- US$ 100
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Nanotechnology
Handbook
` 1675/-
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Nanotechnology
Handbook
` 1675/-
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PAPER,PULP&PAPERCONVERSION
Handbook on Pulp
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Processing
` 1875/-
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IndustrialAlcohol
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Handbook
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PESTICIDES, INSECTICIDES
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Chilli Oleoresin : 250 Kgs/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 75 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 238 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 26.41%
Break Even Point : 57.07%
Grey Oxide
(used in Automotive & Tubular Battery)
Grey Oxide, The chemical name of Lead
Suboxide is called as 2PbO.Pb and is
available in grey colored powder. Lead Suboxide
is also called as Battery oxide or Grey Oxide. Lead
Sub-Oxide (2PbO.Pb.H2O), also known as Grey/
Lead Oxide.
Grey Oxide is used on an extensive scale for
preparation of plates in Lead Acid Batteries which
requires production to strict specifications. Refined
Lead (99.97% purity) ingots are the required input
for our LSO manufacturing plant, which uses the
ball mill process. It comprises of a small Lead Melting
Furnace, operating in line with a hemispherical ball-
casting machine, which feeds the balls to the ball
mill .In the ball mill, Lead is converted to Lead Sub
Oxide in an exothermic process, in conditions of a
maintained temperature range of 135-145 degrees
centigrade and constant airflow. The Grey Oxide is
harvested through a high efficiency cyclone, bag-
house filtration unit and induction draft fan
arrangement. It is in a grey powder form. The desired
particle size and free Lead content is ensured through
proper plant configuration and precise control of ID
Fan suction.
Lead battery demand in India to remain strong
despite the new types of batteries being develop. The
market for lead-acid batteries is expected to exhibit
strong growth in the next five years. The battery
market in India is experiencing growing demand from
various sectors, thereby providing immense
opportunities to manufacturers. The steadily growing
automobile sector and the increasing need for back-
up power is driving growth in the lead-acid battery
market. As a whole it is a good project for
entrepreneurs to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Grey Oxide : 48 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 250 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 878 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 27.72%
Break Even Point : 55.05%
Thermocol Glass and Plates
(Low Investment Project)
There are many kinds of plastics in the world,
any plastics when react with the Blowing
Agent will become “Foam” which generally called
“Foam Plastics”. Expanded Polystyrene can also
be directly formed into glasses, cups, plates and
bowls for use as disposable wares in parties.
Thermoformed disposables are generally used for
Tea, Water and Packing of Beverages etc. These
Thermoform shapes are created from a process where
a sheet of plastic is heated and vacuumed on top of a
model or die. The die can be made up from variety of
materials. In today’s fast moving life the requirement
for use and throw products is rising day by day,
Disposable Glasses plates are of a great use in present
time as they are easy to use as there is no need to
wash or clean them for reuse. Disposable glasses are
intended for a single use and are dumped and recycled
afterwards. The disposable plastic cups are
manufactured by thermoforming technique.
There is a huge demand for thermocol cups, glass
and plates. Food stalls, Small restaurants, Cafeterias,
juice stalls which are set up in large numbers in the
city streets or markets require disposable cups, plates
and glass in large amounts for daily use. At present
the demand is rising in leaps and bounds.
Thermoforming cups, dishes and plates are most
useful in the all sphere of domestic life.
Due to attractive look, low weight, ease of
transportation and low permeability, thermoformed
disposable products are finding tremendous market
in packaging of food products, particularly Ice creams
which is as high as 30%. The demand for
thermoformed disposables is growing for drinking
water, Tea, Coffee, soft drinks and packing dairy
products. Polystyrene and Expandable Polystyrene
Market is expected to Grow at a Healthy Rate of 5.6%
from 2010-2020. The global demand for polystyrene
and expandable polystyrene is rising within
developing countries such as China, India, Iran, Saudi
Arabia and Brazil.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Glasses : 324000 Glasses/Day
• Plates : 162000 Plates/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 73 Lakhs
Total Capital Investment : Rs 245 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 49%
Break Even Point : 35%
Tobacco Cultivation and
Processing (E.O.U.)
In modern tobacco farming, Nicotiana seeds are
scattered onto the surface of the soil, as their
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BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Hand Book
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Hand Book on
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Thecomplete
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Processes
` 1400/- US$ 150
EMULSIFIERS
country. India, today is the third largest producer
of cotton in the world. About one third of total
crop is irrigated and rest is rainfed. The cotton
plant forms a deep and extensive network of roots
hence concentrated tillage is essential for sound
growth. The heavier the soil selected the greater
the importance of adequate aeration, tilth and
mould. Light and medium heavy soils are
preferred and tillage is less deep. Therefore
traditional and simple methods are still practiced
in many regions and hoes are still in use although
ploughing is more general.
The textile industry is classified into (i) textile
mills comprising composite and spinning mills in the
organised sector; (ii) small powerloom and handloom
units in the decentralised sector; (iii) khadi-based
units; (iv) manmade and synthetic fibre and spinning
units; (v) knitting units; and (vi) made-ups (garments).
The industry is made up of small-scale, non-
integrated spinning, weaving, finishing and apparel-
making units as well integrated composite mills. Thus,
due to demand it is a good project for entrepreneurs
to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Cotton Yarn : 24 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 4112 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 5426 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 25%
Break Even Point : 62%
Pharmaceutical Unit (Tablet,
Capsules & Syrup)
The Indian pharmaceutical sector has come a
long way, being almost non-existent before
1970 to a prominent provider of healthcare
products, meeting almost 95 per cent of the
country’s pharmaceuticals needs. The Industry
today is in the front rank of India’s science-based
industries with wide ranging capabilities in the
complex field of drug manufacture and
technology. It ranks very high in the third world,
in terms of technology, quality and range of
medicines manufactured. From simple headache
pills to sophisticated antibiotics and complex
cardiac compounds, almost every type of medicine
is now made indigenously.
Globally, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is
ranked third largest in volume terms and 10th largest
in value terms. The sector is highly knowledge-based
and its steady growth is positively affecting the Indian
economy. The organised nature of the Indian
pharmaceutical industry is attracting several
companies that are finding it viable to increase their
operations in the country.
The Indian pharmaceutical industry also needs
to take advantage of the recent advances in
biotechnology and information technology. The future
of the industry will be determined by how well it
markets its products to several regions and distributes
risks, its forward and backward integration
capabilities, its R&D, its consolidation through
mergers and acquisitions, co-marketing and licensing
agreements. Thus, due to demand it is a good project
for entrepreneurs to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Tablets : 500,000 Nos./Day
• Capsules : 500,000 Nos./Day
• Syrup (100 ml Size) : 12,500 Nos./Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 178 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 6342 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 31%
Break Even Point : 32%
Extraction of Gelatin Glue
from Leather Waste
Gelatin or gelatine (from Latin: gelatus
meaning “stiff”, “frozen”) is a translucent,
colourless, brittle (when dry), flavourless foodstuff,
derived from collagen obtained from various
animal by-products. It is commonly used as a
gelling agent in food, pharmaceuticals,
photography, and cosmetic manufacturing.
Substances containing gelatin or functioning in
a similar way are called gelatinous. Gelatin is an
irreversibly hydrolyzed form of collagen. It is found
in most gummy candy as well as other products
such as marshmallows, gelatin dessert, and some
ice cream, dip and yogurt. Household gelatin
comes in the form of sheets, granules, or powder.
Instant types can be added to the food as they
are; others need to be soaked in water
beforehand.
Gelatin is a substantially pure protein food
ingredient, obtained by the thermal denaturation of
collagen, which is the structural mainstay and most
15. ENTREPRENEUR INDIA, MAY 2015 15Visit us at : www.niir.org
AGROBASED,MILK,FARMING,FRUITS,POTATO,
DAIRY,VEGETABLES,SPICES,OILS&FATS,TEA
Handbook on
CitrusFruits
Cultivation and
OilExtraction
` 1575/- US$ 150
Fruits, Vegetables,
Corn and Oilseeds
Processing
Handbook
` 1675/- US$ 150
TheComplete
Book on
Cultivation and
Manufacture of
Tea
` 1475/- US$ 150
Handbook on
Spices and
Condiments
(Cultivation, Processing
and Extraction)
` 1575/- US$ 150
Potato and Potato
ProductsCultivation,
Seed Production,
Manuring,Harvesting,
OrganicFarming,
Storage and Processing
` 1275/- US$ 125
Handbook
on Milk and
MilkProteins
` 1275/-
US$ 125
The Complete Book on
Sugarcane Processing and By-Products
ofMolasses
(with Analysis of Sugar, Syrup and Molasses)
` 1675/- US$ 150
GLASS, CERAMICS,MINERALS, MINERAL
PROCESSING&RAREEARTHMETALSANDALLOYS
TheComplete
Book on Glass
Technology
` 1625/-
US$ 150
TheComplete
Technology Book
onMinerals&
MineralProcessing
` 2200/- US$ 200
Handbook on
Rare Earth Metals
and Alloys
(Properties,
Extraction,
Preparationand
Applications)
` 1875/- US$ 150
Handbook on
Oleoresin and Pine
Chemicals(Rosin,
TerpeneDerivatives,
TallOil,Resin&Dimer
Acids)
` 2200/- US$ 200
Handbook on
TallOilRosin
Production,
Processing and
Utilization
` 1575/-
US$ 150
OLEORESINANDPINECHEMICALS(ROSIN,ERPENE
DERIVATIVES,TALLOIL,RESIN&DIMERACIDS
BAMBOOPLANTATION
Bamboo
Plantation and
Utilization
Handbook
` 1475/- US$ 150
common protein in the animal kingdom. Gelatin is a
water soluble proteinaceous substance prepared by
processes, which involve the destruction of the
tertiary, secondary and to some extent the primary
structure of native collagens, specifically by the partial
hydrolysis of collagen derived from the skin, white
connective tissue and bones of animals. Gelatin is
used as a stabiliser (yoghurt), thickener (jam), and
texturizer and emulsifier (oil-in-water emulsions).
Gelatin is used as a foaming, emulsifying, and wetting
agent in food, pharmaceutical, medical, and technical
applications due to its surface-active properties.
Thus, due to demand it is a good project for
entrepreneurs to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Gelatin Glue : 5 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 156 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 733 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 28%
Break Even Point : 49%
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
Superoxide dismutases (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) are
enzymes that alternately catalyze the
dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide
(O2
") radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen
(O2
) or hydrogen peroxide (H2
O2
). Superoxide is
produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism
and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell
damage. Hydrogen peroxide is also damaging, but
less so, and is degraded by other enzymes such
as catalase. Thus, SOD is an important
antioxidant defense in nearly all living cells
exposed to oxygen. One exception is Lactobacillus
plantarum and related lactobacilli, which use a
different mechanism to prevent damage from
reactive (O2
"
).
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme found in all
living cells. An enzyme is a substance that speeds up
certain chemical reactions in the body. The
superoxide dismutase that is used as medicine is
sometimes taken from cows.Superoxide dismutase
is taken by mouth for removing wrinkles, rebuilding
tissue, and extending the length of life. However,
there is no evidence that superoxide dismutase
products that are taken by mouth are absorbed by
the body.
Antioxidant enzymes are emerging as a new
addition to the pool of industrial enzymes and are
surpassing all other enzymes in terms of the volume
of research and production. Superoxide dismutase is
an antioxidant enzyme that plays a central role in
the protection against oxygen toxicity in aerobic
organisms, catalyzing the disproportionation of the
superoxide radical to hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen.
Its use was limited to non-drug applications in
humans and drug applications in animals. Any
entrepreneur venture into this field will be successful.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Superoxide Dismutase : 50 Kgs/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 133 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 616 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 45%
Break Even Point : 46%
PU & PVC Leather Cloth
Artificial leather is a fabric or finish intended
to substitute for leather in fields such as
upholstery, clothing, and fabrics, and other uses
where a leather-like finish is required but the
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BOOKSONESSENTIALOILS&PERFUMES
EssentialOils
Handbook
` 975/-
US$ 100
MODERNTECHNOLOGYOF
PERFUMES, FLAVOURS &
ESSENTIAL OILS
(2nd Edition)
` 1100/- US$ 125
TheComplete
Technology Book
ofEssentialOils
(Aromatic
Chemicals)
` 1275/- US$ 125
TheComplete
Technology Book of
Herbal Perfumes &
Cosmetics
(2nd Revised Edn.)
` 1275/- US$ 125
Perfumes and
Flavours
Technology
Handbook
` 1875/- US$ 150
The Complete Book
on Water Soluble
Polymers
` 1575/- US$ 150
POLYMERS
TEXTILESPINNING,WEAVING, TEXTILE
AUXILIARIES,DYES&PIGMENTS,NATURALDYES&
PIGMENTS,NATURALFIBERS& WOOLLEN
Handbook on
Natural Dyes for
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Applications
` 1100/- US$ 125
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Weaving, Knitting,
Dyeing, Bleaching and
PrintingTechnology
Handbook
` 1100/- US$ 125
Handbook on
TextileAuxiliaries,
Dyes and Dye
Intermediates
Technology
` 1575/- US$ 150
TheComplete
Book on Textile
Processing and
SilkReeling
Technology
` 1750/-
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A Concise Guide
on Textile Dyes,
Pigments and Dye
Intermediates with
Textile Printing Technology
` 1675/- US$ 150
TheComplete
Book on Rubber
Chemicals
` 1575/- US$ 150
RUBBERCHEMICALS
Continue on page 18
actual material is cost-prohibitive, unsuitable, or
unusable for ethical reasons. PU, PVC such as:
leather collectively referred to as artificial leather
or copy skin. PVC, PU are polyvinyl chloride, but
the two products manufacturing process of it in
the same way. PVC leather in the manufacturing
process of first plastic particles will melt mixing
into paste, according to the rules of the uniform
thickness coated in T/C knitted fabrics, and then
into the bottom “foaming furnace in foam, make
its have can adapt to the production of various
kinds of different products, different requirements
of the soft degrees, it came in surface treatment
(dyeing, embossing, polish, extinction, grinding
surface fabric, etc, mainly is the concrete product
in accordance with requirement).
Artificial leather is a leather substitute consisting
of natural or synthetic fibre cloth coated with
plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyurethane
(PUR). These coatings can be dense or foamed
depending on the application. Usually it gives the
appearance of natural leather. Artificial leather is
used for shoes, bags and tops of convertible cars.
PU & PVC Synthetic Leather is used as a substitute
for leather in fields such as automobile upholstery,
vehicle trimmings, furnishing and other uses where
a leather-like finish is required. Artificial Leather Cloth
is also used in manufacture of shoe uppers, belts
and other similar consumer products. These are
manufactured in a range of colours, embossing and
finish depending on the area of application. PU &
PVC Synthetic Leather used in various applications
like Home Furnishings Upholstery Fabrics Home
Decorations (Photo Frames Wall Hangings etc)
Accessories (Photo Album Covers, Jewelry case cover,
spectacle covers, cell phone covers etc), Purses &
wallets, Cushion covers Curtains Rugs Car Seat Sofa
fabrics, Auditorium & Cinema Seats, Baby Car Seats
cover, Automotive Decorations, Garments, Shoe
upper, Shoe Linings, Chappals, Commercial Vehicles
interiors, Bus Seat, Luggage, Shopping Bags, Jackets
etc. Wide ranges of artificial leather bags available in
the textile market include ladies handbags & purse,
artificial leather laptop bags, leather travel bag, large
artificial leather handbags, etc. Thus, due to demand
it is a good project for entrepreneurs to invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• PU Leather Cloth : 25000 Mtrs/Day
• PVC Leather Cloth : 25000 Mtrs/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 1338 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 2780 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 26%
Break Even Point : 43%
FattyAlcohol
Fatty alcohol is a generic term for a range of
aliphatic hydrocarbons containing a hydroxyl
group, usually in the terminal or n-position.They
are naturally derived from plant or animal oils
and fats and used in the pharmaceutical,
detergent or plastics industries. Fatty alcohols
used in consumer products have a good human
health profile and margins of exposure are most
often in excess of 10 000. Fatty alcohols are not
carcinogenic, mutagenic or reproductive/
developmental toxins.
Fatty alcohols (or long-chain alcohols) are high-
molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but
can also range from as few as 4-6 carbons to as many
as 22-26, derived from natural fats and oils. The
precise chain length varies with the source. Some
commercially important fatty alcohols are lauryl,
stearyl, and oleyl alcohols. They are colourless oily
liquids (for smaller carbon numbers) or waxy solids,
although impure samples may appear yellow. Fatty
alcohols usually have an even number of carbon
atoms and a single alcohol group (-OH) attached to
the terminal carbon. Some are unsaturated and some
are branched. They are widely used in industry.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Fatty Alcohol : 83.3 Kgs/Day
• Lauryl Alcohol (bye product) : 500 Kgs/Day
• Myrystyl Alcohol (bye product) : 200 Kgs/Day
• Palmityl Alcohol (bye product) : 100 Kgs/Day
• Methyl Alcohol (bye product) : 100 Kgs/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 150 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 531 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 25%
Break Even Point : 43%
ControlledAtmosphereColdStorage
Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage involves
maintaining an atmospheric composition
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PAINTS,VARNISHES,LACQUERS&ENAMELS,
SURFACECOATING,TESTINGMETHODS
Surface Coating
Technology
Handbook
` 1475/- US$ 125
SpiritVarnishes
Technology
Handbook (with
Testing and Analysis)
` 1275/- US$ 125
Handbook on
Paints and
Enamels
` 1275/- US$ 125
Handbook on Paint Testing Methods
` 1575/- US$ 150
The Testing Manual
of Paints, Varnishes
and Resins
` 1875/- US$ 150
HERBALPRODUCTS,AYURVEDIC,DRUGS,
COSMETICS,NATURALPRODUCTS
Handbook on
Cosmetics
(Processes, Formulae
with Testing Methods)
` 1675/- US$ 150
Handbook on
DrugsfromNatural
Sources
` 1175/- US$ 125
GUMS,ADHESIVES&SEALANTS,ROSIN&
DERIVATIVES,RESINSANDOLEORESINS
TheComplete
Technology Book
onIndustrial
Adhesives
` 1675/- US$ 150
TheComplete
Book on Water
Soluble Gums and
Resins
` 1675/- US$ 150
pipes are basically pipes formed by bending
rectangular steel plates and are subsequently
welded longitudinally (internally and externally)
along the seam to form a pipe.
HSAW pipes are pipes formed by conversion on
Hot Rolled Coils and are subsequently welded
internally and externally to form HSAW pipes. SAW
process basically consists of an arc submerged in Flux
used to weld the pipe. The flux is used to isolate the
arc from the atmosphere. SAW pipes are
manufactured by welding the edges of steel plates or
by spiral welding of hot rolled coil (HR coil). The Saw
Pipes manufactured from plates are called
Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded (LSAW) and are
mainly used for transporting oil and gas (onshore/
offshore). While, Helical Submerged Arc Welded
(HSAW) pipes are made from HR coil,where the coil is
welded spirally to give a shape of pipe and are mainly
used for transporting oil and gas (onshore) and water
transport. Apart from these, both the category of pipes
can be used for structural applications also.
Seamless pipes and tubes are used in both oil
and non-oil sectors in a wide range of applications as
line pipes, casing pipes, production tubings, drill pipes
and the like. In the oil sector, API (American
Petroleum Institute) standard pipes are preferred for
line pipes and casing pipes. Oil sector absorbs nearly
60% of seamless pipes, while some 30% are
consumed by bearings and boiler manufacturers. Any
entrepreneur venture into this field will be successful.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• SAW (Spiral &
Longitudinal) Pipes : 166.7 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 1942 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 3201 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 27%
Break Even Point : 45%
Saw Pipes (Spiral &
Longitudinal) (Mobile Plant)
SAW pipe is Submerged Arc Welded pipe. They
are the pipes formed by the process called
Submerged Arc welding. There can be two types
of SAW pipes: 1. LSAW-Longitudinal SAW and 2.
HSAW -Helical SAW. (aka Spiral SAW). LSAW
pipes are basically pipes formed by bending
rectangular steel plates and are subsequently
welded longitudinally (internally and externally)
along the seam to form a pipe.
HSAW pipes are pipes formed by conversion on
that is different from air composition (about 78%
N2, 21% O2, and 0.03% CO2); generally, O2
below 8% and CO2 above 1% are used.
Controlled atmosphere storage is a system for
holding produce in an atmosphere that differs
substantially from normal air in respect to CO2
and
O2
levels. Controlled atmosphere storage refers to
the constant monitoring and adjustment of the CO2
and O2
levels within gas tight stores or containers.
The gas mixture will constantly change due to
metabolic activity of the respiring fruits and vegetables
in the store and leakage of gases through doors and
walls. The gases are therefore measured periodically
and adjusted to the predetermined level by the
introduction of fresh air or nitrogen or passing the
store atmosphere through a chemical to remove CO2.
The use of controlled atmosphere storage has
great potential to reduce the postharvest use of
chemicals, maintain the nutritional quality of fruits
and vegetables and reduce physical losses. This
revised edition incorporates the latest research to
provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of
the range of conditions currently in use, their effect
on flavour, quality and physiology, the influence of
pests and diseases, environmental factors and
packaging as well as a synthesis of recommendations
for each fruit and vegetable.
The Indian agricultural sector is witnessing a
major shift from traditional farming to horticulture,
meat and poultry and dairy products, all of which are
perishables. The demand for fresh and processed
fruits and vegetables is increasing as urban
populations rise and consumption habits change.
Therefore, it is a good project for entrepreneurs to
invest.
COST ESTIMATION
Capacity
• Seasonal Commodity : 11 MT/Day
• Cold Storage (Rental) : 44 MT/Day
Plant & Machinery : Rs 365 Lakhs
Cost of Project : Rs 1022 Lakhs
Rate of Return : 19%
Break Even Point : 45%
Saw Pipes (Spiral &
Longitudinal)
SAW pipe is Submerged Arc Welded pipe. They
are the pipes formed by the process called
Submerged Arc welding. There can be two types
of SAW pipes: 1. LSAW-Longitudinal SAW and 2.
HSAW- Helical SAW. (aka Spiral SAW). LSAW
Continue on page 34